Abdulmejid II

Full name
	Abdul Mecid bin Abdul Aziz

Abdulmejid II
Abdulmejid II
	Caliph of Islam; Amir al-Mu'minin; Head of the House of Osman
	Caliph Abdulmejid II
29th Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate
Tenure	19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924
Predecessor	Mehmed VI
Successor	Caliphate abolished
Head of the House of Osman; (in exile)
Pretence	16 May 1926 – 23 August 1944
Predecessor	Mehmed VI
Successor	Ahmed Nihad
Born	29/30 May 1868[1][2]; Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)
Died	23 August 1944 (aged 76); Paris, Nazi-occupied France (now France)
Burial	Al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia
Consorts	Mihrimah Hanım; Şehsuvar Hanım; Hayrünissa Hanım; Mehisti Hanım
Issue	Şehzade Ömer Faruk; Dürrüşehvar Sultan
Full name
	Abdul Mecid bin Abdul Aziz
Dynasty	Ottoman
Father	Abdülaziz
Mother	Hayranidil Kadın
Religion	Islam

Abdulmejid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجید الثانی‎, Abd al-Madjeed al-Thâni – Turkish: Halife İkinci Abdülmecit Efendi, 29 May 1868 – 23 August 1944) was the last Caliph of Islam, nominally the 37th Head of the Ottoman Imperial House from 1922 to 1924.

Biography

On 30 May 1868,^[1]^[2] he was born at Dolmabahçe Palace or at Beşiktaş Palace, Beşiktaş, Istanbul, to then Sultan Abdülaziz and his wife Hayranidil Kadın. He was educated privately.

According to custom, Abdulmejid was confined to the palace until he was 40. On 4 July 1918, his first cousin Mehmed VI became Sultan and Abdulmejid was named Crown Prince.^[1] Following the deposition of his cousin on 1 November 1922, the Sultanate was abolished. But on 19 November 1922, the Crown Prince was elected Caliph by the Turkish National Assembly at Ankara.^[1] He established himself in Constantinople^[3]^[4] on 24 November 1922.

On 3 March 1924, six months after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished and the Ottoman dynasty was deposed and expelled from Turkey.^[5]^[6]

Artist

Abdulmejid's painting of his wife.

Abdulmejid was given the title of General in the Ottoman Army, but did not in fact have strong military inclinations, and his more significant role was as Chairman of the Ottoman Artists' Society.

He is considered as one of the most important painters of late period Ottoman art.

His paintings of the Harem, showing a modern musical gathering, and of his wife, Şehsuvar Hanım, reading Goethe's Faust.^[7] were displayed at an exhibition of Ottoman paintings in Vienna in 1918. His personal self-portrait can be seen at Istanbul Modern.

Abdulmejid was an avid collector of butterflies, an activity that he occupied himself with during the last 20 years of his life. His favourite magazine was Revue des deux Mondes.^[7]

Death

On 23 August 1944, Abdulmejid II died at his house in the Boulevard Suchet, Paris. His death coincided with the Liberation of Paris from the German occupation. He was buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia, by the order of King Saud of Saudi Arabia.

Family

Photo of Abdulmejid II during his exile

Standard of Abdulmejid II

Princess Dürrüşehvar Sultan, Princess of Berar; Caliph Abdulmejid II of the Ottoman Empire, and Nawab Azam Jah, Prince of Berar

Consorts

Abdulmejid had four consorts:

