< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrdъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *twer- + *-dъ.
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tvìrtas (“strong, firm, solid”), Latvian tvir̂ts (“strong, firm, solid”).
Declension
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrda | *tvьrdo |
| Accusative | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdǫ | *tvьrdo |
| Genitive | *tvьrda | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| Locative | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| Dative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdu |
| Instrumental | *tvьrdomь | *tvьrdojǫ | *tvьrdomь |
| Vocative | *tvьrde | *tvьrdo | *tvьrdo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| Accusative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| Genitive | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
| Locative | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu | *tvьrdu |
| Dative | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
| Instrumental | *tvьrdoma | *tvьrdama | *tvьrdoma |
| Vocative | *tvьrda | *tvьrdě | *tvьrdě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| Accusative | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
| Genitive | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ | *tvьrdъ |
| Locative | *tvьrděxъ | *tvьrdaxъ | *tvьrděxъ |
| Dative | *tvьrdomъ | *tvьrdamъ | *tvьrdomъ |
| Instrumental | *tvьrdy | *tvьrdami | *tvьrdy |
| Vocative | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdy | *tvьrda |
Definite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrdoje |
| Accusative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdǫjǫ | *tvьrdoje |
| Genitive | *tvьrdajego | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdajego |
| Locative | *tvьrdějemь | *tvьrději | *tvьrdějemь |
| Dative | *tvьrdujemu | *tvьrději | *tvьrdujemu |
| Instrumental | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdǫjǫ | *tvьrdyjimi |
| Vocative | *tvьrdъjь | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrdoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
| Accusative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
| Genitive | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju |
| Locative | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju | *tvьrduju |
| Dative | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima |
| Instrumental | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima | *tvьrdyjima |
| Vocative | *tvьrdaja | *tvьrději | *tvьrději |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tvьrdiji | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdaja |
| Accusative | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdaja |
| Genitive | *tvьrdъjixъ | *tvьrdъjixъ | *tvьrdъjixъ |
| Locative | *tvьrdyjixъ | *tvьrdyjixъ | *tvьrdyjixъ |
| Dative | *tvьrdyjimъ | *tvьrdyjimъ | *tvьrdyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdyjimi | *tvьrdyjimi |
| Vocative | *tvьrdiji | *tvьrdyję | *tvьrdaja |
Antonyms
- *mękъkъ (“soft”)
See also
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 501
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “твердый”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “твёрдый”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 231
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