方面

Chinese

		square; quadrilateral; place square; quadrilateral; place; region; direction; side; method; way; prescription; power; upright; just	face; side; surface face; side; surface; aspect; top
simp. and trad. (方面)		方	面

Etymology

Attestable in ancient Chinese texts; in the modern sense of "aspect", reborrowing from Japanese 方 (ほう)面 (めん) (hōmen).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fāngmiàn

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄤㄇㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fong¹ min⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fông-mien
Min Nan (POJ): hong-bīn / hong-biān
Wu (Wiktionary): faan mi (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: fāngmiàn → fāngmian (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄤㄇㄧㄢˋ → ㄈㄤ ˙ㄇㄧㄢ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fang.miann
  - IPA ^(key): /fɑŋ⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/ → /fɑŋ⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn²/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Pinyin: fāngmiànr
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄤㄇㄧㄢˋㄦ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fangmiall
  - IPA ^(key): /fɑŋ⁵⁵ mjɑɻ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: fong¹ min⁶
  - Yale: fōng mihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fong¹ min⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: fong¹ min⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ⁵⁵ miːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông-mien
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong´ mien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fong¹ mian⁴
  - IPA: /foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mi̯en⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-bīn
  - Tâi-lô: hong-bīn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hongbin
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bin³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ bin⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bin²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-biān
  - Tâi-lô: hong-biān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hongbien
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɛn³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ biɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɛn²²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: faan mi (T1)
  - IPA ^(key): /fɑ̃⁵⁵ mi²¹/

Noun

方面

aspect; side; (on the one) hand; facet; respect (Classifier: 個／个 m)
(archaic) direction
(archaic) one direction
(archaic) four directions; all sides; all around
(archaic) official post; duty

Usage notes

It is acceptable to use 方面 (fāngmiàn) both with or without a classifier; both 三方面 (sān fāngmiàn) and 三個方面／三个方面 (sān ge fāngmiàn) are commonly used.
When using the term with 這／这 (zhè) or 那 (nà), both 這（那）一方面／这（那）一方面 (zhè (nà) yī fāngmiàn) and 這（那）個方面／这（那）个方面 (zhè (nà) ge fāngmiàn) are acceptable constructions, the former being more formal than the latter.
Unlike in Japanese, 方面 (fāngmiàn) in modern Chinese never conveys the meaning of direction; 方向 (fāngxiàng) is used instead.

Synonyms

(aspect): 側面／侧面 (cèmiàn), 面向 (miànxiàng)

Derived terms

一方面 (yīfāngmiàn)
另一方面 (lìngyīfāngmiàn)

單方面／单方面 (dānfāngmiàn)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
方	面
ほう Grade: 2	めん Grade: 3
on’yomi

Noun

方面 (hiragana ほうめん, rōmaji hōmen)

direction
area, district
field of study, line of work

Synonyms

(direction): 方 (ほう)向 (こう) (hōkō), 方 (ほう)針 (しん) (hōshin)
(area): 地 (ちい)域 (き) (chiiki)
(field): 分 (ぶん)野 (や) (bun'ya), 領域 (りょういき) (ryōiki)

References

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
方	面

Noun

方面 • (bangmyeon) (hangeul 방면)

Hanja form^? of 방면 (“direction; field, area”).

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