Artificial enzyme

Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase

An artificial enzyme is a synthetic, organic molecule or ion that recreate some function of an enzyme. The area promises to deliver catalysis at rates and selectivity observed in many enzymes.

History

Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate. The substrate is activated in a small part of the enzyme's macromolecule called the active site. There, the binding of a substrate close to functional groups in the enzyme causes catalysis by so-called proximity effects. It is possible to create similar catalysts from small molecule by combining substrate-binding with catalytic functional groups. Classically artificial enzymes bind substrates using receptors such as cyclodextrin, crown ethers, and calixarene.[1][2]

Artificial enzymes based on amino acids or peptides as characteristic molecular moieties have expanded the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, scaffolded histidine residues mimics certain metalloproteins and -enzymes such as hemocyanin, tyrosinase, and catechol oxidase).[3]

Artificial enzymes have been designed from scratch via a computational strategy using Rosetta.[4] In December 2014, it was announced that active enzymes had been produced that were made from artificial molecules which do not occur anywhere in nature.[5] In 2017, a book chapter entitled "Artificial Enzymes: The Next Wave" was published.

Nanozymes

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics.[6] They have been widely explored for various applications, such as biosensing, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis and therapy, antibiofouling.[7][8][9][10][11]

1990s

In 1996 and 1997, Dugan et al. discovered the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimicking activities of fullerene derivatives.[12][13]

2000s

In 2004, the term "nanozymes" was coined by Flavio Manea, Florence Bodar Houillon, Lucia Pasquato, and Paolo Scrimin.[14] In 2006, nanoceria (i.e., CeO2 nanoparticles) was used for preventing retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides.[15][16] In 2007, Xiyun Yan and coworkers reported that ferromagnetic nanoparticles possessed intrinsic peroxidase-like activity.[17][18] In 2008, Hui Wei and Erkang Wang developed an iron oxide nanozyme based sensing platform for bioactive molecules (such as hydrogen peroxide and glucose).[19]

2010s

In 2010 and 2011, graphene oxide with peroxidase-like activity was reported.[20][21] In 2012, recombinant human heavy-chain ferritin coated iron oxide nanoparticle with peroxidase-like activity was prepared and used for targeting and visualizing tumour tissues.[22] In 2012, vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles with vanadium haloperoxidase mimicking activities were used for preventing marine biofouling.[23] In 2014, it was demonstrated that carboxyfullerene could be used to treat neuroprotection postinjury in Parkinsonian nonhuman primates.[24] Peroxidase-like polyoxometalate derivatives were developed as functional anti-amyloid agents for Alzheimer’s disease.[25] V2O5 nanozymes with cytoprotective function was reported.[26] In 2015, a supramolecular regulation strategy was proposed to modulate the activity of gold-based nanozymes for imaging and therapeutic applications.[27][28] A nanozyme-strip for rapid local diagnosis of Ebola was developed.[29][30] Nanoceria nanozymes were used for DNA sensing.[31] An integrated nanozyme has been developed for real time monitoring the dynamic changes of cerebral glucose in living brains.[32][33] Cu(OH)2 nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities were reported.[34] Ionic FePt, Fe3O4, Pd, and CdSe NPs with peroxidase-like activities were reported.[35] A book entitled "Nanozymes: Next Wave of Artificial Enzymes" was published.[36] A book chapter entitled "Nanozymes" in the book of "Enzyme Engineering" was published (in Chinese).[37] Oxidase-like nanoceria has been used for developing self-regulated bioassays.[38] Multi-enzyme mimicking Prussian blue was developed for therapeutics.[39] Histidine was used to modulate iron oxide nanoparticles' peroxidase mimicking activities.[40] Gold nanoparticles' peroxidase mimicking activities were modulated via a supramolecular strategy for cascade reactions.[41] A molecular imprinting strategy was developed to improve the selectivity of Fe3O4 nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity.[42] A new strategy was developed to enhance the peroxidase mimicking activity of gold nanoparticles by using hot electrons.[43] Researchers have designed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based integrative nanozymes with both SERS and peroxidase mimicking activities for measuring glucose and lactate in living tissues.[44] Cytochrome c oxidase mimicking activity of Cu2O nanoparticles was modulated by receiving electrons from cytochrome c.[45] Fe3O4 NPs were combined with glucose oxidase for tumor therapeutics.[46] Manganese dioxide nanozymes have been used as cytoprotective shells.[47] Mn3O4 Nanozyme for Parkinson's Disease (cellular model) was reported.[48] Heparin elimination in live rats has been monitored with 2D MOF based peroxidase mimics and AG73 peptide.[49] Glucose oxidase and iron oxide nanozymes were encapsulated within multi-compartmental hydrogels for incompatible tandem reactions.[50] A cascade nanozyme biosensor was developed for detection of viable Enterobacter sakazakii.[51] An integrated nanozyme of GOx@ZIF-8(NiPd) was developed for tandem catalysis.[52] Charge-switchable nanozymes were developed.[53] Site-selective RNA splicing nanozyme was developed.[54] A nanozymes special issue in Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics was published.[55] Mn3O4 nanozymes with ROS scavenging activities have been developed for in vivo anti-inflammation.[56] A concept entitled "A Step into the Future – Applications of Nanoparticle Enzyme Mimics" was proposed.[57] Facet-dependent oxidase and peroxidase-like activities of Pd nanoparticles were reported.[58] Au@Pt multibranched nanostructures as bifunctional nanozymes were developed.[59] Ferritin coated carbon nanozymes were developed for tumor catalytic therapy.[60] CuO nanozymes were developed to kill bacteria via a light-controlled manner.[61] Enzymatic activity of oxygenated CNT was studied.[62] Nanozymes were used to catalyze the oxidation of l-Tyrosine and l-Phenylalanine to dopachrome.[63] Nanozyme as an emerging alternative to natural enzyme for biosensing and immunoassay was summarized.[64] Standardized assay was proposed for peroxidase-like nanozymes.[65] Semiconductor QDs as nucleases for site-selective photoinduced cleavage of DNA[66]. 2D-MOF nanozyme-based sensor arrays was constructed for detecting phosphates and probing their enzymatic hydrolysis.[67] N-doped carbon nanomaterials as specific peroxidase mimics were reported.[68] Nanozyme sensor arrays were developed to detect analytes from small Molecules to proteins and cells.[69]

