San Diego County, California

San Diego County, officially the County of San Diego, is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,095,313,[5] making it California's second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is San Diego,[8] the eighth-most populous city in the United States. It is the southwesternmost county in the 48 contiguous United States.

San Diego County
County
County of San Diego
Images, from top down, left to right: F/A-18 Hornet flying over San Diego, Mission San Diego de Alcalá, San Diego State University's Hepner Hall, Hotel del Coronado's main building, Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, Jacumba Mountains

Flag

Seal
Location in the U.S. state of California
California's location in the United States
Coordinates: 33.02°N 116.77°W / 33.02; -116.77
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
FormedFebruary 18, 1850[1]
Named forSan Diego de Alcalá
County seatSan Diego
Largest citySan Diego
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • BodyBoard of Supervisors
 • Board of Supervisors[2]
 • Chief Administrative OfficerHelen Robbins-Meyer[3]
 • District AttorneySummer Stephan
Area
 • Total4,526 sq mi (11,720 km2)
 • Land4,207 sq mi (10,900 km2)
 • Water319 sq mi (830 km2)
Highest elevation6,536 ft (1,992 m)
Population
 • Total3,095,313
 • Estimate 
(2019)[6]
3,338,330
 • Density680/sq mi (260/km2)
Time zoneUTC−08:00 (Pacific Time Zone)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (Pacific Daylight Time)
Area codes442/760, 619, 858, and 949
FIPS code06-073
GDP$219 billion[7]
GDP per capita$65,602
Websitewww.sandiegocounty.gov

San Diego County comprises the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area,[9] which is the 17th most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 18th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.[10][11] San Diego is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico. Greater San Diego ranks as the 38th largest metropolitan area in the Americas.

San Diego County has more than 70 miles (110 km) of coastline. This forms the most densely populated region of the county, which has a mild Mediterranean to semiarid climate and extensive chaparral vegetation, similar to the rest of the western portion of southern California. Precipitation and temperature extremes increase to the east, with mountains that receive frost and snow in the winter.[12] These lushly forested mountains receive more rainfall than average in southern California, while the desert region of the county lies in a rain shadow to the east, which extends into the Desert Southwest region of North America.

There are also 16 naval and military installations of the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and the U.S. Coast Guard in San Diego County. These include the Naval Base San Diego, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, and Naval Air Station North Island.

From north to south, San Diego County extends from the southern borders of Orange and Riverside Counties to the Mexico-U.S. border and the Baja California municipalities of Tijuana and Tecate. From west to east, San Diego County stretches from the Pacific Ocean to its boundary with Imperial County.

History

The area which is now San Diego County has been inhabited for more than 12,000 years by Kumeyaay (also called Diegueno and Ipai/Tipai), Luiseño, Cupeño and Cahuilla Indians and their local predecessors.[13]

In 1542, the explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who may have been born in Portugal but sailed on behalf of Spain, claimed San Diego Bay for the Spanish Empire, and he named the site San Miguel.[14] In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego.[15] European settlement in what is now San Diego County began with the founding of the San Diego Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá by Spanish soldiers and clerics in 1769.[16] This county was part of Alta California under the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the Mexican declaration of independence. From 1821 through 1848 this area was part of Mexico.

San Diego County became part of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican–American War. This treaty designated the new border as terminating at a point on the Pacific Ocean coast which would result in the border passing one Spanish league south of the southernmost portion of San Diego Bay, thus ensuring that the United States received all of this natural harbor.

San Diego County was one of the original counties of California, created at the time of California statehood in 1850.[17]:221

At the time of its establishment in 1850, San Diego County was relatively large, and included all of southernmost California south and east of Los Angeles County. It included areas of what are now Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, as well as all of what are now Riverside and Imperial Counties.[17]:221

During the later part of the 19th century, there were numerous changes in the boundaries of San Diego County, when various areas were separated to make up the counties mentioned above. The most recent changes were the establishments of Riverside County in 1893[17]:207 and Imperial County in 1907.[17]:113 Imperial County was also the last county to be established in California, and after this division, San Diego no longer extended from the Pacific Ocean to the Colorado River, and it no longer covered the entire border between California and Mexico.

Geography
Many of the cities seen from the sky as part of the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,526 square miles (11,720 km2), of which 4,207 square miles (10,900 km2) is land and 319 square miles (830 km2) (7.0%) is water.[18] The county is larger in area than the combined states of Rhode Island and Delaware.[19]

San Diego County has a varied topography. On its western side is more than 70 miles (110 km) of coastline.[20] Most of San Diego between the coast and the Laguna Mountains consists of hills, mesas, and small canyons. Snow-capped (in winter) mountains rise to the east, with the Sonoran Desert farther to the east. Cleveland National Forest is spread across the central portion of the county, while the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park occupies most of the northeast.

Although the county's western third is primarily urban, the mountains and deserts in the eastern two-thirds are primarily undeveloped backcountry. Most of these backcountry areas are home to a native plant community known as chaparral. San Diego County contains more than a million acres (4,000 km²) of chaparral, twice as much as any other California county.[21]

North San Diego County is known as North County; the exact geographic definitions of "North County" vary, but it includes the northern suburbs and sometimes certain northern neighborhoods of the City of San Diego.

The eastern suburbs are collectively known as East County, though most still lie in the western third of the county. The southern suburbs and southern detached portion of the city of San Diego, extending to the Mexican border, are collectively referred to as South Bay.

Periodically the area has been subject to wildfires that force thousands to evacuate. The most recent are the December 2017 Lilac Fire and the May 2014 San Diego County wildfires; before them was the Witch Creek Fire in 2007 and the Cedar Fire in 2003. California defines a fire season in which fires are most likely to occur, usually between late July and late October (which are the driest months of the area). Signs posted in numerous spots of the county provide information on the level of threats from fires based on weather conditions.

