< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷerH- [1]

  1. to express approval; praise
  2. to elevate

Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*g%CA%B7erH-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *gʷerH-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *gʷerH-</a>
  • *gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)[1]
    • Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay
      • Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay
        • Sanskrit: जरते (járate)
      • Iranian: *ǰáratay
        • Persian: [script needed] (parāči ǰar-)
  • *gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)[1][2]
    • Celtic: *barnati
    • Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti
      • Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti
      • Iranian: *gr̥náHti
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈‎ (auui gərəṇte)
  • *gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)[1][3][4][5][6]
    • Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei
    • *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-é-ti
      • Armenian:
      • *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-éye-ti
        • Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
          • Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
            • Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)
      • *gʷr̥dʰh₁-ó-s[7]
        • Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)[8]
    • Albanian: *grah
  • (perhaps) *gʷerH-os[9]
  • *gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-
    • Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš
    • Italic: *grātis
      • Latin: grātēs
      • Oscan: brateis, 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις, β[ρα]ιτηισ
      • Paelignian: brat, brais
      • Vestinian: brat
  • *gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-[10][11]
    • Celtic: *brātus
      • Brythonic:
        • Middle Breton: breut
          • Breton: breud
        • Cornish: bres
        • Old Welsh: brauth
          • Middle Welsh: brawd, brodiau
      • Old Irish: bráth
      • Gaulish: βρατου
    • Italic: *grātu-
  • *gʷorH-eh₂-s
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Slavic: *gora (“mountain, elevation”)
    • Ancient Greek: βορέᾱς (boréās, “north”)
  • *gʷorH-no-[10][12]
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno[12]
        • Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)
        • Czech: hrany
        • Slovak: hrana
        • Sorbian:
          Upper Sorbian: hrono
          Lower Sorbian: grono
  • *gʷr̥H-tós[10]

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 478-479
  2. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57–58
  3. Derksen, Rick (2015), “gìrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 178–179
  4. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*žьrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 566
  5. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*žьrtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 566
  6. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*žьrьcь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567
  7. Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor (2017–2018), “Chapter XI: Celtic”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Celtic, page 1256
  8. Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “grah”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 180
  9. Derksen, Rick (2015), “geras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173
  10. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “grātus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 271-272
  11. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 74–75
  12. Derksen, Rick (2008), “180”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 179
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