Oskemen

Ust-Kamenogorsk Усть-Каменогорск (in Russian) Өскемен (in Kazakh)
Flag Seal
Ust-Kamenogorsk Location in Kazakhstan
Coordinates: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617
Country	Kazakhstan
Region	East Kazakhstan Region
Founded	1720
Incorporated (city)	1868
Government
• Akim (mayor)	Kuat Tumabayev
Area
• Total	540 km2 (210 sq mi)
Elevation	283 m (928 ft)
Population (2013)
• Total	321,251
• Density	590/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+6 (ALMT)
Postal code	F0*****[1]
Area code(s)	+7 7232
Vehicle registration	F, 16
Website	www.oskemen.kz

Ust-Kamenogorsk (Russian: Усть-Каменого́рск) or Oskemen (Kazakh: Өскемен, translit. Óskemen) is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan. It is served by Ust-Kamenogorsk Airport. Population: 303,720 (2009 Census results);^[2] 310,950 (1999 Census results).^[2]

Name

The city has two official names.^[3] In the Russian language, its name is Усть-Каменогорск; in the Kazakh language, its accepted name is Өскемен/Óskemen. Both names appear on the seal of the city. ^[4]

History

The city was founded in 1720 at the confluence of the Irtysh and Ulba rivers as a fort and trading post named Ust-Kamennaya.^[5] It was established according to the order of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great, who sent a military expedition headed by major Ivan Vasilievich Likharev in the search of Yarkenda gold. Likharev’s expedition directed up the Irtysh river to Zaysan Lake. There, at the confluence of the Ulba and the Irtysh rivers the new fortress was laid – the Ust-Kamennaya Fortress. The Ust-Kamennaya Fortress appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, the very southern end of the Irtysh line.^[6] In 1868 the city became the capital of the Semipalatinsk Oblast. It was the site of Georgy Malenkov's 30-year internal exile, during which he managed a local hydroelectric plant.^[7]

The city developed into a major mining and metallurgical center during the Soviet period. Mining of non-ferrous metals, especially uranium, beryllium, tantalum, copper, lead, silver and zinc remain important. It is a center for the construction industry producing manufactured housing and ferroconcrete articles. The post-war industrial history of the city is very closely intertwined with the Soviet nuclear bomb project, and the city was therefore kept closed to outsiders. One of the main industrial enterprises, the Ulba Metal Works (UMW) which produced and still produces uranium products, was kept entirely secret despite it employing thousands of workers. An explosion at the UMW's beryllium production line in 1990 led to the diffusion of a highly toxic beryllium-containing "cloud" over the city. The health effects of this incident are not entirely known, partly because the incident was kept secret by the Soviet authorities. Kazakhs who have visited the city state it is highly polluted which has led to alarmingly high cancer rates (as of 2014).

Economy

Under the name of the Ust-Kamenogorsk Lock, the highest lock in the world lies at Ablaketka where it allows river traffic to pass around a hydroelectric dam on the Irtysh river. It has a drop of more than 40m.^[8]

Since the opening of the Three Gorges locks in China, the upper lock of that five-lock cascade is theoretically on a par with this lock, but its full drop will be used only in extreme cases, while the Ust-Kamenogorsk lock is designed for permanent use at this height.

A new car plant owned jointly by AvtoVAZ and Azia Avto, which will produce 120,000 cars a year, will be opened in 2016.^[9]

Higher education

Sports

• Kazzinc-Torpedo: an ice hockey team. Alma mater of NHL players: Nik Antropov, Vitali Kolesnik, Konstantin Pushkaryov, Alexander Perezhogin and Evgeni Nabokov. Kazzinc-Torpedo is currently playing in the Supreme Hockey League (VHL).
• FC Vostok: football club, currently playing in Kazakhstan First Division
• The city participated in the open Kazakh Cup in bandy 2009.^[10]
• In 2014 the national rink bandy championship was organised in town.^[11]

Religion

Russian Orthodox Church

Mosque in Oskemen

There are 32 religious unions, presenting 15 religious confessions, including Christian , Muslim and non-traditional religions. There are 21 cultural buildings in the city: among them Orthodox Christian churches and mosques.^[12] However, in 2017 a court fined and banned Oskemen's New Life Protestant Church for singing religious songs at a summer camp.^[13]

Transport

The city has an international airport, Ust-Kamenogorsk Airport.

Until its closure in March 2018, the most popular form of public transport was the tram, although its share in total traffic was less than the bus network.