Climate
Cleveland National Forest

Under the Köppen climate classification system, the urban and suburban San Diego area straddles areas of Mediterranean climate (CSa) to the north and semi-arid climate (BSh) to the south and east.[22] As a result, it is often described as "arid Mediterranean" and "semi-arid steppe." Farther east, arid desert conditions prevail. Western San Diego's climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and mild winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between November and March. The city has mild, mostly dry weather, with an average of 201 days above 70 °F (21 °C) and low rainfall (9–13 inches (23–33 cm) annually). Summer temperatures are generally warm, with average highs of 70–78 °F (21–26 °C) and lows of 55–66 °F (13–19 °C). Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) only four days a year. Most rainfall occurs from November to April. Winter temperatures are mild, with average high temperatures of 66–70 °F (19–21 °C) and lows of 50–56 °F (10–13 °C).

The climate in the San Diego area, like much of California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances resulting in microclimates. In San Diego's case this is mainly due to the city's topography (the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons). Frequently, particularly during the "May gray/June gloom" period, a thick marine layer will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km) inland. This happens every year in May and June.[23] Even in the absence of June gloom, inland areas tend to experience much more significant temperature variations than coastal areas, where the ocean serves as a moderating influence. Thus, for example, downtown San Diego averages January lows of 48 °F (9 °C) and August highs of 77 °F (25 °C).[24] The city of El Cajon, just 10 miles (16 km) northeast of downtown San Diego, averages January lows of 42 °F (6 °C) and August highs of 89 °F (32 °C).[25] Julian, in the mountains, has an average January low of 29 °F (−2 °C) and August high of 85 °F (29 °C).[26] Borrego Springs, in the Colorado Desert, has an average January low of 43 °F (6 °C) and August high of 106 °F (41 °C).[27]

Rainfall along the coast averages about 10 inches (25 cm) of precipitation annually, which occurs mainly during the cooler months of December through April. Though there are few wet days per month during the rainy period, rainfall can be heavy when it does occur. However, the rainfall is greater in the higher elevations of San Diego. Some of the higher areas of San Diego, such as Palomar Mountain and the Laguna Mountains, receive 20–40 inches (51–102 cm) of rain per year, supporting lush forests similar to the Sierra Nevada and California Coast Range. The Colorado Desert portion of the county lies to the east of the mountains, which receives the least amount of precipitation; Borrego Springs, the largest population center in the desert, averages only 5 inches (13 cm), with a high evaporation rate.

Adjacent counties and municipalities
San Diego
Imperial
Tijuana,
Baja California,
Mexico
Tecate,
Baja California,
Mexico
Counties adjacent to San Diego County, California
Beach at Border State Park; San Diego is on the right while Tijuana is on the left.
Border fence between Tijuana (right) and San Diego's border patrol offices (left)

National protected areas
  • Cabrillo National Monument
  • Cleveland National Forest (part)
  • San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex,[32] which includes
    • San Diego National Wildlife Refuge[33]
    • San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge[34]
    • Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge[35]
    • Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge (located in Orange County)[36]

There are seven official wilderness areas in San Diego County that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Four of these are integral parts of Cleveland National Forest, whereas three are managed by the Bureau of Land Management. Some of these extend into neighboring counties (as indicated below):

  • Otay Mountain Wilderness (BLM)
  • Pine Creek Wilderness (Cleveland National Forest)
  • Hauser Wilderness (Cleveland National Forest)
  • Carrizo Gorge Wilderness (BLM)
  • Sawtooth Mountains Wilderness (BLM)
  • Agua Tibia Wilderness (Cleveland National Forest) partly in Riverside County
  • San Mateo Canyon Wilderness (Cleveland National Forest) mostly in Riverside County

State parks and protected areas
  • Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (part)
  • Torrey Pines State Reserve
  • Cuyamaca Rancho State Park
  • Palomar Mountain State Park
  • San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park
  • Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
  • Border Field State Park
  • Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve
  • San Onofre State Beach
  • Moonlight State Beach
  • Carlsbad State Beach
  • South Carlsbad State Beach
  • Leucadia State Beach
  • San Elijo State Beach
  • Cardiff State Beach
  • Torrey Pines State Beach
  • Silver Strand State Beach

Mountains
  • Cuyamaca Mountains
  • In-Ko-Pah Mountains
  • Jacumba Mountains
  • Laguna Mountains
  • Palomar Mountain
  • Peninsular Ranges
  • San Ysidro Mountains
  • Santa Ana Mountains
  • Volcan Mountains

There are 236 mountain summits and peaks in San Diego County[37] including:

  • Black Mountain
  • Cuyamaca Peak (second highest point in San Diego County)
  • Cowles Mountain (highest point in the city of San Diego)
  • Mount Helix
  • Hot Springs Mountain (highest point in San Diego County)
  • Margarita Peak
  • Mount Soledad
  • Stonewall Mountain
  • El Cajon Mountain

Bays and lagoons
  • Buena Vista Lagoon
  • Agua Hedionda Lagoon
  • Batiquitos Lagoon
  • San Elijo Lagoon
  • Los Peñasquitos Lagoon
  • Mission Bay
  • San Diego Bay

Lakes
  • Lake Cuyamaca
  • Lake Hodges
  • Santee Lakes
  • Sweetwater Reservoir
  • Upper Otay Reservoir
  • Lower Otay Reservoir
  • Lake Wohlford
  • El Capitan Reservoir
  • Sutherland Reservoir
  • Lake Henshaw
  • Lake Murray
  • San Vicente Reservoir
  • Lake Jennings
  • Barrett Reservoir
  • Natural Rock Tanks
  • Little Laguna Lake
  • Big Laguna Lake
  • Big Lake
  • Twin Lakes
  • Jean Lake
  • Lost Lake
  • Swan Lake
  • Lake Miramar
  • Lake Poway
  • Dixon Lake
  • Lindo Lake

