Women in the United States Navy

Many women have served in the United States Navy for over a century. Today, there are over 52,391 women serving on active duty in an array of traditional (administrative, medical, etc.) and non-traditional (aviation, combat systems, etc.) ratings or careers. Like their male counterparts, female sailors are expected to adhere to regulations specific to appearance, grooming, and health and fitness; however some differences exist for example in physical fitness tests due to performance and in relation to pregnancy and parenting provisions created to help support military families.

Admiral Michelle J. Howard was the first female four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy.[1] She was also the armed forces' first African-American woman to achieve four stars.[2]

History

Pre–World War I

Women worked as nurses for the navy as early as the American Civil War. The United States Navy Nurse Corps was officially established in 1908; it was all-female until 1965.[3][4] After the establishment of the Nurse Corps in 1908 by an Act of Congress, twenty women were selected as the first members and assigned to the Naval Medical School Hospital in Washington, D.C. However, the navy did not provide room or board for them, and so the nurses rented their own house and provided their own meals.[5] In time, the nurses would come to be known as "The Sacred Twenty" because they were the first women to serve formally as members of the Navy. The "Sacred Twenty" were Mary H. Du Bose; Adah M. Pendleton; Elizabeth M. Hewitt; Della V. Knight; Josephine Beatrice Bowman; Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee; Esther Voorhees Hasson, the first Superintendent of the Navy Nurse Corps, 1908–1911; Martha E. Pringle; Elizabeth J. Wells; Clare L. De Ceu.; Elizabeth Leonhardt; Estelle Hine; Ethel R. Parsons; Florence T. Milburn; Boniface T. Small; Victoria White; Isabelle Rose Roy; Margaret D. Murray; Sara B. Myer; and Sara M. Cox. The Nurse Corps gradually expanded to 160 on the eve of World War I. For a few months in 1913, Navy nurses saw their first shipboard service, aboard Mayflower and Dolphin.

World War I

The increased size of the United States Navy in support of World War I increased the need for clerical and administrative support. The U.S. Naval Reserve Act of 1916 permitted the enlistment of qualified "persons" for service; Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels asked, "Is there any law that says a Yeoman must be a man?" and was told there was not.[6] Thus, the navy was able to induct its first female sailors into the U.S. Naval Reserve. The first woman to enlist in the U.S. Navy was Loretta Perfectus Walsh on 17 March 1917.[7] She was also the first American active-duty navy woman, and the first woman allowed to serve as a woman in any of the United States armed forces, as anything other than as a nurse. Walsh subsequently became the first woman U.S. Navy petty officer when she was sworn in as Chief Yeoman on 21 March 1917. During World War I Navy women served around the continental U.S. and in France, Guam and Hawaii, mostly as Yeomen (F), but also as radio operators, electricians, draftsmen, pharmacists, photographers, telegraphers, fingerprint experts, chemists, torpedo assemblers and camouflage designers. Some black women served as Yeomen (F) and were the first black women to serve as enlisted members of the U.S. armed forces.[8] These first black women to serve in the navy were 16 Yeomen (F)—the total would rise to 24[9]—from some of "Washington's elite black families" who "worked in the Muster Roll division at Washington's Navy Yard...."[10] All women in the navy were released from active duty after the end of the war.

World War II
Main article: WAVES

World War II again brought the need for additional personnel. The Navy organized to recruit women into a separate women's auxiliary, labeled Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES). WAVES served in varied positions around the continental U.S. and in Hawaii.

Two groups of Navy nurses (Navy nurses were all women then) were held prisoner by the Japanese in World War II. Chief Nurse Marion Olds and nurses Leona Jackson, Lorraine Christiansen, Virginia Fogerty and Doris Yetter were taken prisoner on Guam shortly after Pearl Harbor and transported to Japan. They were repatriated in August 1942, although the newspaper did not identify them as Navy nurses. Chief Nurse Laura Cobb and her nurses, Mary Chapman, Bertha Evans, Helen Gorzelanski, Mary Harrington, Margaret Nash, Goldie O'Haver, Eldene Paige, Susie Pitcher, Dorothy Still and C. Edwina Todd (some of the "Angels of Bataan") were captured in 1942 in the Philippines and imprisoned in the Los Baños internment camp there, where they continued to function as a nursing unit, until they were rescued by American forces in 1945. Other Los Baños prisoners later said: "We are absolutely certain that had it not been for these nurses many of us who are alive and well would have died."[11] Navy nurse Ann Agnes Bernatitus, one of the "Angels of Bataan", nearly became another POW; she was one of the last to escape Corregidor Island in the Philippines, via the USS Spearfish. Upon her return to the United States she became the first American to receive the Legion of Merit.

