Macron below

◌̱
Macron below
Diacritics in Latin & Greek
accent
acute( ´ )
double acute( ˝ )
grave( ` )
double grave(  ̏ )
circumflex( ˆ )
caron, háček( ˇ )
breve( ˘ )
inverted breve(   ̑  )
cedilla( ¸ )
diaeresis, umlaut( ¨ )
dot( · )
palatal hook(   ̡ )
retroflex hook(   ̢ )
hook above, dấu hỏi(  ̉ )
horn(  ̛ )
iota subscript(  ͅ )
macron( ¯ )
ogonek, nosinė( ˛ )
perispomene(  ͂ )
overring( ˚ )
underring( ˳ )
rough breathing( ῾ )
smooth breathing( ᾿ )
Marks sometimes used as diacritics
apostrophe( ’ )
bar( ◌̸ )
colon( : )
comma( , )
period( . )
hyphen( ˗ )
prime( ′ )
tilde( ~ )
Diacritical marks in other scripts
Arabic diacritics
Early Cyrillic diacritics
kamora(  ҄ )
pokrytie(  ҇ )
titlo(  ҃ )
Gurmukhī diacritics
Hebrew diacritics
Indic diacritics
anusvara( ं ং ം )
chandrabindu( ँ ఁ )
nukta( ़ )
virama( ् ് ్ ් ್ )
visarga( ः ঃ )
IPA diacritics
Japanese diacritics
dakuten( ﾞ )
handakuten( ﾟ )
Khmer diacritics
Syriac diacritics
Thai diacritics
Related
Dotted circle◌
Punctuation marks
Logic symbols
A̱a̱ḆḇC̱c̱

Macron below, U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW, is a combining diacritical mark that is used in various orthographies.[1]

It is not to be confused with U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW, U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE and U+005F _ LOW LINE. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare a̱ḇc̱ and a̲b̲c̲ (only the latter should look like abc).

Unicode

Macron below character

Unicode defines several characters for the macron below:

macron below
combiningspacing
characterUnicodeHTMLcharacterUnicodeHTML
◌̱
single		U+0331̱ˍ
letter		U+02CDˍ
◌͟◌
double		U+035F͟

There are many similar marks covered elsewhere:

  • Spacing underscores, including
    • U+005F _ LOW LINE (HTML _)
    • U+2017 ‗ DOUBLE LOW LINE (HTML ‗)
  • Combining underlines, including
    • U+0332 ◌̲ COMBINING LOW LINE (HTML ̲)
    • U+0333 ◌̳ COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE (HTML ̳)
    • U+0347 ◌͇ COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW (HTML ͇);
    • U+FE2B ◌︫ COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW (HTML ︫)
    • U+FE2C ◌︬ COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW (HTML ︬)
    • U+FE2D ◌︭ COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW (HTML ︭)
  • International Phonetic Alphabet mark for retracted or backed articulation:[1]
    • U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW (HTML ̠)
    • U+02D7 ˗ MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN (HTML ˗)

Precomposed characters

Various precomposed letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode:

upper caselower casenotes
letterUnicodeHTMLletterUnicodeHTML
ḆU+1E06ḆḇU+1E07ḇUsed in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter beth (ב). representing [v], or perhaps [β].
ḎU+1E0EḎḏU+1E0FḏUsed in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter dalet (ד), [ð], and in the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex D.
ẖU+1E96ẖSometimes used for Arabic خ ẖāʼ, Hebrew Heth (letter), Egyptian 𓄡.

There is no precomposed upper case equivalent of ẖ so it uses a combining macron below instead: H̱.

ḴU+1E34ḴḵU+1E35ḵUsed in Tlingit and Haida (among other Pacific Northwest languages) for the voiceless uvular stop [q]. Close to Korean ㄲ kk; closest English "shocking"
ḺU+1E3AḺḻU+1E3BḻOne possible transliteration of the Tamil letter ழ. Ḻ is used in the Seri language to represent [l], like English l, while unmodified "l" represents [ɬ], like Welsh ll. It is also used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun.
ṈU+1E48ṈṉU+1E49ṉUsed in Pitjantjatjara to represent [ɳ], and in Saanich to represent both plain and glottalized [ɴ]. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex N.
ṞU+1E5EṞṟU+1E5FṟUsed in Pitjantjatjara to represent [ɻ], and sometimes in the romanization of Pashto to represent the retroflex R.
ṮU+1E6EṮṯU+1E6FṯUsed in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun language representing [t̪]. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex T. In the romanization of Arabic this letter is used to transcribe the letter Ṯāʾ.
ẔU+1E94ẔẕU+1E95ẕ
₫U+20AB₫

Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whose decompositions contain U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus, U+1E07 ḇ LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW decomposes to U+0062 b LATIN SMALL LETTER B and U+0331 ◌̱ COMBINING MACRON BELOW.[2]

The Vietnamese đồng currency sign resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below: U+20AB ₫ DONG SIGN (HTML ₫) but is neither a letter nor decomposable.[3]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  2. ↑ "Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  3. ↑ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
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