Rivers
  • San Diego River
  • San Luis Rey River
  • San Dieguito River
  • Sweetwater River
  • Otay River
  • Tijuana River
  • Santa Margarita River

Demographics

Since at least 2014, San Diego County is the fifth most populous county in the United States.[38] In 2000, only about 3% of San Diego County residents left the county for work while 40,000 people commuted into the metropolitan area.[39]

Population, race, and income (2011)
Total population[40] 3,060,849
  White[40] 2,182,604 71.3%
 Hispanic or Latino (of any race)[41] 967,858 31.6%
  Asian[40] 333,314 10.9%
  Black or African American[40] 154,076 5.0%
  American Indian or Alaska Native[40] 20,597 0.7%
  Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander[40] 14,266 0.5%
  Some other race[40] 220,000 7.2%
  Two or more races[40] 135,992 4.4%
Per capita income[42] $30,955
Median household income[43] $63,857
Median family income[44] $74,633
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1850798—
18604,324441.9%
18704,95114.5%
18808,01861.9%
189034,987336.4%
190035,0900.3%
191061,66575.7%
1920112,24882.0%
1930209,65986.8%
1940289,34838.0%
1950556,80892.4%
19601,033,01185.5%
19701,357,85431.4%
19801,861,84637.1%
19902,498,01634.2%
20002,813,83312.6%
20103,095,31310.0%
Est. 20193,338,330[6]7.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[45]
1790–1960[46] 1900–1990[47]
1990–2000[48] 2010–2018[5]

Race
See also: Demographics of Filipino Americans § San Diego County

The 2010 United States Census reported that San Diego County had a population of 3,095,313. The racial makeup of San Diego County was 1,981,442 (64.0%) White, 158,213 (5.1%) African American, 26,340 (0.9%) Native American, 336,091 (10.9%) Asian (4.7% Filipino, 1.6% Vietnamese, 1.4% Chinese, 3.2% Other Asian), 15,337 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 419,465 (13.6%) from other races, and 158,425 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 991,348 persons (32.0%).[49] Including Multiracial Asian Americans, the number of Asian Americans in San Diego County were 407,984.[50]

As of 2009, the racial makeup of the county was 79.4% White American, 5.6% Black or African American, 1% Native American, 10.4% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, 10.3% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. 31.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

67.0% spoke only English at home; 21.9% spoke Spanish, 3.1% Tagalog and 1.2% Vietnamese.

Other demographics

As of 2018 Census Bureau estimates, there were 3,343,364 people, 1,067,846 households, and 663,449 families residing in the county. The population density was 670 people per square mile (259/km²). There were 1,142,245 housing units at an average density of 248 per square mile (96/km²).

In 2000 there were 994,677 households out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.29.

As of 2000, in the county the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 11.30% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.

In 2012, it was estimated that there were 198,000 unauthorized immigrants; the origin of the plurality of them is Mexico.[51]

In 2018, the median household income was $70,824; most people spend more than 30% of their income on housing costs.[52] In August of that year, the median home price was $583,000; this is lower than the median home price in Los Angeles, and Orange counties.[53]

Income

According to the 2000 Census, the median income for a household in the county was $47,067, and the median income for a family was $53,438. Males had a median income of $36,952 versus $30,356 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,926. About 8.9% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

Much of the county's high-income residents are concentrated in the northern part of the city of San Diego. The San Diego metropolitan area has two places with both a population of over 50,000 and a per capita income of over $40,000: Carlsbad and Encinitas.

The county's largest continuous high-income urban area is a triangle from a first point on the northern edge of Carlsbad, a second point southeast of Escondido, and a third point on the southern edge of La Jolla. It contains all or most of the cities of Carlsbad, Encinitas, Solana Beach, Del Mar, and Poway in addition to a substantial portion of northern San Diego.[54]

Homelessness

According to a Point-In-Time count taken for the San Diego Regional Task Force on the Homeless, there were 8,576 homeless individuals on January 6, 2018, a 6% decrease from 2017. 3,586 were sheltered, and 4,990 were not. 4,912 (75.3%) were in the City of San Diego. North County Inland had 1,153 (13.4%), North County Coastal with 822 homeless (9.6%), 602 (7%) were found in South County, and 1,087 (12.7%) in East County.[55]

Religion

According to the Pew Research Center as of 2014, 68% of adults in the county are Christian, of whom 32% are Catholic. 27% were unaffiliated, and 5% adhered to a Non-Christian faith.[56] According to the University of Southern California, in 2010, the largest faith in the county was Catholicism, followed by Nondenominational Christians, and Mormons.[57]

In 2014, the county had 978 religious organizations, the seventh most out of all US counties.[58]

Government
San Diego County Administration Center

The Government of San Diego County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, California law, and the Charter of the County of San Diego.[59] Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments such as the Government of San Diego County. The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. In addition the County serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas.[60] Some chartered cities such as San Diego and Chula Vista provide municipal services such as police, public safety, libraries, parks and recreation, and zoning. Other cities such as Del Mar and Vista arrange to have the County provide some or all of these services on a contract basis.

The county government is composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, several other elected offices and officers

OfficeOfficalParty
Clerk Ernest J. Dronenburg Jr.Republican
District Attorney Summer StephanRepublican
Sheriff William GoreRepublican
Treasurer Dan McAllisterRepublican

and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the Chief Administrative Officer such as the Probation Department. In addition, several entities of the government of California have jurisdiction conterminous with San Diego County, such as the San Diego Superior Court.

Under its foundational Charter, the five-member elected San Diego County Board of Supervisors is the county legislature. The board operates in a legislative, executive, and quasi-judicial capacity. As a legislative authority, it can pass ordinances for the unincorporated areas (ordinances that affect the whole county, like posting of restaurant ratings, must be ratified by the individual city). As an executive body, it can tell the county departments what to do, and how to do it. As a quasi-judicial body, the Board is the final venue of appeal in the local planning process.