In 1943, Thelma Bendler Stern, an engineering draftsman, became the first woman assigned to perform duties aboard a United States Navy ship as part of her official responsibilities.

The first black woman sworn into the Navy Nurse Corps was Phyllis Mae Dailey, a Columbia University student from New York, on 8 March 1945. She was the first of only four black women to serve as a Navy nurse during World War II.[12]

WAVES Recruiting posters

Korean War era

Women in the Naval Reserve were recalled along with their male counterparts for duty during the Korean War.

Vietnam War era

Nurses served aboard the hospital ship USS Sanctuary. Nine non-nurse navy women served in country; however no enlisted navy women were authorized.

Women in the navy since 1970
U.S. Navy Rear Adm. Robin Braun, Commander, Navy Recruiting Command.

Major changes occurred for navy women in the 1970s. Alene Duerk became the first female admiral in the navy in 1972.[13][14] In 1976 RADM Fran McKee became the first female unrestricted line officer appointed to flag rank. In 1978, Judge John Sirica ruled the law banning navy women from ships to be unconstitutional in the case Owens v. Brown. That year, Congress approved a change to Title 10 USC Section 6015 to permit the navy to assign women to fill sea duty billets on support and noncombatant ships.[3][15] During the 1970s, women began to enter the surface warfare and aviation fields, gained access to officer accession programs previously open only to men, and started to screen for command opportunities ashore.[16]

In December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women.[17] In March 2016 Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers "right away."[18]

Aviation

In 1972, Roseann Roberts became the first female helicopter plane captain in the navy.

In 1973 the Secretary of the Navy announced the authorization of naval aviation training for women. LTJG Judith Neuffer was the first woman selected for flight training. In 1974, the navy became the first service to graduate a woman pilot, LT Barbara Allen Rainey, followed closely by classmates Judith Neuffer, Ana Marie Fuqua, Rosemary Bryant Mariner, Jane Skiles O'Dea and Joellen Drag.[16]

Women began attending Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) in 1976.[16]

In 1979 the Naval Flight Officer (NFO) program opened to women.

Also in 1979, LT Lynn Spruill became the first woman naval aviator to obtain carrier qualification.

Benefits

Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), was a landmark Supreme Court case [19] which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.[20]

Officer Accession Programs

The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) was opened to women in 1972 and the first woman was commissioned from a ROTC program in 1974. The Women Officer School (WOS), Newport, RI, was disestablished in 1973, and Officer Candidate School (OCS) training was integrated to support men and women. The United States Naval Academy, along with the other military academies, first accepted women in 1976 and commissioned its first female graduates in 1980. Women also began attending Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) in 1976.[16]

While still barred from serving on combatant vessels, enlisted women were accepted for training in the Naval Nuclear Power Program in the early 80s. After initial rating training, this consisted of Nuclear Power School (Orlando, FL), and the follow on Nuclear Power Training Unit (prototype) operational training (NY or ID). The first graduates of this training were in 1981. Because all nuclear powered vessels in the Navy at this time were combatants, these women were assigned to either prototype training billets or service/support roles on tenders and shore facilities. This caused some resentment among males in the enlisted nuclear power community because the women were viewed as taking away shore billets that would allow them to maintain a pay bonus based on their maintaining their proficiency in the nuclear power field. Training women in the nuclear power program was discontinued after a year or two because of this restriction on assigning them to combatant units.[21]

Submarines

On 29 April 2010, the Department of the Navy announced authorization of a policy change allowing women to begin serving on board navy submarines.[22][23] The new policy and plan was set to begin with the integration of female Officers. A group of up to 24 female Officers (three Officers on each of eight different crews)[23] were scheduled to enter the standard nuclear submarine training pipeline in July 2010[24] – and expected to report to submarine duty by late 2011 or early 2012.[23] Integration of Enlisted females into submarine crews was expected to begin soon thereafter.[24][25] Initial candidates for female Submarine Officer positions were highly qualified selects from accession sources that include the Naval Academy, Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps, STA-21 program and Officer Candidate School, with transfers possible for those from other Unrestricted Line Officer communities.[24] A group of up to eight female Supply Corps Officers was also expected to complete requisite training and begin submarine service in the same time frame.[23][24]

