< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ťuďь
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From **ťud- (“people”) + *-jь, from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”) via:
- Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda, “people”), from Proto-Germanic *þeudō, or
- Fluctuation\dissimilation of **ťut- (compare Slavic *tvьrdъ : Lithuanian tvìrtas)
Compare Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian tautà (“people”), Latvian tàuta (“people”), tauto (“people”). Compare Indo-European: Thracian [script needed] (Tautomedes), Old Irish túath (“people”), Oscan touto (“civitas”), Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda, “people”), Old High German thiod, thioda, diot
For the meaning compare *ľudьskъ (< *ľudъ\*ľudь), Polish obcy (< *obьťь) and also Tocharian A lyutan (“loca externa”)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *ťuďь (soft)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ťuďь | *ťuďa | *ťuďe |
| Accusative | *ťuďь | *ťuďǫ | *ťuďe |
| Genitive | *ťuďa | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
| Locative | *ťuďi | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Dative | *ťuďu | *ťuďi | *ťuďu |
| Instrumental | *ťuďemь | *ťuďejǫ | *ťuďemь |
| Vocative | *ťuďu | *ťuďe | *ťuďe |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďa | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Accusative | *ťuďa | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Genitive | *ťuďu | *ťuďu | *ťuďu |
| Locative | *ťuďu | *ťuďu | *ťuďu |
| Dative | *ťuďema | *ťuďama | *ťuďema |
| Instrumental | *ťuďema | *ťuďama | *ťuďema |
| Vocative | *ťuďa | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďi | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
| Accusative | *ťuďę | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
| Genitive | *ťuďь | *ťuďь | *ťuďь |
| Locative | *ťuďixъ | *ťuďaxъ | *ťuďixъ |
| Dative | *ťuďemъ | *ťuďamъ | *ťuďemъ |
| Instrumental | *ťuďi | *ťuďami | *ťuďi |
| Vocative | *ťuďi | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
Definite declension of *ťuďь (soft)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ťuďьjь | *ťuďaja | *ťuďeje |
| Accusative | *ťuďьjь | *ťuďǫjǫ | *ťuďeje |
| Genitive | *ťuďajego | *ťuďęję | *ťuďajego |
| Locative | *ťuďijemь | *ťuďiji | *ťuďijemь |
| Dative | *ťuďujemu | *ťuďiji | *ťuďujemu |
| Instrumental | *ťuďijimi | *ťuďǫjǫ | *ťuďijimi |
| Vocative | *ťuďьjь | *ťuďaja | *ťuďeje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďaja | *ťuďiji | *ťuďiji |
| Accusative | *ťuďaja | *ťuďiji | *ťuďiji |
| Genitive | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju |
| Locative | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju |
| Dative | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima |
| Instrumental | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima |
| Vocative | *ťuďaja | *ťuďiji | *ťuďiji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďiji | *ťuďęję | *ťuďaja |
| Accusative | *ťuďęję | *ťuďęję | *ťuďaja |
| Genitive | *ťuďьjixъ | *ťuďьjixъ | *ťuďьjixъ |
| Locative | *ťuďijixъ | *ťuďijixъ | *ťuďijixъ |
| Dative | *ťuďijimъ | *ťuďijimъ | *ťuďijimъ |
| Instrumental | *ťuďijimi | *ťuďijimi | *ťuďijimi |
| Vocative | *ťuďiji | *ťuďęję | *ťuďaja |
Derived terms
- *ťuďina
- *ťuďinьcь
Descendants
South Slavic *tuďь probably from dissimilation, though Baltic cognates have similar vocalism. Vasmer explains Church Slavonic and Bulgarian 'ч' ('щ' is expected) as influence of чудо (čudo, “wonder, miracle”).
- Church Slavonic: чуждь (čuždĭ) (Serbian)
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
Further reading
- Derksen, Rick (2015), “tauta 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 461
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “чужой”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “чужой”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 395
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1988), “*ljudьskъ”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 15, Moscow: Nauka, page 203
- Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “чужой”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
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