Azazel

Mount Azazel (Jabel Munttar) in the Judean Desert.
Cliffs of Mount Azazel (Jabel Munttar).

Azazel (/əˈzeɪzəl, ˈæzəˌzɛl/; Hebrew: עֲזָאזֵל‬; Arabic: عزازيل‎, translit. ʿAzāzīl) appears in the Bible in association with the scapegoat rite. In some traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, it is the name for a fallen angel.

Hebrew Bible

"And Aaron shall cast lots"

In the Bible, the term is used thrice in Leviticus 16, where two male goats were to be sacrificed to Yahweh and one of the two was selected by lot, for Yahweh is seen as speaking through the lots.[1] One goat is selected by lot and sent into the wilderness לַעֲזָאזֵל‬, "for Azazel". This goat was then cast out in the desert as part of Yom Kippur.

In older English versions, such as the King James Version, the word azazel is translated as "as a scapegoat", however, in most modern English Bible translations, it is represented as a name in the text:

6 Aaron shall offer the bull as a sin offering for himself and shall make atonement for himself and for his house. 7 Then he shall take the two goats and set them before the Lord at the entrance of the tent of meeting. 8 And Aaron shall cast lots over the two goats, one lot for the Lord and the other lot for Azazel. 9 And Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for the Lord and use it as a sin offering, 10 but the goat on which the lot fell for Azazel shall be presented alive before the Lord to make atonement over it, that it may be sent away into the wilderness to Azazel.

— Leviticus 16:6-10, English Standard Version[2]

Later rabbis, interpreting la-azazel as azaz (rugged) and el (of God), take it as referring to the rugged and rough mountain cliff from which the goat was cast down.[3][4][5]

Judaism

Second Temple Judaism

Despite the expectation of Brandt (1889)[6] to date no evidence has surfaced of Azazel as a demon or god prior to the earliest Jewish sources among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[7]

Dead Sea Scrolls

In the Dead Sea Scrolls, the name Azazel occurs in the line 6 of 4Q203, The Book of Giants, which is a part of the Enochic literature found at Qumran.[8]

According to the Book of Enoch, which brings Azazel into connection with the Biblical story of the fall of the angels, located on Mount Hermon, a gathering-place of demons of old,[9] Azazel is one of the leaders of the rebellious Watchers in the time preceding the Flood; he taught men the art of warfare, of making swords, knives, shields, and coats of mail, and taught women the art of deception by ornamenting the body, dyeing the hair, and painting the face and the eyebrows, and also revealed to the people the secrets of witchcraft and corrupted their manners, leading them into wickedness and impurity until at last he was, at Yahweh's command, bound hand and foot by the archangel Raphael and chained to the rough and jagged rocks of [Ha] Dudael (= Beth Ḥadudo), where he is to abide in utter darkness until the great Day of Judgment, when he will be cast into the fire to be consumed forever.[10]

In Greek Septuagint and later translations

The translators of the Greek Septuagint understood the Hebrew term as meaning the sent away, and read: "8and Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats, one lot for the Lord and the other lot for the scapegoat (Greek apopompaio dat.).

9And Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for the Lord, and offer it as a sin offering; 10but the goat on which the lot of the sent away one fell shall be presented alive before the Lord to make atonement over it, that it may be sent away (Greek eis ten apopompen acc.) into the wilderness."

Following the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate,[11] Martin Luther[12] and the King James Version also give readings such as Young's Literal Translation: "And Aaron hath given lots over the two goats, one lot for Jehovah, and one lot for a goat of departure".

According to the Peshitta, Azazel is rendered Za-za-e'il (the strong one against/of God), as in Qumran fragment 4Q180.[13]

In 1 Enoch and 3 Enoch

The whole earth has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azazel: to him ascribe all sin.

— Book of Enoch 10:8

According to the Book of Enoch (a book of the Apocrypha), Azazel (here spelled ‘ăzā’zyēl) was one of the chief Grigori, a group of fallen angels who married women. This same story (without any mention of Azazel) is told in the book of Genesis 6:2–4: "That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. […] There were giants in the earth in those days; and also afterward, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown."