As of January 2019, the members of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors are:[61]

DistrictSupervisorParty
1 Greg CoxRepublican
2 Dianne Jacob (Chair)Republican
3 Kristin GasparRepublican
4 Nathan FletcherDemocrat
5 Jim DesmondRepublican

For several decades, ending in 2013, all five supervisors were Republican, white, graduates of San Diego State University, and had been in office since 1995 or earlier. The Board was criticized for this homogeneity, which was made possible because supervisors draw their own district lines and are not subject to term limits.[62] (In 2010 voters put term limits in place, but they only apply going forward, so that each incumbent supervisor can serve an additional two terms before being termed out.[63]) That pattern was broken in 2013 when Slater-Price retired; she was replaced by Democrat Dave Roberts, who won election to the seat in November 2012 and was inaugurated in January 2013.[64]

The San Diego County Code is the codified law of San Diego County in the form of ordinances passed by the Board of Supervisors. The Administrative Code establishes the powers and duties of all officers and the procedures and rules of operation of all departments.

The county motto is "The noblest motive is the public good." County government offices are housed in the historic County Administration Center Building, constructed in 1935–1938 with funding from the Works Progress Administration.[65]

Politics
San Diego County registered voters (2014)[66]
Total population[40] 3,060,849
  Registered voters[66][note 1] 1,530,462 50.0%
    Democratic 531,941 34.8%
    Republican 503,639 32.9%
    Democratic–Republican spread +28,302 +1.9%
    No party preference 412,807 27.0%
    American Independent 52,088 3.4%
    Libertarian 12,484 0.8%
    Green 7,668 0.5%
    Other 5,695 0.4%
    Peace and Freedom 4,140 0.3%

As of February 2019, there are 1,747,383 registered voters in San Diego County. Of those, 623,925 (35.7%) are registered Democratic, 475,149 (27.3%) are registered Republican, 552,538 (31.6%) declined to state a political party, 55,800 (3.2%) are registered American Independence Party, 16,355 (0.9%) are registered Libertarian, 6,887 (0.4%) are registered Green, and 5,255 (0.3%) are registered Peace & Freedom.[67]

Voting

San Diego County has historically been a Republican stronghold. The Republican presidential nominee carried the county in every presidential election from 1948 through 2004, except in 1992 when Bill Clinton won a plurality. In 2008, Barack Obama became the first Democratic presidential candidate to win a majority of votes in San Diego County since World War II; he won a majority of county votes again in 2012. In 2016, the county voted in favor of the Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton by 19.7%, the largest margin for a Democrat since 1936.

Presidential election results
San Diego County vote
by party in presidential elections[68]
Year GOP DEM Others
2016 36.57% 477,766 56.30% 735,476 7.13% 93,158
2012 44.95% 536,726 52.51% 626,957 2.53% 30,266
2008 43.79% 541,032 53.95% 666,581 2.26% 27,890
2004 52.45% 596,033 46.33% 526,437 1.22% 13,881
2000 49.63% 475,736 45.66% 437,666 4.71% 45,232
1996 45.57% 402,876 44.11% 389,964 10.33% 91,311
1992 35.69% 352,125 37.24% 367,397 27.08% 267,124
1988 60.19% 523,143 38.34% 333,264 1.47% 12,788
1984 65.30% 502,344 33.41% 257,029 1.29% 9,894
1980 60.81% 435,910 27.26% 195,410 11.93% 85,546
1976 55.74% 353,302 41.60% 263,654 2.66% 16,839
1972 61.82% 371,627 34.34% 206,455 3.84% 23,055
1968 56.26% 261,540 36.07% 167,669 7.67% 35,654
1964 50.31% 214,445 49.69% 211,808 0.01% 33
1960 56.41% 223,056 43.31% 171,259 0.28% 1,106
1956 64.47% 195,742 35.15% 106,716 0.38% 1,147
1952 63.50% 186,091 35.92% 105,255 0.58% 1,688
1948 49.43% 101,552 47.80% 98,217 2.77% 5,690
1944 45.42% 75,746 53.94% 89,959 0.64% 1,059
1940 43.27% 55,434 55.57% 71,188 1.16% 1,488
1936 35.04% 35,686 63.45% 64,628 1.51% 1,540
1932 41.46% 35,305 53.58% 45,622 4.96% 4,223
1928 67.14% 47,769 31.97% 22,749 0.89% 633
1924 48.99% 22,726 6.35% 2,944 44.66% 20,721
1920 63.78% 19,826 27.27% 8,478 8.95% 2,783
1916 46.47% 16,978 46.02% 16,815 7.51% 2,744
1912 0.29% 63 44.79% 9,731 54.92% 11,934
1908 57.56% 5,412 25.45% 2,393 16.99% 1,598
1904 59.52% 4,303 19.34% 1,398 21.15% 1,529
1900 54.91% 3,800 38.69% 2,678 6.40% 443
1896 46.86% 3,631 50.44% 3,908 2.70% 209
1892 45.71% 3,525 30.26% 2,334 24.03% 1,853

The city of San Diego itself is more Democratic than the county's average and has voted for Democrats in each presidential election since 1992. Various cities within the county are swing areas that have split their votes in elections since 2000. Republican strength is concentrated in North County, East County and the eastern backlands. Coronado has also traditionally been a Republican stronghold.

