< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zemľa

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

With epenthetic */l/ from earlier *zemja, from *zemь +‎ *-ja, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰðʰem- (given as *dʰǵʰ-em- in Derksen), the thorn-variant accusative singular of *dʰéǵʰōm.

Cognate with Lithuanian žẽmė (“earth”), Latvian zeme (“earth”), Old Prussian semmē (“earth”), Lithuanian žẽmas (“low”), Latvian zems (“low”), Avestan 𐬰𐬃‎ (zā̊, “earth”), (acc. 𐬰𐬆𐬨‎ (zəm)), Sanskrit क्ष (kṣá, “earth”), Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn, “earth”), Hittite [script needed] (tēkan, “earth”) (gen. [script needed] (taknas)), Latin humus (“ground”), Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “on the ground”).

Noun

*zemľà f

  1. earth, soil
  2. land

Declension
Declension of *zemľà (soft a-stem, accent paradigm b)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *zemľà *zèmľi *zemľę̇̀
Accusative *zemľǫ̀ *zèmľi *zemľę̇̀
Genitive *zemľę̇̀ *zemľù *zèmľь
Locative *zemľì *zemľù *zemľàsъ, *zemľàxъ*
Dative *zemľì *zemľàma *zemľàmъ
Instrumental *zemľèjǫ, *zèmľǫ** *zemľàma *zemľàmī
Vocative *zemľe *zèmľi *zemľę̇̀
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Declension of *zemľà (soft a-stem, accent paradigm c)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *zemľà *zȅmľi *zȅmľę̇
Accusative *zȅmľǫ *zȅmľi *zȅmľę̇
Genitive *zemľę̇́ *zemľù *zèmľь
Locative *zȅmľī *zemľù *zemľàsъ, *zemľàxъ*
Dative *zemľì *zemľàma *zemľàmъ
Instrumental *zemľejǫ́ *zemľàma *zemľàmi
Vocative *zemľe *zȅmľi *zȅmľę̇
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
  • *zemьnъ

Descendants
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: землꙗ (zemlja)
      Glagolitic: ⰸⰵⰿⰾⱑ (zemlě)
    • Bulgarian: земя́ (zemjá)
    • Macedonian: земја (zemja)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic: зѐмља, зе̏мљу (acc.)
      Latin: zèmlja, zȅmlju (acc.)
      • Chakavian (Vrgada): zemļȁ, zȅmļu (acc.)
      • Chakavian (Orbanići): zemljȁ (“earth, soil, ground, country”), zȅmlju (acc.)
      • Chakavian (Novi): zemljȁ, zȅmlju (acc.)
      • Kajkavian (Bednja): zāmljȍ, zāmljȕ (acc.)
      • Molise Croatian: zemblja
    • Slovene: zémlja (tonal orthography)

References
  • Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “земля́”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 323
  • Derksen, Rick (2008), “zemļà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 542
  • Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “земля”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
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