Enoch portrays Azazel as responsible for teaching people to make weapons and cosmetics, for which he was cast out of heaven. The Book of Enoch 8:1–3a reads, "And Azazel taught men to make swords and knives and shields and breastplates; and made known to them the metals [of the earth] and the art of working them; and bracelets and ornaments; and the use of antimony and the beautifying of the eyelids; and all kinds of costly stones and all colouring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they were led astray and became corrupt in all their ways."

The corruption brought on by Azazel and the Grigori degrades the human race, and the four archangels (Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel) “saw much blood being shed upon the earth and all lawlessness being wrought upon the earth […] The souls of men [made] their suit, saying, "Bring our cause before the Most High; […] Thou seest what Azazel hath done, who hath taught all unrighteousness on earth and revealed the eternal secrets which were in heaven, which men were striving to learn."

God sees the sin brought about by Azazel and has Raphael “bind Azazel hand and foot and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening in the desert – which is in Dudael – and cast him therein. And place upon him rough and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there forever, and cover his face that he may not see light.”

Several scholars have previously discerned that some details of Azazel's punishment are reminiscent of the scapegoat rite. Thus, Lester Grabbe points to a number of parallels between the Azazel narrative in Enoch and the wording of Leviticus 16, including "the similarity of the names Asael and Azazel; the punishment in the desert; the placing of sin on Asael/Azazel; the resultant healing of the land."[14] Daniel Stökl also observes that "the punishment of the demon resembles the treatment of the goat in aspects of geography, action, time and purpose."[14] Thus, the place of Asael’s punishment designated in Enoch as Dudael is reminiscent of the rabbinic terminology used for the designation of the ravine of the scapegoat in later rabbinic interpretations of the Yom Kippur ritual. Stökl remarks that "the name of place of judgment (Dudael) is conspicuously similar in both traditions and can likely be traced to a common origin."[14]

Azazel's fate is foretold near the end of Enoch 2:8, where God says, “On the day of the great judgement he shall be cast into the fire. […] The whole earth has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azazel: to him ascribe all sin."

In the fifth-century 3 Enoch, Azazel is one of the three angels (Azza [Shemhazai] and Uzza [Ouza] are the other two) who opposed Enoch's high rank when he became the angel Metatron. Whilst they were fallen at this time they were still in Heaven, but Metatron held a dislike for them, and had them cast out. They were thenceforth known as the "three who got the most blame" for their involvement in the fall of the angels marrying women. It should be remembered that Azazel and Shemhazai were said to be the leaders of the 200 fallen, and Uzza and Shemhazai were tutelary guardian angels of Egypt with both Shemhazai and Azazel and were responsible for teaching the secrets of heaven as well. The other angels dispersed to "every corner of the Earth."

In the Apocalypse of Abraham

In the extra-canonical text the Apocalypse of Abraham (c.1stC CE), Azazel is portrayed as an unclean bird who came down upon the sacrifice which Abraham prepared. (This is in reference to Genesis 15:11: "Birds of prey came down on the carcasses, but Abram drove them away" [NIV]).

And the unclean bird spoke to me and said, "What are you doing, Abraham, on the holy heights, where no one eats or drinks, nor is there upon them food for men? But these all will be consumed by fire and ascend to the height, they will destroy you."


And it came to pass when I saw the bird speaking I said this to the angel: "What is this, my lord?" And he said, "This is disgrace – this is Azazel!" And he said to him, "Shame on you, Azazel! For Abraham's portion is in heaven, and yours is on earth, for you have selected here, [and] become enamored of the dwelling place of your blemish. Therefore the Eternal Ruler, the Mighty One, has given you a dwelling on earth. Through you the all-evil spirit [was] a liar, and through you [come] wrath and trials on the generations of men who live impiously.

