勇む

Japanese

Kanji in this term
勇
いさ Grade: 4

Etymology

From Old Japanese. Initial いさ (isa) portion shares its origin with the old isa reading for of 鯨 (“whale”). Ending む (mu) is likely the old auxiliary verb む, expressing intent, desire, or estimation.

Homophonic with archaic 営む (“to do business”), and archaic 諫む/諌む (“to admonish”), but semantic relationship is unclear.

Verb

勇む (intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana いさむ, rōmaji isamu)

to be in high spirits, enthusiastic; to be brave or courageous
(archaic) to whinny
- This sense is usually expressed using the word 嘶く (inanaku). However, the ending naku portion is homophonic with 泣く (“to cry, to weep”), and as such this word was treated as somewhat taboo by soldiers, who thus used isamu instead.
(archaic) to blow a horn as a signal in a naval battle

勇む (transitive, godan conjugation, hiragana いさむ, rōmaji isamu)

(archaic) to encourage, to cheer someone up

Conjugation

Conjugation of "勇む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	勇ま	いさま	isama
Continuative (連用形)	勇み	いさみ	isami
Terminal (終止形)	勇む	いさむ	isamu
Attributive (連体形)	勇む	いさむ	isamu
Hypothetical (仮定形)	勇め	いさめ	isame
Imperative (命令形)	勇め	いさめ	isame
Key constructions
Passive	勇まれる	いさまれる	isamareru
Causative	勇ませる勇ます	いさませるいさます	isamaseru isamasu
Potential	勇める	いさめる	isameru
Volitional	勇もう	いさもう	isamō
Negative	勇まない	いさまない	isamanai
Negative continuative	勇まず	いさまず	isamazu
Formal	勇みます	いさみます	isamimasu
Perfective	勇んだ	いさんだ	isanda
Conjunctive	勇んで	いさんで	isande
Hypothetical conditional	勇めば	いさめば	isameba

Synonyms

(encourage): 勇 (いさ)める (isameru)
(whinny): 嘶 (いなな)く (inanaku)

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