拂菻

Unknown. A review of the etymological proposals for this word has been written by Zhang Xushan, favoring a derivation from Sogdian [script needed] (frwm /frūm/), [script needed] (βrʾwm /frūm, frōm/, “Rome, Byzantium”) or Chorasmian [script needed] (frōm), which are akin to Parthian frwm (Frōm), Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬‎ (Hrōm, “Rome; Byzantine”), and Old Armenian Հռովմ (Hṙovm), all of which are ultimately from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē).

拂菻

1. (obsolete) Byzantium

• Gharib, B. (1995), “frwm”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 156a
• Gharib, B. (1995), “βrʾwm”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 107b