— Abr. 13:4–9

The text also associates Azazel with the serpent and hell. In Chapter 23, verse 7, it is described as having seven heads, 14 faces, "hands and feet like a man's [and] on his back six wings on the right and six on the left."

Abraham says that the wicked will "putrefy in the belly of the crafty worm Azazel, and be burned by the fire of Azazel's tongue" (Abr. 31:5), and earlier says to Azazel himself, "May you be the firebrand of the furnace of the earth! Go, Azazel, into the untrodden parts of the earth. For your heritage is over those who are with you" (Abr. 14:5–6).

Here there is the idea that God's heritage (the created world) is largely under the dominion of evil – i.e., it is "shared with Azazel" (Abr. 20:5), again identifying him with Satan, who was called "the prince of this world" by Jesus. (John 12:31 niv)

Rabbinical Judaism

The Mishnah (Yoma 39a[15]) follows the Hebrew Bible text; two goats were procured, similar in respect of appearance, height, cost, and time of selection. Having one of these on his right and the other on his left, the high priest, who was assisted in this rite by two subordinates, put both his hands into a wooden case, and took out two labels, one inscribed "for Yahweh" and the other "for Azazel". The high priest then laid his hands with the labels upon the two goats and said, "A sin-offering to Yahweh" (thus speaking the Tetragrammaton); and the two men accompanying him replied, "Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever." He then fastened a scarlet woolen thread to the head of the goat "for Azazel"; and laying his hands upon it again, recited the following confession of sin and prayer for forgiveness: "O Lord, I have acted iniquitously, trespassed, sinned before Thee: I, my household, and the sons of Aaron Thy holy ones. O Lord, forgive the iniquities, transgressions, and sins that I, my household, and Aaron's children, Thy holy people, committed before Thee, as is written in the law of Moses, Thy servant, 'for on this day He will forgive you, to cleanse you from all your sins before the Lord; ye shall be clean.'"

This prayer was responded to by the congregation present. A man was selected, preferably a priest, to take the goat to the precipice in the wilderness; and he was accompanied part of the way by the most eminent men of Jerusalem. Ten booths had been constructed at intervals along the road leading from Jerusalem to the steep mountain. At each one of these the man leading the goat was formally offered food and drink, which he, however, refused. When he reached the tenth booth those who accompanied him proceeded no further, but watched the ceremony from a distance. When he came to the precipice he divided the scarlet thread into two parts, one of which he tied to the rock and the other to the goat's horns, and then pushed the goat down (Yoma vi. 1–8). The cliff was so high and rugged that before the goat had traversed half the distance to the plain below, its limbs were utterly shattered. Men were stationed at intervals along the way, and as soon as the goat was thrown down the precipice, they signaled to one another by means of kerchiefs or flags, until the information reached the high priest, whereat he proceeded with the other parts of the ritual.

The scarlet thread is symbolically referenced in Isaiah 1.18; and the Talmud states (ib. 39a) that during the forty years that Simeon the Just was High Priest of Israel, the thread actually turned white as soon as the goat was thrown over the precipice: a sign that the sins of the people were forgiven. In later times the change to white was not invariable: a proof of the people's moral and spiritual deterioration, that was gradually on the increase, until forty years before the destruction of the Second Temple, when the change of color was no longer observed (l.c. 39b).[1]

Medieval Jewish commentators

The medieval scholar Nahmanides (1194–1270) identified the Hebrew text as also referring to a demon, and identified this "Azazel" with Samael.[16] However, he did not see the sending of the goat as honouring Azazel as a deity, but as a symbolic expression of the idea that the people's sins and their evil consequences were to be sent back to the spirit of desolation and ruin, the source of all impurity. The very fact that the two goats were presented before God, before the one was sacrificed and the other sent into the wilderness, was proof that Azazel was not ranked alongside God, but regarded simply as the personification of wickedness in contrast with the righteous government of God.[1]