Conferences

Several conferences have focused on nanozymes. In 2015, a nanozyme workshop for was held at the 9th Asian Biophysics Associatation (ABA) Symposium.[70] In Pittcon 2016, a Networking entitled "Nanozymes in Analytical Chemistry and Beyond" was devoted to nanozymes.[71] An Xiangshan Science Conference was devoted to nanozyme research.[72][73] A scientific session was devoted to "Biomimetic Nanocatalysis" in 15th Chinese Biophysics Congress.[74] The "Nanozymes for Bioanalysis (Oral)" section was included in the 256th ACS National Meeting (2018 Fall, Boston).[75]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Wiley: Artificial Enzymes - Ronald Breslow". as.wiley.com. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  2. ↑ Kirby, Anthony J; Hollfelder, Florian (2009-10-01). From Enzyme Models to Model Enzymes. doi:10.1039/9781847559784. ISBN 9780854041756.
  3. ↑ Scaffolded amino acids as a close structural mimic of type-3 copper binding sites. H. Bauke Albada, Fouad Soulimani, Bert M. Weckhuysen and Rob M. J. Liskamp, Chem. Commun., 2007, pages 4895-4897, doi:10.1039/B709400K
  4. ↑ Röthlisberger, Daniela; Khersonsky, Olga; Wollacott, Andrew M.; Jiang, Lin; DeChancie, Jason; Betker, Jamie; Gallaher, Jasmine L.; Althoff, Eric A.; Zanghellini, Alexandre (2008-05-08). "Kemp elimination catalysts by computational enzyme design". Nature. 453 (7192): 190–195. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..190R. doi:10.1038/nature06879. ISSN 0028-0836.
  5. ↑ "World's first artificial enzymes created using synthetic biology". University of Cambridge. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  6. ↑ Wei, Hui; Wang, Erkang (2013-06-21). "Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes". Chemical Society Reviews. 42 (14): 6060. doi:10.1039/C3CS35486E. ISSN 1460-4744.
  7. ↑ 阎锡蕴. 纳米材料新特性及生物医学应用 (第1版 ed.). 北京: 科学出版社. ISBN 9787030418289.
  8. ↑ Wang, Zerong. Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry, 5 Volume Set (Edición: Volumes 1 - 5. ed.). Place of publication not identified: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 9781118470459.
  9. ↑ "Nanozyme brief history".
  10. ↑ Wang, Xiaoyu; Hu, Yihui; Wei, Hui. "Nanozymes in bionanotechnology: from sensing to therapeutics and beyond". Inorg. Chem. Front. 3 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1039/c5qi00240k.
  11. ↑ Duan, Demin; Fan, Kelong; Zhang, Dexi; Tan, Shuguang; Liang, Mifang; Liu, Yang; Zhang, Jianlin; Zhang, Panhe; Liu, Wei. "Nanozyme-strip for rapid local diagnosis of Ebola". Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 74: 134–141. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.025.
  12. ↑ Dugan, Laura L.; Gabrielsen, Joseph K.; Yu, Shan P.; Lin, Tien-Sung; Choi, Dennis W. (1996-04-01). "Buckminsterfullerenol Free Radical Scavengers Reduce Excitotoxic and Apoptotic Death of Cultured Cortical Neurons". Neurobiology of Disease. 3 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1006/nbdi.1996.0013.
  13. ↑ Dugan, Laura L.; Turetsky, Dorothy M.; Du, Cheng; Lobner, Doug; Wheeler, Mark; Almli, C. Robert; Shen, Clifton K.-F.; Luh, Tien-Yau; Choi, Dennis W. (1997-08-19). "Carboxyfullerenes as neuroprotective agents". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (17): 9434–9439. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.9434D. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.17.9434. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 23208. PMID 9256500.