Initial assignments for female submariners were on the blue and gold crews of selected guided-missile submarines (SSGNs) and ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs). Two submarines of each type served as the inaugural vessels.[23][24] The first group of U.S. female submariners completed nuclear power school and officially reported on board two ballistic and two guided missile submarines in November 2011.[26] In 2012, it was announced that 2013 would be the first year for women to serve on U.S. attack submarines.[27] On 22 June 2012, a sailor assigned to USS Ohio (SSGN-726) became the first female supply officer to qualify in U.S. submarines. Lt. Britta Christianson of Ohio's Gold Crew received her Submarine Supply Corps "dolphins" from the Gold Crew Commanding Officer Capt. Rodney Mills during a brief ceremony at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility (PSNS & IMF).[28]

On 5 December 2012, three sailors assigned to USS Maine (SSBN-741) and USS Wyoming (SSBN-742) became the first female unrestricted line officers to qualify in U.S. submarines.[29] LTJG Jennifer Noonan [ROTC Cornell University], a native of Scituate MA, and LTJG Amber Cowan both of Maine's Blue Crew, and LTJG Marquette Leveque, a native of Fort Collins, Colo., assigned to the Gold Crew of Wyoming, and received their submarine "dolphins" during separate ceremonies at Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, Wash. and Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Ga. respectively.[29] In 2013, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus said that the first women to join Virginia-class attack subs had been chosen: They were newly commissioned female officers scheduled to report to their subs in fiscal year 2015.[30] In August 2016, Chief Petty Officer Dominique Saavedra became the first enlisted female sailor to earn her submarine qualification, and was assigned to USS Michigan (SSGN-727).[31]

Surface warfare

In 1972 the pilot program for assignment of officers and enlisted women to ships was initiated on board USS Sanctuary (AH-17). In 1978 Congress approved a change to Title 10 USC Section 6015 to permit the navy to assign women to fill sea duty billets on support and noncombatant ships. The Surface Warfare community opened to women. In 1979, the first woman obtained her Surface Warfare Officer (SWO) qualification.[16] In 1993, Congress approved women to serve on combat ships. There were about 33 women who were the first assigned to these sea billets.