One unique feature of the political scene is the use of Golden Hall, a convention facility next to San Diego's City Hall, as "Election Central." The County Registrar of Voters rents the hall to distribute election results. Supporters and political observers gather to watch the results come in; supporters of the various candidates parade around the hall, carrying signs and chanting; candidates give their victory and concession speeches and host parties for campaign volunteers and donors at the site; and television stations broadcast live from the floor of the convention center.[69] The atmosphere at Election Central on the evening of election day has been compared to the voting portion of a political party national convention.[70]

On Nov 4, 2008 San Diego County voted 53.71% for Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages, thus restoring Proposition 22 which was overturned by a ruling from the California Supreme Court. However the city of San Diego, along with Del Mar, Encinitas, and Solana Beach, voted against Proposition 8.[71]

Federal and state representation

In the U.S. House of Representatives, San Diego County is split between five congressional districts:[72]

  • California's 49th congressional district, represented by Democrat Mike Levin
  • California's 50th congressional district, seat currently vacant
  • California's 51st congressional district, represented by Democrat Juan Vargas
  • California's 52nd congressional district, represented by Democrat Scott Peters and
  • California's 53rd congressional district, represented by Democrat Susan Davis.

In the California State Assembly, San Diego County is split between seven legislative districts:[73]

  • the 71st Assembly District, represented by Republican Randy Voepel,
  • the 75th Assembly District, represented by Republican Marie Waldron,
  • the 76th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Tasha Boerner Horvath,
  • the 77th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Brian Maienschein,
  • the 78th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Todd Gloria,
  • the 79th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Shirley Weber, and
  • the 80th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Lorena Gonzalez.

In the California State Senate, San Diego County is split between four legislative districts:[74]

  • the 36th Senate District, represented by Republican Patricia Bates,
  • the 38th Senate District, represented by Republican Brian Jones,
  • the 39th Senate District, represented by Democrat Toni Atkins, and
  • the 40th Senate District, represented by Democrat Ben Hueso.

Immigration Data

In 2014 according to Pew Research Center, there are about 170,000 individuals who immigrated to the United States without authorization living in the region.[75] San Diego has been a destination for trafficked minors from Mexico and the Philippines.[76] In 2018, the United States Border Patrol caught an average of over a hundred individuals crossing the border illegally each day.[77]

Crime

The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

Cities by population and crime rates

Economy

Arising from an effort by the state government to identify regional economies, San Diego County and Imperial County are part of the Southern Border Region, one of nine such regions. As a regional economy, the Southern Border Region is the smallest but most economically diverse region in the state. However, the two counties maintain weak relations and have little in common aside from their common border.[80] The region has a high cost of living.[81] This includes the highest cost of water in the United States.[82] As of 2018, San Diego County is within the top ten highest cost of rent in the United States;[83] this has led to people moving out of the county.[84]

Agriculture

San Diego County's agriculture industry was worth $1.85 billion in 2013,[85] and is one of the top five egg producing counties in the United States.[86] In 2013, San Diego County also had the most small farms of any county in the United States, and had the 19th largest agricultural economy of any county in the United States.[87] According to the San Diego Farm Bureau, San Diego County is the United States' leading producer of avocados and nursery crops.[88] Until the early 20th century, San Diego County had a thriving wine industry; however the 1916 Charles Hatfield flood was the beginning of the end of the industry which included the destruction of the Daneri winery in Otay Valley.[89] As of October 2016, there are roughly one hundred vineyards and wineries in San Diego County.[90]

Tourism
Horton Plaza

Tourism plays a large part in the economics of the San Diego metropolitan area. Tourists are drawn to the region for a well rounded experience, everything from shopping to surfing as well as its mild climate. Its numerous tourist destinations include Horton Plaza, Westfield UTC, Seaport Village, Westfield Mission Valley and Fashion Valley Mall for shopping. SeaWorld San Diego and Legoland California as amusement parks. Golf courses such as Torrey Pines Golf Course and Balboa Park Golf Course. Museums such as the San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego Museum of Art, Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, San Diego Natural History Museum, USS Midway Museum, and the San Diego Air and Space Museum. Historical places such as the Gaslamp Quarter, Balboa Park and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Wildlife refuges, zoos, and aquariums such as the Birch Aquarium at Scripps, San Diego Zoo's Safari Park, San Diego Zoo and San Diego-La Jolla Underwater Park. Outdoor destinations include the Peninsular Ranges for hiking, biking, mountainboarding and trail riding. Surfing locations include Swami's, Stone Steps Beach, Torrey Pines State Beach, Cardiff State Beach, San Onofre State Beach and the southern portion of Black's Beach.

The region is host to the second largest cruise ship industry in California which generates an estimated $2 million annually from purchases of food, fuel, supplies, and maintenance services.[91] In 2008 the Port of San Diego hosted 252 ship calls and more than 800,000 passengers.[92]

Education

San Diego County contains three public state universities: University of California, San Diego; San Diego State University; and California State University, San Marcos. Major private universities in the county include University of San Diego (USD), Point Loma Nazarene University (PLNU), Alliant International University (AIU), and National University. It also includes three law schools, USD School of Law, California Western School of Law, and Thomas Jefferson School of Law.

Within the county there are 24 public elementary school districts, 6 high school districts, and 12 unified school districts. There are also 5 community college districts.[93]

There are two separate public library systems in San Diego County: the San Diego Public Library serving the city of San Diego, and the San Diego County Library serving all other areas of the county. In 2010 the county library had 33 branches and two bookmobiles; circulated over 10.7 million books, CDs, DVDs, and other material formats; recorded 5.7 million visits to library branches; and hosted 21,132 free programs and events. The San Diego County Library is one of the 25 busiest libraries in the nation as measured by materials circulated.[94][95]

Military
USS Decatur (DDG-73)

San Diego is the headquarters of the U.S. Navy's Eleventh Naval District and is the Navy's principal location for West Coast and Pacific Ocean operations.[96] Naval Base San Diego, California is principal home to the Pacific Fleet (although the headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor). NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado, and is home to Headquarters for Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific, the bulk of the Pacific Fleet's helicopter squadrons, and part of the West Coast aircraft carrier fleet.