Intercity bus service is available at two bus stations. The most extensive network, with more than 35 lines, is at the railway station, which is located by the Sports Palace on Novoshkolnaya Street. From this station, buses not only serve cities within Kazakhstan, but also Russian cities such as Krasnoyarsk. The route network at the second station covers a smaller area with 17 lines.

Climate

Ust-Kamenogorsk has a continental climate with intermittent precipitation. The coldest months are November through March. Record low temperatures range from −49 °C in January to 4 °C in July, and record highs range from 8 °C in January to 43 °C in July.

Ecology

The number of enterprises in Ust-Kamenogorsk is very high relatively to the number of people living there. There are about 169 firms according to the data from 2002.^[14] Most of them are industrial firms, which work on mining and processing raw materials and mostly heavy metals. To name a few there are several giants among those enterprises that all are situated in just one city:

1. Kazzinc is a major fully integrated zinc producer with considerable copper, precious metals and lead credits. The company was established in 1997 through the merger of Eastern Kazakhstan's three main non-ferrous metal companies - Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Combinate, Leninogorsk Polymetallic Combinate and Zyryanovsk Lead Combinate. The company continues to develop seeking to have its stable position among the world's five lowest cost zinc producers. Apart from zinc it produces on a large-scale lead, silver, copper, and many more.^[15]
2. Titanium-Magnesium plant specializes on production and selling nonferrous metals.^[16]
3. Ulba metallurgical plant produces hi-tech uranium, beryllium and tantalum products for the needs of atomic engineering, electronics, metallurgical and other spheres of operation. The company is among the leaders in production of their specific goods.^[17]
4. Apart from the mining and processing companies, there are numerous thermoelectric power stations and about five hydropower plants concentrated around the Ust-Kamenogorsk region of Eastern Kazakhstan.

As it should be expected all of the plants have their own contribution to the pollution of atmosphere, water, and the soil. This city’s situation is different from other cities like Almaty where the most part of the ecological problem comes from the car emissions. Here the atmosphere of the city holds the by-products of the heavy metals production as different as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, Zn, Cd, Cl, As, C, Be, phenol, benzol, NaOH, NH3, radioactivity etc. in general there are about 170 polluting components found in the city.^[14]

There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Ust-Kamenogorsk. The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%),^[14] with a large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Ust-Kamenogorsk is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substanes in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Ust-Kamenogorsk is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan.

The most polluted rivers of the Republic are those flowing through the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, where the highest index of surface water pollution is observed in the mining areas and enrichment of polymetallic ores.^[14] Mostly the water is affected through the industrial wastes and the storages of waste. Contamination of the water with lead, selenium, cadmium, nitrates spreads on many kilometers as a consequence of which a few drinking water intakes in the Western part of the city are closed or to be closed.

The soil close to the industry territories holds the solid wastes of the firms and becomes less suitable for planting. An increasing number of industrial waste requires a large area for the storage of waste.^[14]

As a result of large production of uranium and presence of other radioactive elements such thorium, radon or radioactive dust the radioactive background of the city is remarkable with the zones of radioactive anomaly which are spread around the city.^[14]

Ust-Kamenogorsk is known to be the leader in Kazakhstan by the number of people having respiratory problems and the diseases of immune system. The statistics shows that the most frequent diseases are respiratory diseases and the urogenital system diseases. In the last years, the number of people having cancer is also increasing.

Culture

The city has three cinemas (although during the Soviet era, there were a lot more), three museums, a drama theater with Russian and Kazakh (since 2000) troupes, the Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace.

International relations

People

• Max Birbraer (born 1980), Kazakhstan-born Israeli ice hockey right wing currently playing for the Cardiff Devils of the Elite Ice Hockey League.
• Anton Khudobin, ice hockey goalie currently playing for the Dallas Stars of the NHL.
• Nik Antropov, ice hockey centre who played in the NHL and the KHL.
• Georgy Malenkov, former Premier of the Soviet Union; exiled by Nikita Khrushchev to Oskemen to manage the hydroelectric plant after an abortive coup plot.
• Evgeni Nabokov, former ice hockey goalie. Played for the San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders and Tampa Bay Lightning of the NHL. Ranks 18th all time in the NHL for regular season wins and holds every major goaltending record for San Jose.
• Olga Rypakova, Olympic long jumper. She won a gold medal for Kazakhstan in the triple jump at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and a bronze medal in the same event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

• David Tonoyan (born 1967), Kazakhstan-born Armenian politician and the current Defence Minister of Armenia.

See also

• Project Sapphire

Notes

Coordinates: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617