  14. ↑ Manea, Flavio; Houillon, Florence Bodar; Pasquato, Lucia; Scrimin, Paolo (2004-11-19). "Nanozymes: Gold-Nanoparticle-Based Transphosphorylation Catalysts". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (45): 6165–6169. doi:10.1002/anie.200460649. ISSN 1521-3773.
  15. ↑ Chen, Junping; Patil, Swanand; Seal, Sudipta; McGinnis, James F. (2006-11-01). "Rare earth nanoparticles prevent retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides:". Nature Nanotechnology. 1 (2): 142–150. Bibcode:2006NatNa...1..142C. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.91. ISSN 1748-3387.
  16. ↑ Silva, Gabriel A. (2006-11-01). "Nanomedicine: Seeing the benefits of ceria". Nature Nanotechnology. 1 (2): 92–94. Bibcode:2006NatNa...1...92S. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.111. ISSN 1748-3387.
  17. ↑ Gao, Lizeng; Zhuang, Jie; Nie, Leng; Zhang, Jinbin; Zhang, Yu; Gu, Ning; Wang, Taihong; Feng, Jing; Yang, Dongling (2007-09-01). "Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles". Nature Nanotechnology. 2 (9): 577–583. Bibcode:2007NatNa...2..577G. doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.260. ISSN 1748-3387.
  18. ↑ Perez, J. Manuel (2007-09-01). "Iron oxide nanoparticles: Hidden talent". Nature Nanotechnology. 2 (9): 535–536. Bibcode:2007NatNa...2..535P. doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.282. ISSN 1748-3387.
  19. ↑ Wei, Hui; Wang, Erkang (2008-03-15). "Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Peroxidase Mimetics and Their Applications in H2O2 and Glucose Detection". Analytical Chemistry. 80 (6): 2250–2254. doi:10.1021/ac702203f. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 18290671.
  20. ↑ Song, Yujun; Qu, Konggang; Zhao, Chao; Ren, Jinsong; Qu, Xiaogang (2010-03-05). "Graphene Oxide: Intrinsic Peroxidase Catalytic Activity and Its Application to Glucose Detection". Advanced Materials. 22 (19): 2206–2210. doi:10.1002/adma.200903783. ISSN 0935-9648.
  21. ↑ Guo, Yujing; Deng, Liu; Li, Jing; Guo, Shaojun; Wang, Erkang; Dong, Shaojun (2011-01-10). "Hemin−Graphene Hybrid Nanosheets with Intrinsic Peroxidase-like Activity for Label-free Colorimetric Detection of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism". ACS Nano. 5 (2): 1282–1290. doi:10.1021/nn1029586. ISSN 1936-0851.
  22. ↑ Fan, Kelong; Cao, Changqian; Pan, Yongxin; Lu, Di; Yang, Dongling; Feng, Jing; Song, Lina; Liang, Minmin; Yan, Xiyun (2012-07-01). "Magnetoferritin nanoparticles for targeting and visualizing tumour tissues". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (7): 459–464. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..459F. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.90. ISSN 1748-3387.
  23. ↑ Natalio, Filipe; André, Rute; Hartog, Aloysius F.; Stoll, Brigitte; Jochum, Klaus Peter; Wever, Ron; Tremel, Wolfgang (2012-08-01). "Vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles mimic vanadium haloperoxidases and thwart biofilm formation". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (8): 530–535. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..530N. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.91. ISSN 1748-3387.
  24. ↑ Dugan, Laura L.; Tian, LinLin; Quick, Kevin L.; Hardt, Josh I.; Karimi, Morvarid; Brown, Chris; Loftin, Susan; Flores, Hugh; Moerlein, Stephen M. (2014-09-01). "Carboxyfullerene neuroprotection postinjury in Parkinsonian nonhuman primates". Annals of Neurology. 76 (3): 393–402. doi:10.1002/ana.24220. ISSN 1531-8249. PMC 4165715. PMID 25043598.
