蝦夷

See also: 虾夷

Chinese
shrimp; prawn
 
safe; to raze; to exterminate; barbarian
trad. (蝦夷) 蝦 夷
simp. (虾夷) 虾 夷
variant forms 蝦蛦／虾蛦

Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 蝦夷 (Emishi).

Pronunciation

Noun

蝦夷

  1. an ancient ethnic group living in eastern Japan; Emishi

Derived terms
  • 蝦夷共和國／虾夷共和国

Japanese
Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

Etymology 1

⟨emi1si⟩[1] → */emʲisɨ/ → /emɨsə/ → */emʉsə/ → */ensə/ → */enzə/ → /enzo/ → /ezo/.

Shift from Emishi (see below).

Also attested as Yezo.[2][3]

Pronunciation

Noun

蝦夷 (hiragana えぞ, rōmaji Ezo)

  1. (historical) Emishi: ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the Kantō, Hokuriku and Tōhoku regions, likely as far as Hokkaido, possibly related to the Ainu people; dubbed as "barbarians" or "savages" by the Yamato
    • 1153, Kyūan Hyakushu (Fujiwara no Chikataka, poem 34)
      えぞが住 (す)む津 (つ)軽 (がろ)の野 (の)辺 (べ)の萩盛 (はぎさか)りこや錦 (にしき)木 (ぎ)の立 (た)てるなるらん
      Ezo ga sumu Tsugaro-no-nobe no hagi sakari koya nishikigi no taterunaruran
      In Tsugaro where the Ezo live, the fields are abloom with clover; by now they will be setting up wooden trees, brocaded with desire.[5]
  2. (regional) Short for 蝦夷松 (Ezo matsu): the Yezo spruce, Picea jezoensis

Proper noun

蝦夷 (hiragana えぞ, rōmaji Ezo)

  1. (historical) Short for 蝦夷地 (Ezoji) Ezo/Yezo: collective name of Hokkaido, Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin (mostly Hokkaido) before the Meiji period
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)赤 (アカ)蛙 (ガエル) (Ezo akagaeru)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)胎貝 (イガイ) (Ezo igai)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)磯 (イソ)蜆 (シジミ) (Ezo isoshijimi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)鼬 (イタチ) (Ezo itachi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)板 (イ)屋 (タヤ) (Ezo itaya)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)岩 (イワ)魚 (ナ) (Ezo iwana)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)芋 (イモ) (Ezo imo)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)狼 (オオカミ) (Ezo ōkami)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)芥 (ガラ)子 (シ) (Ezo-garashi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)萱草 (カンゾウ) (Ezo kanzō)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)管 (かん)領 (れい) (Ezo Kanrei)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)菊 (ギク) (Ezo-giku)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)金 (キン)霊 (レイ)花 (カ) (Ezo kinreika)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)久 (ク)保 (ボ)貝 (ガイ) (Ezo kubogai)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)山 (ザン)椒 (ショウ) (Ezo-zanshō)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)山 (サン)椒 (ショウ)魚 (ウオ) (Ezo sanshōuo)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)志 (し) (Ezoshi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)鹿 (シカ) (Ezo shika)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)白 (シロ)蝶 (チョウ) (Ezo shirochō)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)白 (シロ)根 (ネ) (Ezo shirone)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)透 (スカシ)百 (ユ)合 (リ) (Ezo sukashiyuri)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)砂 (スナ)海星 (ヒトデ) (Ezo sunahitode)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)桷 (ズミ) (Ezo zumi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)菫 (スミレ) (Ezo sumire)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)蝉 (ゼミ) (Ezo-zemi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)仙 (セン)入 (ニュウ), 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)潜 (セン)入 (ニュウ) (Ezo sennyū)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)代官 (だいかん) (Ezo Daikan)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)狸 (タヌキ) (Ezo tanuki)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)地 (ち) (Ezochi)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)梅 (つ)雨 (ゆ) (Ezo tsuyu)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)貂 (テン) (Ezo ten)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)泥 (ド)鰌 (ジョウ) (Ezo dojō)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)富魚 (トミヨ) (Ezo tomiyo)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)錦 (にしき) (Ezo nishiki)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)葱 (ネギ) (Ezo negi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)鼠兔 (ネズミウサギ) (Ezo nezumiusagi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)蛽 (バイ) (Ezo bai)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)馬 (バ)鹿 (カ)貝 (ガイ) (Ezo bakagai)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)鰰 (ハタハタ) (Ezo hatahata)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)馬 (バ)糞 (フン) (Ezo bafun)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)蛤 (ハマグリ) (Ezo hamaguri)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)蟾蜍 (ヒキガエル) (Ezo hikigaeru)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)鶲 (ビタキ) (Ezo-bitaki)
  • 蝦夷 (えぞ)奉 (ぶ)行 (ぎょう) (Ezo Bugyō)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)富 (ふ)士 (じ) (Ezo Fuji)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)法 (ボ)螺 (ラ) (Ezo-bora)
  • 蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ)盆 (ぼん) (Ezo bon)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)松 (マツ) (Ezo matsu)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)馬 (マ)刀 (テ) (Ezo mate)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)樅 (モミ) (Ezo momi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)鼯鼠 (モモンガ) (Ezo momonga)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)柳 (ヤナギ) (Ezo yanagi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)瓔珞 (ヨウラク) (Ezo yōraku)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)艾 (ヨモギ) (Ezo yomogi)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)山桃 (ヤマモモ) (Ezo yamamomo)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)雷 (ライ)鳥 (チョウ) (Ezo raichō)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)栗 (リ)鼠 (ス) (Ezo risu)
  • 蝦 (エ)夷 (ゾ)若 (ワカ)布 (メ) (Ezo wakame)
  • 赤 (あか)蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ) (aka-Ezo)
  • 北 (きた)蝦 (え)夷 (ぞ) (Kita-Ezo)
See also