Maimonides (1134–1204) says that as sins cannot be taken off one’s head and transferred elsewhere, the ritual is symbolic, enabling the penitent to discard his sins: “These ceremonies are of a symbolic character and serve to impress man with a certain idea and to lead him to repent, as if to say, ‘We have freed ourselves of our previous deeds, cast them behind our backs and removed them from us as far as possible’.”[17]

The rite, resembling, on one hand, the sending off of the basket with the woman embodying wickedness to the land of Shinar in the vision of Zechariah (5:6-11), and, on the other, the letting loose of the living bird into the open field in the case of the leper healed from the plague (Lev 14:7), was, indeed, viewed by the people of Jerusalem as a means of ridding themselves of the sins of the year. So would the crowd, called Babylonians or Alexandrians, pull the goat's hair to make it hasten forth, carrying the burden of sins away with it (Yoma vi. 4, 66b; "Epistle of Barnabas," vii.), and the arrival of the shattered animal at the bottom of the valley of the rock of Bet Ḥadudo, twelve miles away from the city, was signalized by the waving of shawls to the people of Jerusalem, who celebrated the event with boisterous hilarity and amid dancing on the hills (Yoma vi. 6, 8; Ta'an. iv. 8). Evidently the figure of Azazel was an object of general fear and awe rather than, as has been conjectured, a foreign product or the invention of a late lawgiver. More as a demon of the desert, it seems to have been closely interwoven with the mountainous region of Jerusalem.[1]

In Christianity

Latin Bible

The Vulgate contains no mention of "Azazel" but only of caper emissarius, or "emissary goat":

8 mittens super utrumque sortem unam Domino et alteram capro emissario 9 cuius sors exierit Domino offeret illum pro peccato 10 cuius autem in caprum emissarium statuet eum vivum coram Domino ut fundat preces super eo et emittat illum in solitudinem

— Latin Vulgate, Leviticus 16:8–10

English versions, such as the King James version, followed the Septuagint and Vulgate in understanding the term as relating to a goat. The modern English Standard Version provides the footnote "16:8 The meaning of Azazel is uncertain; possibly the name of a place or a demon, traditionally a scapegoat; also verses 10, 26". Most scholars accept the indication of some kind of demon or deity,[18] however Judit M. Blair notes that this is an argument without supporting contemporary text evidence.[19]

Ida Zatelli (1998)[20] has suggested that the Hebrew ritual parallels pagan practice of sending a scapegoat into the desert on the occasion of a royal wedding found in two ritual texts in archives at Ebla (24th C. BC). A she-goat with a silver bracelet hung from her neck was driven forth into the wasteland of 'Alini' by the community.[21] There is no mention of an "Azazel".[22]

According to The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Azazel is the Hebrew word for scapegoat. This is the only place that the Hebrew word is found in the whole Hebrew Old Testament. It says that the Book of Enoch, (extra-biblical Jewish theological literature, dated around 200 B.C.) is full of demonology and reference to fallen angels. The EBC (Vol 2) says that this text uses late Aramaic forms for these names which indicates that The Book of Enoch most likely relies upon the Hebrew Leviticus text rather than the Leviticus text being reliant upon the Book of Enoch.[23]

Christian commentators

Cyril of Alexandria sees the apompaios (sent-away one, scapegoat) as a foretype of Christ.

Origen ("Contra Celsum," vi. 43) identifies Azazel with Satan.[24]

Seventh-day Adventists

A depiction of Azazel in his familiar form of a goat-like demon, from Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal (Paris, 1825).

The Seventh-day Adventist Church teaches that the scapegoat, or Azazel, is a symbol for Satan. This was commonly taught among Christians of other centuries as well.[25] The scapegoat scenario has been interpreted to be a prefigure of the final judgment by which sin is removed forever from the universe. Through the sacrifice of Jesus, the sins of the believers are forgiven them, but the fact that sins were committed still exist on record in the "Books" of heaven (see Revelation 20:12). After the final judgment, the responsibility for all those forgiven sins are accredited to the originator of sin, Satan, after which Satan is destroyed in the Lake of Fire. Sin will no longer exist anywhere.[26]

They believe that Satan will finally have to bear the responsibility for the sins of the believers of all ages, and that this was foreshadowed on the Day of Atonement when the high priest confessed the sins of Israel over the head of the scapegoat (Leviticus 16:21).