Timeline of women in the United States Navy
Year Event
1908 The Navy Nurse Corps was established; it was all-female until 1965.[3][4]
1917 Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels announced that the navy would enlist women on 17 March.[32]
1917 Loretta Perfectus Walsh became the first woman to enlist in the navy on 17 March.[7]
1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Public Law 689 creating the navy's women reserve program on 30 July 1942.[32]
1942 Lieutenant Commander Mildred H. McAfee, USNR, director of the WAVES, became the navy's first female line officer.[32]
1944 Lieutenant Harriet Ida Pickens and Ensign Frances Wills were commissioned as the first African-American female navy officers.[32]
1944 Sue Dauser, the director of the Navy Nurse Corps, became the first female captain in the navy.[33]
1945 The first black woman sworn into the Navy Nurse Corps was Phyllis Mae Dailey, a Columbia University student from New York, on 8 March 1945. She was the first of only four black women to serve as a Navy nurse during World War II.[12]
1948 On 15 October 1948, the first eight women were commissioned in the regular Navy: Joy Bright Hancock, Winifred Quick Collins, Ann King, Frances Willoughby, Ellen Ford, Doris Cranmore, Doris Defenderfer, and Betty Rae Tennant took their oaths as naval officers.[34]
1959 Yeoman Anna Der-Vartanian was the first woman in the navy promoted to master chief petty officer, and the first woman in the armed services promoted to E-9.[35]
1961 Lieutenant Charlene I. Suneson became the first line WAVES officer to be ordered to shipboard duty.[36]
1967 Public Law 90-130 was signed into law; it removed legal ceilings on women's promotions that had kept them out of the general and flag ranks, and dropped the two percent ceiling on officer and enlisted strengths for women in the armed forces.[37]
1972 Roseanne Roberts became the first female helicopter captain in the Navy.[38]
1972 Alene Duerk became the first female admiral in the navy.[13][14]
1973 Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), was a landmark Supreme Court case [19] which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.[20]
1974 Lieutenant Junior Grade Barbara Ann (Allen) Rainey became the first navy woman to earn her wings on 22 February 1974.[39]
1974 The first women were commissioned through NROTC.[40]
1975 Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U.S. 498 (1975), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld a federal statute granting female naval officers four more years of commissioned service before mandatory discharge than male Naval officers.[41] A federal statute granted female Naval officers fourteen years of commissioned service while allowing only nine years of commissioned service for male Naval officers before mandatory discharge. The Supreme Court held that the law passed intermediate scrutiny equal protection analysis because women, excluded from combat duty, had fewer opportunities for advancement in the military. The Court found the statute to directly compensate for the past statutory barriers to advancement.[42]
1976 Fran McKee became the navy's first female unrestricted line flag officer.[43]
1978 Navy Nurse Joan C. Bynum became the first black woman promoted to the rank of Captain.[39]
1978 Judge John Sirica ruled the law banning navy women from ships to be unconstitutional in the case Owens v. Brown. That same year, Congress approved a change to Title 10 USC Section 6015 to permit the navy to assign women to fill sea duty billets on support and noncombatant ships.[3][15]
1979 Lieutenant Lynn Spruill became the first female navy pilot qualified to land on aircraft carriers.[44]
1979 The first woman in the navy to qualify as a surface warfare officer did so this year.[45]
1980 The first women graduated from the Naval Academy. There were 81 women in the class of 1980 at the Naval Academy, and 55 of them graduated. Elizabeth Belzer was the first female graduate and Janie L. Mines was the first black female graduate.[39]
1984 Kristine Holderied became the first female valedictorian of the Naval Academy.[46]
1990 Rear Admiral Marsha J. Evans became the first woman to command a Naval Station.[47]
1990 Lieutenant Commander Darlene Iskra became the first navy woman to command a ship, USS Opportune (ARS-41).[48]
1991 The Tailhook scandal occurred, in which Navy (and Marine Corps) aviators were accused of sexually assaulting 83 women (and 7 men) at the Tailhook convention in Las Vegas.[49]
1993 Before the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and bisexual women (and gay men and bisexual men) were banned from serving in the military.[50] In 1993 the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted, which mandated that the military could not ask servicemembers about their sexual orientation.[51][52] However, until the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was ended in 2011, service members (including but not limited to female service members) were still expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex.[53]
1995 USS Benfold is the first destroyer to be built to accommodate females.
1996 Patricia Tracey became the first female three-star officer (vice admiral) in the navy.[54]
1998 CDR Maureen A. Farren became the first woman to command a combatant ship in the navy.[47]
1998 Lillian Fishburne became the first African-American woman promoted to flag rank in the navy.[47]
2006 Carol M. Pottenger became the first woman to command an expeditionary strike group in the navy.
2010 Nora Tyson became the first woman to command a carrier strike group in the navy.[55]
2010 Martha E.G. Herb became the first woman Navy deep sea diver and member of the EOD community to be promoted to flag rank in the Navy.[56]
2011 The "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was ended in 2011, thus putting an end to service members (including but not limited to female service members) being expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex.[53]
2011 The first group of female submariners in the navy completed nuclear power school and officially reported on board two ballistic and two guided missile submarines in November 2011.[26]
2012 Commander Monika Washington Stoker became the first African American woman to take command of a navy missile destroyer.[57]
2012 Five "Tigertails" of Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron One Two Five (VAW-125), embarked aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) as part of Carrier Air Wing Seventeen (CVW-17), flew an historic flight on 25 January when they participated in the navy's first all-female E-2C Hawkeye combat mission.[58]
2012 On 22 June 2012, a sailor assigned to USS Ohio (SSGN-726) became the first female supply officer to qualify in submarines in the navy. Lt. Britta Christianson of Ohio's Gold Crew received her Submarine Supply Corps "dolphins" from the Gold Crew Commanding Officer Capt. Rodney Mills during a brief ceremony at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility (PSNS & IMF).[28]
2012 On 5 December 2012, three sailors assigned to USS Maine (SSBN-741) and USS Wyoming (SSBN-742) became the first female unrestricted line officers to qualify in submarines in the navy.[29] LTJG Marquette Leveque, a native of Fort Collins, Colorado, assigned to the Gold Crew of Wyoming, and LTJG Amber Cowan and LTJG Jennifer Noonan [ROTC Cornell University], a native of Scituate MA, both of Maine's Blue Crew received their submarine "dolphins" during separate ceremonies at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Ga., and Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, Wash.[29]
2012 Robin Braun became the first female commander of the Navy Reserve, making her the first female three star aviator and the first woman to lead any Reserve component of the military.[59]
2014 Michelle J. Howard became the first female four-star admiral in the navy.[1]
2014 Jan E. Tighe became the first woman to command a numbered fleet when she assumed command of the navy's Tenth Fleet on 2 April 2014.[60]
2014 In July 2014, Marine Corps Captain Katie Higgins became the first female pilot to join the Blue Angels, the navy's flight demonstration squadron. She piloted the team's KC-130 Hercules support aircraft, "Fat Albert."[61]
2015 Nora Tyson was installed as the commander of the navy's Third Fleet, making her the first woman to lead a navy operational fleet.[62][63]
2015 Cheryl Hansen became the first female commander of the Naval Construction Battalion Center in Gulfport, Mississippi.[64]
2015 In December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women.[17]
2016 In March 2016, Defense Secretary Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers "right away."[18]
2016 In August 2016, Dominique Saavedra became the first enlisted female sailor to earn her submarine qualification.[31]