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emiɕi/

From Old Japanese.

Borrowing from Ainu, possibly from エンジュ (*emzyu) or エンチウ (*emchiw, “man, person”).[4] Also attested as Yemishi. [6][7]

The kanji spelling is likely jukujikun (熟字訓), literally "shrimp + barbarian", attested many times in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

Pronunciation

Noun

蝦夷 (hiragana えみし, rōmaji Emishi)

  1. (historical, archaic) Emishi: ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the Kantō, Hokuriku and Tōhoku regions, likely as far as Hokkaido, possibly related to the Ainu people; dubbed as "barbarians" or "savages" by the Yamato
    • 720, Nihon Shoki (poem 11)[9]
      愛 (え)瀰 (み)詩 (し)烏 (を)毗 (ひ)儾 (た)利 (り)毛 (も)々 (も)那 (な)比 (ひ)苔 (と)比 (ひ)苔 (と)破 (は)易 (い)陪 (へ)廼 (ど)毛 (も)多 (た)牟 (む)伽 (か)毗 (ひ)毛 (も)勢 (せ)儒 (ず) [Man'yōgana]
      蝦夷 (えみし)を一人 (ひだり)百 (もも)な人 (ひと)人 (ひと)は言 (い)へども抵抗 (たむかひ)もせず [Modern spelling]
      Emishi o hidari momo na hito hito wa ie domo tamukai mo sezu
      Though folk say that one Yemishi is a match for one hundred men, they do not so much as resist.[10]
Derived terms
  • 荒 (あら)蝦夷 (えみし) (ara-Emishi)
  • 熟 (にき)蝦夷 (えみし) (niki-Emishi)

Proper noun

蝦夷 (hiragana えみし, rōmaji Emishi)

  1. Short for 蘇我蝦夷 (Soga no Emishi): Asuka-period statesman of the Yamato court, son of Soga no Umako and father of Soga no Iruka

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisə/ → /emisu/

Shift from Emishi (see above).

This spelling appears in the Heian-period Nihon Shoki Shiki, a lectural interpretation of the Nihon Shoki.

Noun

蝦夷 (hiragana えみす, rōmaji Emisu)

  1. (historical, archaic) Emishi: ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the Kantō, Hokuriku and Tōhoku regions, likely as far as Hokkaido, possibly related to the Ainu people; dubbed as "barbarians" or "savages" by the Yamato

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
蝦 夷
Jinmeiyō Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

/emisu/ → /ebisu/

Shift from either Emishi or Emisu (see above), the nasal /m/ becomes a plosive /b/.

Noun

蝦夷 (hiragana えびす, rōmaji Ebisu)

  1. (historical, possibly archaic) Emishi: ancient ethnic group that once lived on what is now the Kantō, Hokuriku and Tōhoku regions, likely as far as Hokkaido, possibly related to the Ainu people; dubbed as "barbarians" or "savages" by the Yamato
Derived terms

See also

References
  1. "Emisi" at Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese
  2. John Batchelor (1902). Sea-girt Yezo: glimpses of missionary work in North Japan, The Church Missionary Society, page 2
  3. Hanihara, K. (1990). "Emishi, Ezo and Ainu: An Anthropological Perspective". Japan Review, (1), 35-48. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25790886
  4. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. David Bialock (2007) Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority from The Chronicles of Japan to The Tale of the Heike (Asian Religions and Cultures)‎, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 196
  6. Frank Brinkley and Dairoku Kikuchi (1915). A History of the Japanese People: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, page 39
  7. Hanihara, K. (1990). Emishi, Ezo and Ainu: An Anthropological Perspective. Japan Review, (1), 35-48. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25790886
  8. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  9. Sakamoto, Tarō; Ienaga Saburō, Inoue Mitsusada, Ōno Susumu (1965) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Nihon Shoki (vol. 1), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  10. William George Aston (1896) Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, page 124
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