Some critics have accused Adventists of giving Satan the status of sin-bearer alongside Jesus Christ. Adventists have responded by insisting that Satan is not a saviour, nor does he provide atonement for sin; Christ alone is the substitutionary sacrifice for sin, but holds no responsibility for it. In the final judgment, responsibility for sin is passed back to Satan who first caused mankind to sin. As the responsible party, Satan receives the wages for his sin – namely, death. Jesus alone bore the wage of death for the sinful world, while the guilt of sin is ultimately disposed of on Satan who carried the responsibility of "leading the whole world astray." Thus, the unsaved are held responsible for their own sin, while the saved depend on Christ's righteousness.[27] The SDA Sabbath School quarterly, 2013 asks the question, "Does Satan then play a role in our salvation, as some falsely charge we teach? Of course not. Satan never, in any way, bears sin for us as a substitute. Jesus alone has done that, and it is blasphemy to think that Satan had any part in our redemption."[28]

In Islam

Illustration from an Arabic manuscript of the Annals of al-Tabari showing Iblis (Azazel), depicted in black, refusing to prostrate before the newly-created Adam.
Painting Fālnāmeh (Book of Omens) ascribed to Ja´far al-Sādiq. Iblis (or Azazel) (bottom-left), the serpent and the peacock depicted here.

In Islamic tradition, Azazel (Arabic: عزازيل Azāzīl) is depicted as a former archangel, who is identified with Iblis, that means "to despair". Accordingly Azazel despaired from God, thus earning him the name Iblis.[29] The name Azazel is also related to the Arabic words Aziz and il with the meaning either God's strength or God's dear, the latter referring to Azazil, as God's once favorite angel.[30] Although Azazel is not mentioned by name in Quran, he is commonly mentioned in some reports of the Sahabah especially those attributed to Ibn Abbas.

Features

Traditionally Azazel is depicted as an angel with four wings,[31] who was the leader and teacher of the other angels. Additionally he was appointed as the ruler of the lower heavens and the earths[32] and was member of an angelic group called 'jinn', who were the guardians of Jannah.[33][34] Then the former inhabitants of earth caused corruption, Azazel came down from the heavens with an army of angels to defeat them.[35] Then God created human to supersede the former inhabitants of earth, Azazil grow haughty, since he thought, the angels were now the favorite creation of God, thereupon He ordered the angels to prostrate before human as a test.[36] Azazel along with the angels argued, why God should create a human being, who will shed blood and confusion like the former inhabitants, whom they had just defeated before, while the angels prostrate before God and sing his glory day and night, thus would never fail Gods orders.[37] Since Azazel insisted on being superior than any other creature, even compared to other angels,[38] he refused to prostrate himself, whereupon he was cast out of heaven.

The eleventh-century Islamic scholar Al-Tha`labi listed in his work Arāʾis al-madjālis fī ḳiṣaṣ al-anbiyā the ten punishments of Azazel for his refusal[39]:

  • He lost his rank as a member of the keepers of paradise.
  • He was cast down to earth, expelled from the presence of God.
  • He was turned from an angel into a demon.
  • His name was changed into iblis.
  • He became the head of the damned.
  • He was cursed by God.
  • His insights was taken away.
  • The door of repentance was closed for him
  • He was made unruly, someone who misses the mercy of God.
  • He became the preacher of the hellfire.