Mihrimah Hanım (died at Nakkaştepe Palace, 23 May 1899, buried in Nuhkuyusu Mosque, Istanbul);^[8]
Şehsuvar Hanım (m. Ortaköy Palace, 23 December 1896; Istanbul, 2 May 1881 – Paris, 1945, buried there at Bobigny cemetery);
Hayrünissa Hanım^[9] (m. Ortaköy Palace, 18 June 1902; Bandırma, c. 1877 – Nice, 3 September 1936);
Mehisti Hanım (m. Çamlıca Palace, 16 April 1912, Adapazarı, c. 1896 – London, Middlesex, 1964, buried in Brookwood cemetery), daughter of Akalsba Hacımaf Bey, and Safiye Hanım;

son

Şehzade Ömer Faruk (Constantinople, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, 27/29 February 1898 – 28 March 1969/1971) - with Şehsuvar, married firstly at Yıldız Palace on 29 April 1920 to his cousin Rukiye Sabiha Sultan (Constantinople, Ortaköy, Ortaköy Palace, 19 March/1 April 1894 – Istanbul, 26 August 1971), and had three daughters, and married secondly in İskenderiye on 31 July 1948 to his cousin Mihriban Mihrishah Sultan (Constantinople, Beşiktaş, Beşiktaş Palace, 1 June 1916 – Istanbul, 25 January 1987), without issue:
- Fatma Neslişah Osmanoğlu Sultan (Constantinople, Nişantaşı, Nişantaşı Palace, 4 February 1921 – 1 April 2012), married in Heliopolis Palace, Cairo, on 26 September 1940 to her cousin Damat Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim (Alexandria, Montaza Palace, 20 February 1899 – Istanbul, 1/2 December 1979, buried in Cairo), heir apparent to the throne of Egypt from 1899 to 1914, created HH in 1922, created HRH in 1952, Regent of Egypt from 1952 to 1953, and had issue
- Zehra Hanzade Sultan (Constantinople, Dolmabahçe Palace, 12 September 1923 – Paris, 19 March 1998, buried on 26 March 1998), married in Cairo in September 1940 to Damat Prince Muhammad Ali Ibrahim (Cairo, 29 April 1900 – Paris, 2 July 1977), and had issue:
  - Nabila Sabiha Fazila Ibrahim Hanımsultan (b. Neuilly-sur-Seine, 8 August 1941), was the fiance of King Faisal II of Iraq until 1958 when the king was killed. Few years later she married Kheri Oglu, together they had two sons Ali and Saleem
  - Nabil Sultanzade Ahmad Rifat Ibrahim (b. 31 August 1942), married on 26 June 1969 to Emine Ushakidil, without issue
- Necla Heybetullah Sultan (Nice, 15 May 1926 – 16 October 2006), married in Cairo in February 1943 to Nabil Amr Ibrahim (Cairo, 18 April 1903 – 1977), and had issue:
  - Nabil Sultanzade Osman Rifat Ibrahim (b. 20 May 1951), unmarried and without issue

Daughter

Hatice Hayriye Ayşe Dürrüşehvar Sultan (Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 26 January 1914 – 7 February 2006) - with Mehisti, married in Nice on 12 November 1931 to Damat Walashan Nawab Sir Mir Himayat Ali Khan Azam Jah Bahadur (22 February 1907 – 9 October 1970), Prince of Berar, son of the last Nizam of Hyderabad India, and had issue.

References

1 2 3 4 Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abdümecid II". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
1 2 There are sources that give the 29th as the day of his birth.
↑ The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire...
↑ Britannica, Istanbul:When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.
↑ Finkel, Caroline (2007). "Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire". Basic Books. p. 546. ISBN 9780465008506.
↑ Özoğlu, Hakan (2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313379567.
1 2 "The Ottoman caliphate: Worldly, pluralist, hedonistic—and Muslim, too". The Economist. 19 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
↑ Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 1. Üsküdar Belediyesi. p. 298. ISBN 978-9-759-76062-5.
↑ Bardakçı, Murat (2017). Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-9-774-16837-6.