Careers

In the navy, women are currently eligible to serve in all ratings. In 2013 Leon Panetta removed the U.S. military's ban on women serving in combat, overturning a 1994 rule prohibiting women from being assigned to smaller ground combat units. Panetta's decision gave the U.S. military services until January 2016 to seek special exceptions if they believed any positions must remain closed to women. The services had until May 2013 to draw up a plan for opening all units to women and until the end of 2015 to actually implement it.[65][66] In December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women.[17]

The former policy set by Congress and the Secretary of Defense, effective 1 October 1994, excluded women from direct ground combat billets in the military, stating:

"Service members who are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground as defined below. "Direct ground combat is engaging an enemy on the ground with individual or crew-served weapons, while being exposed to hostile fire and to a high probability of direct physical contact with the hostile force's personnel. Direct combat take place well forward on the battlefield while locating and closing with the enemy to defeat them by fire, maneuver, or shock effect." However, qualified and motivated women are encouraged to investigate the diver and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) fields."
Careers in the navy

Dress
  • A certified maternity uniform is mandatory for all pregnant servicewomen in the navy when the regular uniform no longer fits.

Grooming standards
  • Hair: The navy deems that hairstyles shall not be "outrageously multicolored" or "faddish," to include shaved portions of the scalp (other than the neckline), or have designs cut or braided into the hair. Hair coloring must look natural and complement the individual. Haircuts and styles shall present a balanced appearance. Lopsided and extremely asymmetrical styles are not authorized. Pigtails, widely spaced individual hanging locks, and braids that protrude from the head, are not authorized. Multiple braids are authorized. Braided hairstyles shall be conservative and conform to the guidelines listed herein. When a hairstyle of multiple braids is worn, braids shall be of uniform dimension, small in diameter (approx. 1/4 inch), and tightly interwoven to present a neat, professional, well-groomed appearance. Foreign material (i.e., beads, decorative items) shall not be braided into the hair. Short hair may be braided in symmetrical fore and aft rows (cornrowing) that minimize scalp exposure. Cornrow ends shall not protrude from the head, and shall be secured only with inconspicuous rubber bands that match the color of the hair. Appropriateness of a hairstyle shall also be judged by its appearance when headgear is worn. All headgear shall fit snugly and comfortably around the largest part of the head without distortion or excessive gaps. Hair shall not show from under the front of the brim of the combination hat, garrison, or command ball caps. Hairstyles which do not allow headgear to be worn in this manner, or which interfere with the proper wear of protective masks or equipment are prohibited. When in uniform, the hair may touch, but not fall below a horizontal line level with the lower edge of the back of the collar. On 11 July 2018 Navy women became allowed to wear their hair in ponytails, locks, wider buns and at times below their collars, although subject to strict guidelines on the matter.[67][68][69]
  • Cosmetics: The navy prefers that cosmetics be applied in good taste so that colors blend with natural skin tone and enhance natural features. Exaggerated or faddish cosmetic styles are not authorized and shall not be worn. Care should be taken to avoid artificial appearance. Lipstick colors shall be conservative and complement the individual. Long false eyelashes shall not be worn when in uniform.
  • Tattoos: Navy policy stipulates that any tattoo/body art/brand that is obscene, sexually explicit or advocates discrimination of any sort is prohibited. No tattoos/body art/brands on the head, face, neck, or scalp and individual tattoos/body art/brands exposed by wearing a short sleeve uniform shirt shall be no larger in size than the wearer's hand with fingers extended and joined with the thumb touching the base of the index finger.
  • Jewelry: Conservative jewelry is authorized for all personnel and shall be in good taste while in uniform. Eccentricities or faddishness are not permitted. Jewelry shall not present a safety or FOD (Foreign object damage) hazard. Jewelry shall be worn within the following guidelines
  • Earrings: Earrings for women are an optional item, and are not required for wear. When worn the earring shall be a 4-6mm ball (gold for officers/CPOs, and silver for E-6 and below), plain with brushed, matte finish, screw-on or post type. Pearl earrings may be worn with Dinner Dress or Formal uniforms.
  • Rings: While in uniform, only one (1) ring per hand is authorized, plus a wedding/engagement ring set. Rings are not authorized for wear on thumbs.
  • Necklaces: While in uniform, only one (1) necklace may be worn and it shall not be visible.
  • Bracelets: While in uniform, only one (1) of each may be worn. Ankle bracelets are not authorized while in uniform.
  • Fingernails: Fingernails for women shall not exceed 1/4 inch beyond the end of the finger. They shall be kept clean. Nail polish may be worn, but colors shall be conservative and complement the skin tone.