Further Al-Tha`labi relates a story, in which Azazel tried to sneak back into the Garden Eden and tricked its keeper by hiding inside the mouth of a serpent and with the aid of a peacock.[40]

Malays narrative

In Malays lore, Azazel appears both as an angel and Al-Jann. Accordingly, Azazel used to be an angel, but was turned into Jann after his refusal to bow down before Adam and then begot the Jinn. They once dwelled in the lowest heaven, but descended to earth, then they battled each other and become disobedient towards God.[41]

Mystic interpretations

Ismailism

Another example can be seen in the Isma'ili literature of the Ginans. Pir Sadardin explains in the fourth verse of his Ginan Allah ek kassam:[42]

All the present angels performed their prostrations to human and human accepted the prostrations
Azāzīl did not obey The Commandment, and as such he was reduced in his status earned [that is, of an angel and the blessings thereof]

In the Ismaili work Umm al-Kitab, Azazel is the first emanation of the high king (God) and loaned the power of creation from Him. Because he was also able to create, he boasted himself being another god besides his Creator.[43] God answered him: "It is impossible, that there will be two gods."[44] Afterwards God made a creation which exceeds these of Azazel, so Azazel may confess, he wholly depends on God. But Azazel refuses to accept the new creation 'Salman', therefore he sinned again. Everytime, Azazel sinned, God took away a colour until he and those who sided with him, became darker and more inferior. Finally they reach the earthen plane, that is accordingly made out of the essence of Azazels creation. In contrast, the lifeforce of human originated from the heavenly realm.[45] Azazel whereupon seduces humans, leading them into the material realm, trying to keep them trapped there. The depiction of Azazel in Umm al-Kitab, resembles the Gnostic Demiurge.[46]

Alevism

According to Alevi oral tradition regarding the creation of the world, the archangel Cebrail (Gabriel) taught the other archangels Mikail, Israfil, Azrail and Azazel, they are all creatures made by God. All of these angels believed him, except Azazel. Thus Cebrail introduced Azazel to follow, showing him the truth about their origin. Thereupon Cebrail led Azazel to a lamp, which had seven doors, but these doors won't open. A voice sounded, they shall serve here for 1001 days. They all did, after that the doors opened and the angels entered the lamp. Inside the lamp there were two lights forming one body. A voice sounded again, commanding the angels to prostrate themselves before the light. Azazel responded: "This is also a created body", and refused to prostrate himself before the lights, but remained in service of God. In Alevi perspective, this narration shows that Azazel served God, until the "last door" opened, but then he despised it and moved into the "Ego-world". This causing the later enmity between Satan and humanity.[47]

Sufism

According to Sufism, Azazel commonly served God over thousands of years before the creation of the world. God forbid him to worship something else than his Creator. Therefore Azazel declined, then God ordered the angels to prostrate themselves before Adam. He did not know, that worshiping by the command of God is equivalent to worshipping God. Thus, in reference to Surah 15:35, God's curse lies upon Azazel until the Day of Judgment and he became the representative for God's attributes in respect to misleading, darkness and majesty. After the world perishes, Azazel's curse is broken and he will return to his place in heaven. Some Sufi writers such as the tenth-century mystic Mansur Al-Hallaj, hold that Azazel will indeed be dammned and not restored after the Day of Judgment.[48]

Mansur Al-Hallaj mentioned Azazel in his collection Tawasin. Chapter Six of that writing is dedicated to the self-defence of Azazel, and in one section Hallaj explains how each of the letters of Azazel's name relate to his personality.[49]

Azazel is also mentioned three times in Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmīs Masnavi, stating:

Due to obedience the heaven became filled with light and due to obedience the angels became flawless and holy. Impudence darkened the sun and because of his impudence Azazil was shown the door.[50]

In the second mentioning, Azazil is used synonymously with Eblis (Iblis) and yet in another instance, ecstasy of excessive self-awareness turned him from Azazil to Elbis.[51]

