Affluenza

Affluenza, a portmanteau of affluence and influenza, is a term used by critics of consumerism. It is thought to have been first used in 1954,[1] but it was popularised in 1997 with a PBS documentary of the same name[2] and the subsequent book Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic (2001, revised in 2005, 2014). These works define affluenza as "a painful, contagious, socially transmitted condition of overload, debt, anxiety, and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more".[3] The term "affluenza" has also been used to refer to an inability to understand the consequences of one's actions because of financial privilege, such as in the case of Ethan Couch.[4]

Theory

In 2007, British psychologist Oliver James asserted that there was a correlation between the increasing occurrence of affluenza and the resulting increase in material inequality: the more unequal a society, the greater the unhappiness of its citizens.[5] Referring to Vance Packard's thesis The Hidden Persuaders on the manipulative methods used by the advertising industry, James related the stimulation of artificial needs to the rise in affluenza. To highlight the spread of affluenza in societies with varied levels of inequality, James interviewed people in several cities including Sydney, Singapore, Auckland, Moscow, Shanghai, Copenhagen and New York.

In 2008 James wrote that higher rates of mental disorders were the consequence of excessive wealth-seeking in consumerist nations.[6] In a graph created from multiple data sources, James plotted "Prevalence of any emotional distress" and "Income inequality", attempting to show that English-speaking nations have nearly twice as much emotional distress as mainland Europe and Japan: 21.6 percent vs 11.5 percent.[7] James defined affluenza as "placing a high value on money, possessions, appearances (physical and social) and fame", which was the rationale behind the increasing mental illness in English-speaking societies. He explained the greater incidence of affluenza as the result of 'selfish capitalism', the market liberal political governance found in English-speaking nations as compared to the less selfish capitalism pursued in mainland Europe. James asserted that societies can remove the negative consumerist effects by pursuing real needs over perceived wants, and by defining themselves as having value independent of their material possessions.

Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss's book, Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough, poses the question: "If the economy has been doing so well, why are we not becoming happier?"[8]:vii They argue that affluenza causes overconsumption, "luxury fever", consumer debt, overwork, waste, and harm to the environment. These pressures lead to "psychological disorders, alienation and distress",[8]:179 causing people to "self-medicate with mood-altering drugs and excessive alcohol consumption".[8]:180

They note that a number of Australians have reacted by "downshifting"—they decided to "reduce their incomes and place family, friends and contentment above money in determining their life goals". Their critique leads them to identify the need for an "alternative political philosophy", and the book concludes with a "political manifesto for wellbeing".[9]

Notable incident

In December 2013, State District Judge Jean Boyd sentenced a North Texas teenager, Ethan Couch,[10] to 10 years' probation for driving under the influence and killing four pedestrians and injuring 11[11] after his attorneys successfully argued that the teen suffered from affluenza and needed rehabilitation, and not prison. The lawyers had argued that Couch was unable to understand the consequences of his actions because of his financial privilege.[12] The defendant had been witnessed on surveillance video stealing beer from a store, driving with seven passengers in a Ford F-350 "stolen" from his father, and speeding at 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) in a 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) zone. Couch was also driving while under the influence of alcohol (with a blood alcohol content of 0.24%, three times the legal limit for an adult in Texas) and the tranquilizer Valium.[13] At a February 5, 2014, hearing, Eric Boyles—whose wife and daughter were killed in the crash—said, "Had he not had money to have the defense there, to also have the experts testify, and also offer to pay for the treatment, I think the results would have been different."[14] In April 2016, a judge sentenced Ethan Couch to 720 days in jail after he violated his probation.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ de Graaf, John (14 December 2013). "Co-Author of Affluenza: "I'm Appalled by the Ethan Couch Decision"". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  2. ↑ "Escape from Affluenza", KCTS
  3. ↑ Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic, John de Graaf, David Wann & Thomas H. Naylor, 2001 ISBN 1-57675-199-6
  4. ↑ Dart, Tom (6 February 2014). "Texas teenager suffering 'affluenza' avoids jail for second time". The Guardian.
  5. ↑ James, Oliver (2007). Affluenza: How to Be Successful and Stay Sane. Vermilion. ISBN 978-0-09-190011-3.
  6. ↑ James, Oliver (2008). The Selfish Capitalist. Vermilion. ISBN 978-0-09-192381-5.
  7. ↑ James, Oliver (2007). "Appendix 2: Emotional Distress and Inequality: Selfish vs Unselfish Capitalist Nations". Affluenza: How to be Successful and Stay Sane. London: Vermilion. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-09-190010-6. 1. The mean prevalence of emotional distress for the six English-speaking nations combined was 21.6%. The mean for the other nations, mainland Western Europe plus Japan, was 11.5%.
  8. 1 2 3 Clive Hamilton; Richard Denniss (2005). Affluenza: When Too Much Is Never Enough. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74115-624-9.
  9. ↑ "A Manifesto For Wellbeing". Wellbeingmanifesto.net. The Australia Institute. 7 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2018. (Archive is the same work, but on a different website)
  10. ↑ "What's the future for 'affluenza' defenses?".
  11. ↑ Caulfield, Philip (2013-12-11). "Texas rich kid who killed 4 in drunken car crash spared jail". New York Daily News. NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  12. ↑ Neil, Martha (6 February 2014). "'Affluenza' teen on probation for fatal crash is sent to pricey rehab". American Bar Association. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  13. ↑ "'Tax Dollars Used to Pay Affluenza Teen's Rehab". KFDX Texoma's Homepage. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  14. ↑ "Tax Dollars Used to Pay Affluenza Teen's Rehab". TEXOMASHOMEPAGE.
  15. ↑ "Judge gives affluenza teen Ethan Couch almost two years in jail | Crime | Dallas News". 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2016-09-28.

Further reading

  • The Circle of Simplicity, Cecile Andrews, ISBN 0-06-092872-7
  • The Golden Ghetto: The Psychology of Affluence, Jessie H. O'Neill, ISBN 978-0-9678554-0-0
  • Voluntary Simplicity, Duane Elgin, ISBN 0-688-12119-5
  • Voluntary Simplicity, Daniel Doherty & Amitai Etzioni, ISBN 0-7425-2066-8
  • How Much Is Too Much? Raising Likeable, Responsible, Respectful Children-From Toddler to Teens- In an Age of Overindulgence, Clarke, Jean Illsley, Bredehoft, David & Dawson, Connie, ISBN 978-0-7382-1681-2
  • "Affluenza". pbs.org.
  • Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year Winners: Affluenza
  • Oliver James website
  • The Affluenza Project
  • Affluenza issues in the USA
  • Affluenza video
  • A film clip "The Open Mind - Affluenza (1984)" is available at the Internet Archive

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