< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/twerH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*twerH- [1][2][3][4]

  1. to enclose, fence in
  2. to grab, seize

Derived terms
  • *turH-yé-ti (yé-present)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: turēt (“to hold, keep”)
      • Lithuanian: turėti (“to have”)
  • *twérH-ye-ti (ye-present)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: tvert (“to grab, seize”)
      • Lithuanian: tvérti
  • *tworH-éye-ti (causative-iterative)[3]
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Slavic: *tvoriti (“to make”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *twōr (root noun)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: tvora (“fence”)
      • Slavic: *tvarь (see there for further descendants)
  • *tworH-o-s
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: aptvaras (“fence”)
      • Slavic: *tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: σορός (sorós, “coffin, urn”)
  • *twerH-y-eh₂[1]
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: σειρά (seirá, “rope, cord”)

Root

*twerH- [5]

  1. to stir
  2. to hurry, hasten

Derived terms
  • *twérH-e-ti ~ *twr̥H-énti (root thematic present)[5]
    • Germanic: *þweraną[5] (see there for further descendants)
    • Indo-Iranian: *twárHati
      • Indo-Aryan: *twárHati
        • Sanskrit: त्वरते (tvárate, “to hurry up, hasten”)
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरयति (tvarayati, “to cause to hasten”)
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरा (tvarā́, “speed, haste”)
      • Persian: توریدن‎ (tôridan, “to run away”)
  • *twr̥H-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)[5]
    • Indo-Iranian: *twr̥Háti (“to hurry”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Italic: *truwō (“to stir”) (< metathesized *truH-é-ti)
      • ⇒ Italic: *ambitruwō (+ *ambi-)
        • Latin: amptruō (“to execute a figure or movement”)
      • ⇒ Italic: *truwā
        • Latin: trua (“ladle”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *twr̥H-néw-ti (new-present)
    • Hellenic: *trū́núō (< metathesized *truHnéwti)
      • ⇒ Hellenic: *trū́ňňō (+ *-yō[6])
        • Ancient Greek: ὀτρύνω (otrúnō, “to urge, stir, rush”) (+ unexplained *o-)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀτρυντύς (otruntús, “incitement”)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀτραλέως (otraléōs), ὀτραλέος (otraléos, “swift, quick”)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ὀτρηρός (otrērós, “swift, quick”)

References
  1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1373
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 500-501
  3. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “twerH-1”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 656
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 476-477
  5. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þweran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 555
  6. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀτραλέως”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1123
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