In Yazidism

In Yazidism, Azazel appears as one of the Archangels, along with Jabra'il, Mika'il, Rafa'il (Israfil), Dadra'il, Azrail and Shamkil (Shemna'il).[52] According to a Yazidi legend, Azazil was once banished to hell, but then repented his sin, crying until the fires of hell were extinguished, eventually returned to God's grace.[53]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4  Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Azazel (Scapegoat, Lev. xvi., A. V.)". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company.
  2. ↑ ESV Leviticus 16
  3. ↑ "Azazel". Jewish Encyclopedia. Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 1906.
  4. ↑ Yoma 67b; Sifra, Aḥare, ii. 2; Targ. Yer. Lev. xiv. 10, and most medieval commentators
  5. ↑ For a delineation of the various Rabbinic opinions here, see R. Aryeh Kaplan's note on "Azazel" (Lev 16:8).
  6. ↑ Brandt "Die mandäische Religion" 1889 pp. 197, 198; Norberg's "Onomasticon," p. 31; Adriaan Reland's "De Religione Mohammedanarum," p. 89; Kamus, s.v. "Azazel" [demon identical with Satan]; Delitzsch, "Zeitsch. f. Kirchl. Wissensch. u. Leben," 1880, p. 182)
  7. ↑ Ralph D. Levy The symbolism of the Azazel goat 1998 "the midrash is less elaborate than in 1 Enoch, and, notably, makes no mention of Azazel or Asa' el at all."
  8. ↑ Loren T. Stückenbruck The Book of Giants from Qumran: texts, translation, and commentary
  9. ↑ Enoch xiii.; compare Brandt, "Die mandäische Religion," 1889, p. 38
  10. ↑ Enoch viii. 1, ix. 6, x. 4–6, liv. 5, lxxxviii. 1; see Geiger, "Jüd. Zeit." 1864, pp. 196–204
  11. ↑ 16:8 mittens super utrumque sortem unam Domino et alteram capro emissario
  12. ↑ 3 Mose 16:8 German: Luther (1545) Und soll das Los werfen über die zween Böcke, ein Los dem HERRN und das andere dem ledigen Bock.
  13. ↑ D.J. Stökl in Sacrifice in religious experience ed. Albert I. Baumgarten p. 218
  14. 1 2 3 Andrei Orlov, Azazel as the Celestial Scapegoat
  15. ↑ Yoma 39
  16. ↑ Israel Drazin, Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah: Understanding the Bible Text Vol.3, p. PA122, at Google Books. Gefen, 2008. p. 122. ISBN 978-965-229-425-8.
  17. ↑ Guide to the Perplexed 3:46, featured on the Internet Sacred Text Archive
  18. ↑ Wright, David P. "Azazel." Pages 1:536–37 in Anchor Bible Series. Edited by David Noel Freedman et al. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  19. ↑ Judit M. Blair De-demonising the Old Testament: An Investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Deber p. 23–24
  20. ↑ Ida Zatelli, "The Origin of the Biblical Scapegoat Ritual: The Evidence of Two Eblaite Texts", Vetus Testamentum 48.2 (April 1998):254–263)
  21. ↑ David Pearson Wright, The Disposal of Impurity: Elimination Rites in the Bible and in Hittite and Mesopotamian literature at Google Books. Scholars Press, University of Michigan, 1987. ISBN 978-1-55540-056-9
  22. ↑ Blair p. 21
  23. ↑ Gabelein, Frank E. (1990). The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 590. ISBN 978-0310364405.
  24. ↑ John Granger Cook The interpretation of the Old Testament in Greco-Roman paganism 299
  25. ↑ "In later times the word Azazel was by many Jews and also by Christian theologians, such as Origen, regarded as that Satan himself who had fallen away from God. In this interpretation the contrast found in Lev_16:8, in case it is to be regarded as a full parallelism, would be perfectly correct," International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Azazel article, Eerdmen Publishing, 1915.
  26. ↑ White, E. G., 1911, The Great Controversy, p. 422
  27. ↑ Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington D.C., 1957. Chapters 34 The Meaning of Azazel and 35 The Transaction With the Scapegoat.
  28. ↑ http://www.ssnet.org/lessons/13d/less06m.html