The Naval Special Warfare Center is the primary training center for SEALs, and is also located on Coronado. The area contains five major naval bases and the U.S. Marines base Camp Pendleton. Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton is the major West Coast base of the United States Marine Corps and serves as its prime amphibious training base.[97] It is located on the Southern California coast, bordered by Oceanside to the south, San Clemente to the north, and Fallbrook to the east.

U.S. Navy
  • Naval Base San Diego, also known as 32nd Street Naval Station
  • Naval Amphibious Base Coronado
  • Naval Air Station North Island
  • Naval Base Point Loma, which includes the Submarine Base and the Fleet Antisubmarine Warfare Training Center
  • Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR)
  • Naval Medical Center San Diego, also known as Bob Wilson Naval Hospital and Balboa Naval Hospital

U.S. Marine Corps
  • Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
  • Marine Corps Air Station Miramar
  • Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego

U.S. Coast Guard
  • Coast Guard Air Station San Diego

Culture

The culture of San Diego is influenced heavily by American and Mexican cultures due to its position as a border town, its large Hispanic population, and its history as part of Spanish America and Mexico. The area's longtime association with the U.S. military also contributes to its culture. Present-day culture includes many historical and tourist attractions, a thriving musical and theatrical scene, numerous notable special events, a varied cuisine, and a reputation as one of America's premier centers of craft brewing.

Sports

The most popular sports teams in the San Diego metropolitan area are a major professional sports team — the MLB's Padres — and the college sports teams of the San Diego State Aztecs. The following table shows all sports teams in the San Diego metropolitan area that average over 8,000 fans per game:

Major professional sports teams
Club Sport Since League Venue (capacity)
San Diego Padres Baseball 1969 Major League Baseball Petco Park (40,209)

Other professional sports teams
Club Sport Since League Venue (capacity)
San Diego Gulls Ice hockey 2015 American Hockey League Pechanga Arena (12,920)
San Diego Legion Rugby 2018 Major League Rugby Torero Stadium (6,000)
San Diego Seals Box lacrosse 2018 National Lacrosse League Pechanga Arena (12,920)
San Diego Sockers Indoor soccer 2009 Major Arena Soccer League Pechanga Arena (12,000)
San Diego Strike Force Indoor football 2019 Indoor Football League Pechanga Arena (12,000)
San Diego Internacional FC Soccer 2012 Ligas Unidas Balboa Stadium (3,000)
San Diego Zest FC Soccer 2016 USL League Two N/A
San Diego 1904 FC Soccer 2019 National Independent Soccer Association Torero Stadium (6,000)
USL San Diego Soccer 2021

(expected)

 USL Championship Torero Stadium (6,000)

Collegiate sports
Club University Enrollment League Primary conference
San Diego State Aztecs San Diego State University 34,828 NCAA Division I Mountain West Conference
San Diego Toreros University of San Diego 8,328 NCAA Division I West Coast Conference
UC San Diego Tritons University of California, San Diego 38,798 NCAA Division II California Collegiate Athletic Association
Cal State San Marcos Cougars California State University San Marcos 13,893 NCAA Division II California Collegiate Athletic Association
Point Loma Nazarene Sea Lions Point Loma Nazarene University 3,480 NCAA Division II Pacific West Conference

Sites of interest
  • Mount Laguna Observatory, owned and primarily operated by San Diego State University
  • Palomar Observatory, owned and primarily operated by the California Institute of Technology
  • The Ramona Valley wine-producing region, located 28 miles (45 km) northeast of the City of San Diego
  • San Diego Zoo Safari Park, formerly known as the San Diego Wild Animal Park, 35 miles (56 km) north of the San Diego Zoo and east of Escondido
  • Sea World of San Diego, on Mission Bay.
  • Mission Bay Recreation Area, including Fiesta Island, a sheltered bay popular for water sports, also known for the annual Over the line tournament.
  • Mission San Diego de Alcala, the first of California's 21 Spanish missions. It is an operating Roman Catholic parish and also is open for historical interest tours during the week. It is located near the interchange of Interstates 8 and 15.
  • Mission San Luis Rey, founded on June 13, 1798 by Padre Fermín Lasuén. It is the 18th of the Spanish missions established in California. It is an operating Roman Catholic parish and is open every day for historical interest tours. It is located near Route 76 in the Oceanside area.
  • Balboa Park, with numerous museums and other cultural locations, just north of Downtown San Diego.
  • San Diego Zoo, located in Balboa Park
  • Presidio Park, located on a bluff directly above Old Town, a city historic park on the site of the San Diego Presidio, the first European settlement in California.
  • San Diego Bay contains the aircraft carrier USS Midway now used as a memorial ship and as a floating museum, and the eight floating museum ships of the San Diego Maritime Museum. Harbor cruises, sailing, and sport fishing are also available.
  • Legoland California, a Lego theme park in Carlsbad.
  • Alta Vista Gardens is a Botanical Garden in Vista, California dedicated to bringing together 'People, Nature & Art'.
  • Mount Ecclesia is a historic district noted for its singular architecture and the preservation of nature grounds and gardens, offering a unique meditative walking experience. It is located about a mile east of Interstate 5 in the Oceanside area.
  • San Dieguito County Park

Media

Newspapers

San Diego County is served by many newspapers. The major regional paper is The San Diego Union-Tribune, also known as U-T San Diego, is ranked 23rd in the country (by daily circulation) as of March 2013.[98] The Union-Tribune serves both San Diego County and neighboring Imperial County. The former North County Times, based in Escondido and serving portions of Riverside County and North County, was purchased by the Union-Tribune in 2012 and closed down. For about a year after absorbing the North County Times the Union-Tribune published a North County edition,[99] but the regional edition was later abandoned.[100] The Los Angeles Times is also delivered in portions of the county. Many of the area's cities, towns and neighborhoods have their own local newspapers; the Union Tribune bought eight local weeklies in 2013 and is continuing to publish them as independent local newspapers.[100] The San Diego Daily Transcript reports business and legal news. Privately published papers like the Military Press Newspaper and the Navy Dispatch serve the military community both on and off base.