Health and fitness standards

The Physical Fitness Assessment (PFA) is conducted twice a year for all sailors, which includes:

  • Body Composition Assessment (BCA). Body composition is assessed by:
  • An initial weight and height screening
  • A Navy-approved circumference technique to estimate body fat percentage

Physical Readiness Test (PRT) include different standards for male and female sailors. PRT is a series of physical activities designed to evaluate factors that enable members to perform physically. Factors evaluated are:

  • Muscular strength and endurance via:
  1. Curl-ups
  2. Push-ups
  • Aerobic capacity via:
  1. 1.5-mile run/walk, or
  2. 500-yard or 450-meter swim

PT Fitness Standards (NSW/NSO programs only):

  • The PST consists of five (5) events:
  1. 500-yard swim (using sidestroke or breaststroke)
  2. Push-Ups (as many as possible in 2-minutes)
  3. Sit-Ups (as many as possible in 2-minutes)
  4. Pull-Ups (as many as possible, no time limit)
  5. 1 ½ mile run

Benefits

Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), was a landmark Supreme Court case [19] which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.[20]

Marriage

Spouse co-location assignments are fully supported by the Chief of Naval Personnel and when requested become the highest priority and main duty preference consistent with the needs of the navy. While not always possible, every effort, within reason, will be made for military couples and family members to move & serve together. Co-op assignments are not guaranteed.

The service member requesting transfer to join with his/her spouse or family member must have a minimum of one year on board his/her present command at the time of transfer.

Military couples may not be permanently assigned to the same ship or the same shipboard deployable command. For shore assignments, the couple will not assign to the same reporting senior without the gaining CO's approval. Unusual circumstances may require a couple being temporarily assigned to the same afloat activity, which is allowable at the CO's discretion.[70]

Controversies

Gender identity

From 1960 to 30 June 2016, there was a blanket ban on all transgender people, including but not limited to transgender women, from serving and enlisting in the United States military, including but not limited to the Navy. From 30 June 2016 to 11 April 2019, transgender personnel in the United States military were allowed to serve in their preferred gender upon completing transition. From 1 January 2018 to 11 April 2019, transgender individuals could enlist in the United States military under the condition of being stable for 18 months in their preferred or biological gender.

Pregnancy

In her 1995 book Tailspin: Women at War in the Wake of Tailhook, Jean Zimmerman reported that there was a perception in the navy that women sailors use pregnancy to escape or avoid deployed ship duty. In an example cited by Zimmerman, in 1993 as the USS Cape Cod prepared to depart on a deployment cruise, 25 female sailors, out of a crew of 1,500, reported being pregnant shortly before the scheduled departure and were reassigned to shore duty. Although Zimmerman felt that the number of pregnancies was small and should not be regarded as significant, the senior enlisted sailor on the ship, Command Master Chief Alice Smith rejoined, "Just about every division has been decimated by the number of pregnancies. Now tell me that's not going to hurt a ship."[71] A 1997 study by the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center found that female sailors assigned to ships experienced higher pregnancy and abortion rates than shore-based female sailors.[72]