  29. ↑ Peter Lamborn Wilson Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam City Lights Books 1993 ISBN 978-0-872-86275-3 page 87
  30. ↑ Mary Saad Assel 25 Icons of Peace in the Qur'an: Lessons of Harmony iUniverse 2010 ISBN 978-1-440-16901-4 page 190
  31. ↑ Scott B. Noegel, Brannon M. Wheeler The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism Scarecrow Press 2010 ISBN 978-1-461-71895-6 page 295
  32. ↑ SUNY Press History of al-Tabari Vol. 1, The: General Introduction and From the Creation to the Flood, Band 12015 ISBN 978-1-438-41783-7 page 254
  33. ↑ Stephen J. Vicchio & Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith, p. 184 ps.= Jinn here, designates a group of angels, the origin of their name came from "Jannah", because they were its keeper. Should not be confused with the "Jinn" as a spiritual entity on earth.
  34. ↑ Patrick Hughes & Dictionary of Islam Asian Educational Services, p. 135 ps.= some Muslims hold, shares the same verbal root than the earthen Jinn (hidden) but here, due to his special position, he was veiled from the eyes of the other regular angels.
  35. ↑ Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black 2002 ISBN 9780826449566 Page 16
  36. ↑ Lucinda Mosher Sin, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation: Christian and Muslim Perspectives Georgetown University Press 2016 ISBN 978-1-626-16284-6 page 46
  37. ↑ Daniel I. Ilega Studies in World Religions Hamaz Global Publishing ISBN 978-9-783-57580-6 page 83
  38. ↑ Stephen J. Vicchio Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith Wipf and Stock Publishers 2008 ISBN 978-1-556-35304-8 page 184
  39. ↑ Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Thaʻlabī Islamische Erzählungen von Propheten und Gottesmännern: Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʼ oder ʻArāʼis al-maǧālis Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 ISBN 978-3-447-05266-5 page 45 (german)
  40. ↑ name="Scott B. Noegel page 295"
  41. ↑ name="Robert Lebling ">Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 ISBN 978-0-857-73063-3 page 211
  42. ↑ Pīr Ṣadr ad-Dīn. "100 ginānjī ćopaḍī ćogaḍīevārī". Bombay: Lāljībhāī Devrāj, Khojā Siñdhā Ćhāpākhānû, 1903. MS Indic 2534. Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
  43. ↑ Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-834-82414-0 page 707
  44. ↑ Yaron Friedman The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria BRILL 2010 ISBN 978-9-004-17892-2 page 97
  45. ↑ Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-834-82414-0 page 726
  46. ↑ Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-834-82414-0 page 803
  47. ↑ Handan Aksünger Jenseits des Schweigegebots: Alevitische Migrantenselbstorganisationen und zivilgesellschaftliche Integration in Deutschland und den Niederlanden Waxmann Verlag 2013 ISBN 978-3-830-97883-1 page 83-84
  48. ↑ Reynold A. Nicholson Studies in Islamic Mysticism CUP Archive 1978 ISBN 978-0-521-29546-8 page 120-121
  49. ↑ Michael A. Sells, Early Islamic Mysticism (Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1996), 266–280
  50. ↑ Moulana Jalal ad-din Rumi Masnavi edition shershir translated by Bernhard Meyer, Kaveh and Jilla Dalir Azar (1. Edition 1999) Peter Finckh 2012 (2 Edition) ISBN 978-3-9-06-005-02-7 p. 46
  51. ↑ Moulana Jalal ad-din Rumi Masnavi edition shershir translated by Bernhard Meyer, Kaveh and Jilla Dalir Azar (1. Edition 1999) Peter Finckh 2012 (2 Edition) ISBN 978-3-9-06-005-06-5 p. 136
  52. ↑ Adam Valen Levinson The Abu Dhabi Bar Mitzvah: Fear and Love in the Modern Middle East W. W. Norton & Company 2017 ISBN 978-0-393-60837-3
  53. ↑ Birgül Acikyildiz The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion I. B. Tauris 2010 ISBN 978-1-848-85274-7 page 75
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