Other media

County Television Network is a public-access television cable channel, offering a "hometown blend of C-SPAN, the Lifetime, History, Travel, and Discovery channels" for the county, and funded by fees paid by cable companies.[101]

Transportation

Major highways
  • Interstate 5
  • Interstate 8
  • Interstate 15
  • Interstate 805
  • State Route 11
  • State Route 15
  • State Route 52
  • State Route 54
  • State Route 56
  • State Route 67
  • State Route 75
  • State Route 76
  • State Route 78
  • State Route 79
  • State Route 94
  • State Route 125
  • State Route 163
  • State Route 188
  • State Route 282
  • State Route 905

Border crossings to Mexico
  • San Ysidro Border Crossing
  • Otay Mesa Border Crossing
  • Tecate Border Crossing

Railroads
  • Amtrak (Pacific Surfliner)
  • Metrolink
  • The Coaster
  • San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway
  • San Diego and Imperial Valley Railroad

Light rail and local transit
  • San Diego Trolley
  • San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (SDMTS/MTS)
  • Sprinter
  • North County Transit District (NCTD)

The Port of San Diego
  • Embarcadero (San Diego)

Airports
  • San Diego International Airport (Lindbergh Field) (SAN)
  • Montgomery Field (MYF)
  • McClellan-Palomar Airport (CRQ) a.k.a. Palomar Airport or Carlsbad Airport
  • Gillespie Field (SEE)
  • Agua Caliente Airport (L54)
  • Borrego Valley Airport (L08)
  • Fallbrook Community Airpark (L18)
  • Oceanside Municipal Airport (K0KB)
  • Ocotillo Airport (L90)
  • Ramona Airport (RNM)
  • Brown Field Municipal Airport (SDM) (formerly East Field, NAAS Otay Mesa, and NAAS Brown Field)

Communities
North County communities. Coastal cities are in dark blue, unincorporated coastal communities are in light blue. Inland cities are in dark yellow, unincorporated inland communities are in light yellow. Parts of northern San Diego are sometimes considered part of North County, as are much of the white areas north of the city.
East County communities in red. In dark red are the cities and towns of Santee and El Cajon which mark the western edge of East County. Unincorporated communities are in light red, including Lakeside and Alpine.
South Bay communities of San Diego County. The cities and towns of National City, Chula Vista, and Imperial Beach are in dark orange. The unincorporated community of Bonita is in light orange. San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, neighborhoods of the city of San Diego, are in pink.

Cities
City Year

incorporated

 Population

(2018 estimate)[102]

Carlsbad 1952
115,877
Chula Vista 1911
271,651
Coronado 1890
21,390
Del Mar 1959
4,347
El Cajon 1912
103,241
Encinitas 1986
62,904
Escondido 1888
152,213
Imperial Beach 1956
27,447
La Mesa 1912
59,556
Lemon Grove 1977
26,969
National City 1887
61,431
Oceanside 1888
176,080
Poway 1980
49,704
San Diego (county seat) 1850
1,425,976
San Marcos 1963
96,847
Santee 1980
58,115
Solana Beach 1986
13,379
Vista 1963
101,224

Former cities
City Year

incorporated

 Year

dissolved

 Fate
East San Diego 1912 1923 Merged into San Diego

Census-designated places
  • Alpine
  • Bonita
  • Bonsall
  • Borrego Springs
  • Bostonia
  • Boulevard
  • Campo
  • Camp Pendleton North
  • Camp Pendleton South
  • Casa de Oro-Mount Helix
  • Crest
  • Descanso
  • Eucalyptus Hills
  • Fairbanks Ranch
  • Fallbrook
  • Granite Hills
  • Harbison Canyon
  • Hidden Meadows
  • Jacumba Hot Springs
  • Jamul
  • Julian
  • Lake San Marcos
  • Lakeside
  • La Presa
  • Mount Laguna
  • Oak Grove
  • Pala
  • Pine Valley
  • Potrero
  • Rainbow
  • Ramona
  • Rancho San Diego
  • Rancho Santa Fe
  • San Diego Country Estates
  • Spring Valley
  • Valley Center
  • Winter Gardens

Unincorporated communities
  • 4S Ranch
  • Agra
  • Alpine Heights
  • Ballena
  • Bankhead Springs
  • Banner
  • Barona
  • Barrett
  • Barrett Junction
  • Blossom Valley
  • Borrego
  • Boulder Oaks
  • Boulder Oaks
  • Buena
  • Calavo Gardens
  • Calexico Lodge
  • Cameron Corners
  • Canyon City
  • Casa de Oro
  • Chappo
  • Clover Flat
  • Dehesa
  • Del Dios
  • Deluz
  • De Luz
  • De Luz Heights
  • Descanso Junction
  • Desert Lodge
  • Doghouse Junction
  • Dos Cabezas
  • Dulzura
  • Eagles Nest
  • East Otay Mesa
  • Elfin Forest
  • Engineer Springs
  • Fallbrook Junction
  • Fernbrook
  • Flinn Springs
  • Foster
  • Four Corners
  • Glen Oaks
  • Glenview
  • Grossmont
  • Guatay
  • Hacienda del Florasol
  • Harmony Grove
  • Harrison Park
  • Holcomb Village
  • Homelands
  • Hulburd Grove
  • Indian Springs
  • Irvings Crest
  • Jamacha
  • Jamacha Junction
  • Jesmond Dene
  • Jofegan
  • Johnstown
  • Kentwood-In-The-Pines
  • La Cresta
  • Laguna Junction
  • La Jolla Amigo
  • Lakeside Farms
  • Lakeview
  • Las Flores
  • Lilac
  • Lincoln Acres
  • Live Oak Springs
  • Los Terrenitos
  • Los Tules
  • Lynwood Hills
  • Manzanita
  • Mesa Grande
  • Mesquite Oasis
  • Morena Village
  • Moreno
  • Morettis Junction
  • Mortero Palms
  • Mount Helix
  • North Jamul
  • Ocotillo Wells
  • Pala Mesa
  • Palm Grove
  • Palomar Mountain
  • Pauma Valley
  • Phelps Corner
  • Pine Grove
  • Pine Hills
  • Ranchita
  • Rancho del Campo
  • Ridgecrest Estates
  • Rincon
  • Riverview
  • Riverview Farms
  • Rosemont
  • San Felipe
  • San Ignacio
  • San Luis Rey Heights
  • San Onofre
  • Santa Ysabel
  • Scissors Crossing
  • Shady Dell
  • Shelter Valley
  • Stallion Oaks
  • Stuart
  • Suncrest
  • Sunnyside
  • Tecate
  • The Willows
  • Tierra del Sol
  • Titus
  • Warner Springs
  • Winterwarm
  • Whispering Pines
  • Wynola
  • Yaldora