External links

Newspaper clippings about Abdulmejid II in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)

Sunni Islam titles
Abdulmejid II House of Osman Born: 29 May 1868 Died: 23 August 1944
Preceded by Mehmed VI	Last Caliph of Islam Ottoman Caliph 19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924	Vacant Caliphate abolished in 1924 (Briefly claimed by Hussein bin Ali)
Titles in pretence
Preceded by Mehmed VI	— TITULAR — Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 19 November 1922 – 23 August 1944 Reason for succession failure: Empire abolished in 1922	Succeeded by Ahmed Nihad
Preceded by Mehmed VI	— TITULAR — Caliph of Islam 3 March 1924 – 23 August 1944 Reason for succession failure: Caliphate abolished on March 3, 1924	Vacant Caliphate abolished in 1924 (The religious position and the official representation of the caliph's powers was transferred to Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı)

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[EB-1] 1 2 3 4 Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abdümecid II". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.

[birth-2] 1 2 There are sources that give the 29th as the day of his birth.

[3] The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire...

[4] Britannica, Istanbul:When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.

[5] Finkel, Caroline (2007). "Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire". Basic Books. p. 546. ISBN 9780465008506.

[6] Özoğlu, Hakan (2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313379567.

[The_Economist-7] 1 2 "The Ottoman caliphate: Worldly, pluralist, hedonistic—and Muslim, too". The Economist. 19 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.

[8] Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 1. Üsküdar Belediyesi. p. 298. ISBN 978-9-759-76062-5.

[9] Bardakçı, Murat (2017). Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-9-774-16837-6.

Ottoman Sultans / Caliphs
Dynasty Family tree (detailed) Family tree (simplified) Line of succession
Osman I Orhan Murad I Bayezid I Interregnum Mehmed I Murad II Mehmed II Murad II Mehmed II Bayezid II Selim I^§ Suleiman I Selim II Murad III Mehmed III Ahmed I Mustafa I Osman II Mustafa I Murad IV Ibrahim Mehmed IV Suleiman II Ahmed II Mustafa II Ahmed III Mahmud I Osman III Mustafa III Abdul Hamid I Selim III Mustafa IV Mahmud II Abdulmejid I Abdülaziz Murad V Abdul Hamid II Mehmed V Mehmed VI Abdulmejid II (Caliph only)
^§ First Ottoman caliph Book Category Related templates: Claimants Valide Sultans

Ottoman princes
1st generation	Alaeddin Pasha Orhan
2nd generation	Süleyman Pasha Murad I Şehzade Halil
3rd generation	Savcı Bey Bayezid I
4th generation	Süleyman Çelebi İsa Çelebi Mehmed I Musa Çelebi Mustafa Çelebi
5th generation	Murad II Küçük Mustafa
6th generation	Mehmed the Conqueror
7th generation	Bayezid II Sultan Cem
8th generation	Şehzade Ahmet Şehzade Korkut Selim I
9th generation	Suleiman the Magnificent
10th generation	Şehzade Mustafa Şehzade Mehmed Şehzade Abdullah Selim II Şehzade Bayezid Şehzade Cihangir
11th generation	Murad III
12th generation	Mehmed III Sultan Yahya
13th generation	Şehzade Mahmud Ahmed I Mustafa I
14th generation	Osman II Murad IV Ibrahim
15th generation	Şehzade Ömer Mehmed IV Suleiman II Ahmed II
16th generation	Mustafa II Ahmed III
17th generation	Mahmud I Osman III Mustafa III Abdul Hamid I
18th generation	Selim III Mustafa IV Mahmud II
19th generation	Abdulmejid I Abdülaziz
20th generation	Abdul Hamid II Murad V Mehmed V Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin Mehmed VI Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin Abdulmejid II
21st generation	Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin Şehzade Mehmed Selim Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir Şehzade Mehmed Abid Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin Şehzade Ömer Hilmi

Pretenders to the Ottoman throne and Head of the House of Osman (since 1926)
Abdulmejid II (1926-1944) Ahmed Nihad (1944–1954) Osman Fuad (1954–1973) Mehmed Abdulaziz (1973–1977) Ali Vâsib (1977–1983) Mehmed Orhan (1983–1994) Ertuğrul Osman (1994–2009) Bayezid Osman (2009–2017) Dündar Ali Osman (since 2017)
See also Ottoman Dynasty