A Navy policy change in June 2007 extended post-partum tours of duty ashore from 4 months to 12 months. A Virginia Pilot article in October 2007 reported on the navy's policy decision as a means to improve long term retention of trained personnel. The chief of women's policy for the chief of personnel noted that far more men than women fail to deploy or are sent back from deployment, "because of sports injuries, discipline issues or testing positive for drugs."[73]

In 2009, Andrew Tilghman reported in the Military Times on a Naval Inspector General (IG) report noting that, in the wake of this change, Navy shore commands based in Norfolk reported that 34% of their assigned members were pregnant sailors reassigned from ship duty. Since shore-based assignments for pregnant sailors were extended in 2007, the number of navy women leaving deploying units to have children rose from 1,770 in June 2006 to 3,125 as of 1 August 2009. Tilghman further reports that Navy Personnel Command is reviewing the report.[74]

Sexual orientation

Before the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and bisexual women (and gay men and bisexual men) were banned from serving in the military.[50] In 1993 the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted, which mandated that the military could not ask servicemembers about their sexual orientation.[51][52] However, until the policy was ended in 2011 service members were still expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex.[53]

Women on submarines

In July 1994, policy changes were made expanding the number of assignments available to women in the navy. At this time, repeal of the combat exclusion law gave women the opportunity to serve on surface combatant ships but still excluded assignments for women to serve on board submarines.[22][23] Previously there had been concern about bringing women onto submarines because living quarters offered little privacy and weren't considered suitable for mixed-gender habitation.[75]

In October 2009, the Secretary of the Navy announced that he and the Chief of Naval Operations were moving aggressively to change the policy.[25] Reasons included the fact that larger SSGN and SSBN submarines now in the Fleet had more available space and could accommodate female Officers with little or no modification. Also, the availability of qualified female candidates with the desire to serve in this capacity was cited. It was noted that women now represented 15% of the Active Duty Navy[25] and that women today earn about half of all science and engineering bachelor's degrees. A policy change was deemed to serve the aspirations of women, the mission of the navy and the strength of its submarine force.[22][25]

In February 2010, the Secretary of Defense approved the proposed policy and signed letters formally notifying Congress of the intended change. After receiving no objection, the Department of the Navy officially announced on 29 April 2010, that it had authorized women to serve on board submarines moving forward.[23]

The first group of U.S. female submariners completed nuclear power school and officially reported on board two ballistic and two guided missile submarines in November 2011.[26]

Admirals

Alene Duerk became the first female admiral in the navy in 1972.[13][14] Michelle J. Howard became the first female four-star admiral in the navy in 2014.[1]