Indian reservations

San Diego County has 18 federally recognized Indian reservations, more than any other county in the United States.[103] Although they are typical in size to other Indian reservations in California (many of which are termed "Rancherías"), they are relatively tiny by national standards, and all together total 200.2 sq mi (519 km2) of area.

  • Barona Indian Reservation
  • Campo Indian Reservation
  • Capitan Grande Reservation
  • Ewiiaapaayp Indian Reservation
  • Inaja and Cosmit Indian Reservation
  • Jamul Indian Village
  • La Jolla Indian Reservation
  • La Posta Indian Reservation
  • Los Coyotes Indian Reservation
  • Manzanita Indian Reservation
  • Mesa Grande Indian Reservation
  • Pala Indian Reservation
  • Pauma and Yuima Indian Reservation
  • Rincon Indian Reservation
  • San Pasqual Indian Reservation
  • Santa Ysabel Indian Reservation
  • Sycuan Indian Reservation
  • Viejas Indian Reservation

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of San Diego County.[104]

† county seat

Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2010 Census)

1 † San Diego City 1,307,402
2 Chula Vista City 243,916
3 Oceanside City 167,086
4 Escondido City 143,911
5 Carlsbad City 105,328
6 El Cajon City 99,478
7 Vista City 93,834
8 San Marcos City 83,781
9 Encinitas City 59,518
10 National City City 58,582
11 La Mesa City 57,065
12 Santee City 53,413
13 Poway City 47,811
14 La Presa CDP 34,169
15 Fallbrook CDP 30,534
16 Spring Valley CDP 28,205
17 Imperial Beach City 26,324
18 Lemon Grove City 25,320
19 Rancho San Diego CDP 21,208
20 Lakeside CDP 20,648
21 Winter Gardens CDP 20,631
22 Ramona CDP 20,292
23 Coronado City 18,912
24 Casa de Oro-Mount Helix CDP 18,762
25 Bostonia CDP 15,379
26 Alpine CDP 14,236
27 Solana Beach City 12,867
28 Bonita CDP 12,538
29 Camp Pendleton South CDP 10,616
30 San Diego Country Estates CDP 10,109
31 Valley Center CDP 9,277
32 Jamul CDP 6,163
33 Eucalyptus Hills CDP 5,313
34 Camp Pendleton North CDP 5,200
35 Lake San Marcos CDP 4,437
36 Del Mar City 4,161
37 Bonsall CDP 3,982
38 Harbison Canyon CDP 3,841
39 Hidden Meadows CDP 3,485
40 Borrego Springs CDP 3,429
41 Fairbanks Ranch CDP 3,148
42 Rancho Santa Fe CDP 3,117
43 Granite Hills CDP 3,035
44 Campo CDP 2,684
45 Crest CDP 2,593
46 Rainbow CDP 1,832
47 Pine Valley CDP 1,510
48 Julian CDP 1,502
49 Descanso CDP 1,423
50 Pala Indian Reservation[105] AIAN 1,315
51 Rincon Reservation[106] AIAN 1,215
52 San Pasqual Reservation[107] AIAN 1,097
53 Potrero CDP 656
54 Barona Reservation[108] AIAN 640
55 Jucumba Hot Springs CDP 561
56 Viejas Reservation[109] AIAN 520
57 La Jolla Reservation[110] AIAN 476
58 Campo Indian Reservation[111] AIAN 362
59 Santa Ysabel Reservation[112] AIAN 330
60 Boulevard CDP 315
61 Sycuan Reservation[113] AIAN 211
62 Pauma and Yuima Reservation[114] AIAN 206
t-63 Los Coyotes Reservation[115] AIAN 98
t-63 Mesa Grande Reservation[116] AIAN 98
64 Manzanita Reservation[117] AIAN 78
65 Mount Laguna CDP 57
66 La Posta Indian Reservation[118] AIAN 55

See also
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in San Diego County, California
  • List of school districts in San Diego County, California
  • List of high schools in San Diego County, California
  • Community College Districts in San Diego County, California:
    • MiraCosta Community College District
    • Palomar Community College District
    • San Diego Community College District
    • Grossmont-Cuyamaca Community College District
    • Southwestern Community College District
  • List of breweries in San Diego County, California
  • List of museums in San Diego County, California
  • List of United States counties and county equivalents
  • Southern Border Region of California
  • San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG)

Notes
  1. Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow.
  2. Only larceny-theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes.
  1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  2. Official precipitation records for San Diego were kept at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from October 1850 to December 1859 at the Mission San Diego and from November 1871 to June 1939 and a variety of buildings at downtown, and at San Diego Int'l (Lindbergh Field) since July 1939.[28] Temperature records, however, only date from October 1874. For more information on data coverage, see ThreadEx

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Further reading
  • Pryde, Philip R. San Diego: An Introduction to the Region (4th ed. 2004), a historical geography
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