1861 in science
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The year 1861 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- May 13 – Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") first observed from Australia by John Tebbutt.
Biology
- Anton de Bary publishes his first work on fungi, describing sexual reproduction in Peronospora.
Chemistry
- March 30 – William Crookes announces his discovery of thallium.
- Rubidium is discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, in Heidelberg, Germany, in the mineral lepidolite through the use of their spectroscope.[1][2]
- Aleksandr Butlerov is instrumental in creating the theory of chemical structure.[3]
- Josef Loschmidt publishes Chemische Studien, proposing two-dimensional representations for over 300 molecules and recognising variations in atomic size.[4]
- Ernest Solvay develops the Solvay process for the manufacture of soda ash (sodium carbonate).
Earth sciences
- Eduard Suess proposes the former existence of the supercontinent Gondwana.
Medicine and physiology
- Paul Broca identifies the speech production center of the brain.
- Franciscus Donders introduces the term visual acuity.
- Guillaume Duchenne describes Duchenne muscular dystrophy.[5]
- Prosper Ménière reports the association of vertigo with inner ear disorders.
- Ádám Politzer publishes the technique of Politzerization used in otorhinolaryngology.
- Ignaz Semmelweis publishes Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers, a treatment of his theory on sanitary conditions during childbirth.
- Adolf Zsigmondy develops a dental notation system.
Paleontology
- September – First complete identified skeleton of Archaeopteryx unearthed near Langenaltheim, Germany.[6]
Technology
- January 1 – First steam-powered carousel recorded, in Bolton, England.[7]
- July 23 – The term 'drive shaft' is used in the description of the mechanism in a patent reissue for the Watkins and Bryson horse-drawn mowing machine.[8]
- William Froude publishes the first results of his research into ship hull design.[9]
- Dr. Richard J. Gatling invents the Gatling gun.[10]
- James Clerk Maxwell demonstrates the principle of permanent three-colour photography.[11]
- German scientist Philipp Reis succeeds in creating a device that captures sound and converts it to electrical impulses which are transmitted via electrical wires to another device that transforms these pulses into recognizable sounds similar to the original acoustical source. Reis coins the term telephone to describe his device, the Reis telephone.
Publications
- Michael Faraday's Royal Institution Christmas Lectures published as The Chemical History of a Candle.
- First volumes of Munk's Roll published.
Awards
Births
- February 15 – Alfred North Whitehead (died 1947), English mathematician.
- April 24 – Hedda Andersson (died 1950), Swedish physician
- May 20 – Henry Gantt (died 1919), American project engineer.
- June 9 – Pierre Duhem (died 1916), French philosopher of science.
- July 18 – Kadambini Ganguly (died 1923), Indian physician.
- July 26 – Ægidius Elling (died 1949), Norwegian gas turbine pioneer.
- August 9 – Dorothea Klumpke (died 1942), American astronomer.
- December 17 – Arthur E. Kennelly (died 1939), Irish American electrical engineer.
Deaths
- January 3 – Arnold Adolph Berthold (born 1803), German physiologist.
- May 16 – John Stevens Henslow (born 1796), English botanist.
- June 18 – Eaton Hodgkinson (born 1789), English structural engineer.
- November 10 – Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (born 1805), French zoologist.
- November 13 – Sir John Forbes (born 1787), Scottish-born royal physician.
- December 10 – Thomas Southwood Smith (born 1788), English physician and sanitary reformer.
- Ferdinand Deppe (born 1794), German naturalist, explorer and painter.
References
- ↑ Kirchhoff, G.; Bunsen, R. (1861). "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 189 (7): 337–381. Bibcode:1861AnP...189..337K. doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- ↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some spectroscopic discoveries". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1413–1434. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1413W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1413. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- ↑ Kazansky, B.; Bykov, G. V., eds. (1961). Centenary of the Theory of Chemical Structure: collection of papers by A. M. Butlerov. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
- ↑ Rzepa, Henry S. (2005). "Joseph Loschmidt: Structural formulae, 1861". Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
- ↑ "Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne de Boulogne". WhoNamedIt?. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ↑ Natural History Museum (London) BMNH 37001. Chiappe, Luis M. (2007). Glorified Dinosaurs. Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 118–146. ISBN 0-471-24723-5.
- ↑ "Fairground Rides – A Chronological Development". National Fairground Archive. University of Sheffield. 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
- ↑ John DeLancy Watkins and Robert Bryson, Mowing Machines, U.S. Patent Reissue 1,904.
- ↑ "On the rolling of ships." Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects 2 (1861): pp. 180–227; 3 (1862): pp. 45–62.
- ↑ Greeley, Horace; Case, Leon (1872). The Great Industries of the United States. Hartford: J.B. Burr & Hyde. p. 944.
- ↑ The Hutchinson Factfinder. Helicon. 1999. ISBN 1-85986-000-1.
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