  25. ↑ Gao, Nan; Sun, Hanjun; Dong, Kai; Ren, Jinsong; Duan, Taicheng; Xu, Can; Qu, Xiaogang (2014-03-04). "Transition-metal-substituted polyoxometalate derivatives as functional anti-amyloid agents for Alzheimer's disease". Nature Communications. 5 (1). Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E3422G. doi:10.1038/ncomms4422. ISSN 2041-1723.
  26. ↑ Vernekar, Amit A.; Sinha, Devanjan; Srivastava, Shubhi; Paramasivam, Prasath U.; D’Silva, Patrick; Mugesh, Govindasamy (2014-11-21). "An antioxidant nanozyme that uncovers the cytoprotective potential of vanadia nanowires". Nature Communications. 5 (1). Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E5301V. doi:10.1038/ncomms6301. ISSN 2041-1723.
  27. ↑ Tonga, Gulen Yesilbag; Jeong, Youngdo; Duncan, Bradley; Mizuhara, Tsukasa; Mout, Rubul; Das, Riddha; Kim, Sung Tae; Yeh, Yi-Cheun; Yan, Bo (2015-07-01). "Supramolecular regulation of bioorthogonal catalysis in cells using nanoparticle-embedded transition metal catalysts". Nature Chemistry. 7 (7): 597–603. Bibcode:2015NatCh...7..597T. doi:10.1038/nchem.2284. ISSN 1755-4330.
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  30. ↑ Elsevier. "New Ebola test to make diagnosis easier, faster and cheaper". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
  31. ↑ Liu, Biwu; Sun, Ziyi; Huang, Po-Jung Jimmy; Liu, Juewen (2015-01-28). "Hydrogen Peroxide Displacing DNA from Nanoceria: Mechanism and Detection of Glucose in Serum". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (3): 1290–1295. doi:10.1021/ja511444e. ISSN 0002-7863.
  32. ↑ Cheng, Hanjun; Zhang, Lei; He, Jian; Guo, Wenjing; Zhou, Zhengyang; Zhang, Xuejin; Nie, Shuming; Wei, Hui (2016-04-12). "Integrated nanozymes with nanoscale proximity for in vivo neurochemical monitoring in living brains". Analytical Chemistry. 88: 5489–5497. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00975. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 27067749.
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  35. ↑ Liu, Yuan; Purich, Daniel L.; Wu, Cuichen; Wu, Yuan; Chen, Tao; Cui, Cheng; Zhang, Liqin; Cansiz, Sena; Hou, Weijia (2015-12-02). "Ionic Functionalization of Hydrophobic Colloidal Nanoparticles To Form Ionic Nanoparticles with Enzymelike Properties". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (47): 14952–14958. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b08533. ISSN 0002-7863. PMC 4898269.
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  37. ↑ 李正强, 副 罗贵民 主编 高仁钧 (2016-05-01). 酶工程(第3版) (第3版 ed.). 化学工业出版社. ISBN 7122257606.
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  41. ↑ Zhao, Yan; Zhu, Hui; Zhu, Qingqing; Huang, Yucheng; Xia, Yunsheng (2016-12-07). "Three-in-One: Sensing, Self-Assembly and Cascade Catalysis of Cyclodextrin Modified Gold Nanoparticles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138: 16645–16654. doi:10.1021/jacs.6b07590. ISSN 0002-7863.
  42. ↑ Zhang, Zijie; Zhang, Xiaohan; Liu, Biwu; Liu, Juewen (2017-03-27). "Molecular Imprinting on Inorganic Nanozymes for Hundred-fold Enzyme Specificity". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139: 5412–5419. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00601. ISSN 0002-7863.
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  65. ↑ Jiang, Bing; Duan, Demin; Gao, Lizeng; Zhou, Mengjie; Fan, Kelong; Tang, Yan; Xi, Juqun; Bi, Yuhai; Tong, Zhou (2018-07-02). "Standardized assays for determining the catalytic activity and kinetics of peroxidase-like nanozymes". Nature Protocols. doi:10.1038/s41596-018-0001-1. ISSN 1754-2189.
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