Name Commission Position Community RDML RADM VADM ADM Retired Notes
1Michelle J. Howard 1982 (USNA) Vice Chief of Naval OperationsSurface Warfare 2006   2010   2012   2014   2017   Retired. Highest ranking woman in the US Navy and US Armed Forces
2Patricia A. Tracey 1970 Director, Navy Staff, N09B, Office of the Chief of Naval OperationsURL ?   ?   1996     2004   Retired. First woman to earn third star in the US Navy.
3Ann E. Rondeau 1974 (OCS) President, National Defense UniversityFleet Support 1999   2002   2005     2012   Retired.
4Nancy Elizabeth Brown 1974 (OCS) Director for C4 Systems (J6)URL 2000   2003   2006     2009   Retired.
5Carol M. Pottenger 1977 (ROTC) Deputy Chief of Staff for Capability and Development, Supreme Allied Commander TransformationSurface Warfare 2003   2007   2010     2013   Retired.
6Nanette M. DeRenzi 1984 (OIS) Judge Advocate General of the NavyJAG 2009  [76] 2009   2012     2015   Retired.
7Robin Braun 1980 Chief of Navy Reserve/Commander, Navy Reserve ForceReserve, Naval Aviator 2007   2011   2012     2016   Retired.
8Nora W. Tyson 1979 (OCS) Commander, US Third FleetNaval Flight Officer 2007   2011   2013     2017   Retired. First woman to command a carrier strike group.
9Jan E. Tighe 1984 (USNA) Commander, U.S. Fleet Cyber Command, Commander U. S. 10th FleetIDW/Crypto 2010   2013   2014     2018   First female IDW flag officer. First woman to command a numbered fleet.
78Raquel C. Bono 1979 Director, Defense Health AgencyMedical Corps 2011   2014   2015       Currently on active duty.
10Nancy A. Norton 1987 (OCS) Commander, Joint Forces Headquarters - Department of Defense Information Network (JFHQ-DODIN); Director of the Defense Information Agency (DISA) [77]IDW 2013   2016   2018       Currently on active duty.
11Fran McKee 1950 Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Human Resource ManagementURL 1976   1978       1981   First woman line officer promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy. Second woman promoted to flag rank in the United States Navy
12Roberta L. Hazard 1960 Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, Personnel Readiness and Community Support 1989–1992URL 1984   1989       1992   First woman to command a navy training command (NTC San Diego 1982).
13Marsha J. Evans 1967 Superintendent of the Naval Postgraduate School 1995–1998Fleet Support 1992   1996       1998   Retired.
14Joan Marie Engel 1969 18th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1994–1998SHCE (Nurse Corps) 1994   1997       2000   18th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
15Barbara E. McGann 1970 (OCS) Provost, Naval War College 2000–2002URL 1994   1998       2002   Notes.
16Ronne Froman 1970 Director, Ashore Readiness, Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.c. 2000 – 2001Fleet Support 1995   1999       2001   First woman commander of Navy Region Southwest (aka "Navy Mayor of San Diego"), 1997–2000.
17Bonnie Burnham Potter 1975 (OIS) Fleet Surgeon, U.S. Atlantic Fleet 1999–Medical Corps 1997   2000       2003   First female physician to become a flag officer in the military.
18Kathleen Paige 1971 Program Director, Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense 2003–2005Engineering Duty Officer 1996   2001       2005   Retired.
19Karen A. Harmeyer 1975 Chief of Staff, Chief of Naval Operations, N093R, Washington, D.C.SHCE (Nurse Corps) 1997   2001       2002   Retired. 1st female two-star in the Reserves.
20Kathleen L. Martin 1973 (OIS) Deputy Surgeon General of the Navy/ Vice Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 2002–2005SHCE (Nurse Corps) 1998   2001       2005   19th Director of the Navy Nurse Corps from August 1998 to August 2001. First Nurse Corps officer to be assigned to the position of Deputy Surgeon General of the Navy.
21Annette E. Brown 1974 (OCS) Commander, Navy Region Southeast (2002)Fleet Support 1999   2002      2005   Retired.
22Linda J. Bird 1974 (OCS) Director, Supply, Ordnance and Logistics Operations Division, N41 2003–2005Supply Corps 1999   2002?       2005   Retired.
23Elizabeth M. Morris 1973 (OIS) Deputy Chief for Reserve Affairs at the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 2005–2006?SHCE (Nurse Corps) 2001   2004       2006   Retired.
24Nancy J. Lescavage 1972 (OIS) Senior Health Care Executive Regional Director, TRICARE Regional Office – WestSHCE (Nurse Corps) 2003   2004         Retired.20th Director of the Navy Nurse Corps.
25Donna L. Crisp 1974 (OCS) Commander, Joint POW/MIA Accounting CommandURL 2001   2005         Retired.
26Ann D. Gilbride 1978 (OCS) Director, National Maritime Intelligence CenterReserve 2003   2006       ?   Retired.
27Sharon H. Redpath 1976 (ROTC) Vice Commander, Navy Expeditionary Combat Command, Commander, Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support GroupReserve 2003   2006       2009   Retired
28Elizabeth A. Hight 1977 (OCS) Vice Director, Defense Information Systems AgencyURL 2003   2006       ?   Retired. First woman to Command the JTF-GNO, after serving as its Deputy Commander. First woman Vice Director at DISA.
29Christine Bruzek-Kohler 1974 Commander, Navy Medicine West, Naval Medical Center San DiegoNurse Corps 2004   2009       2010   Retired. 21st Director of the Navy Nurse Corps.
30Christine S. Hunter 1980 deputy director, TRICARE Management ActivityMedical 2004   2009         Retired.
31Wendi B. Carpenter 1977 (AOCS) Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command, NorfolkReserve 2004   2008       2011   Retired. First female naval aviator promoted to Flag rank.
32Karen Flaherty 1973 (OIS) Deputy Surgeon General of Navy MedicineNurse Corps 2003   2008         Retired. 22nd Director of the Navy Nurse Corps.
33Moira N. Flanders 1978 (OCS) Director, Inter-American Defense CollegeURL 2005   2007         Retired.
34Kathleen M. Dussault 1979 (OCS) Director, Supply, Ordnance and Logistics Operations Division (OPNAV N41)Supply Corps 2006   2009         Retired.
35Janice M. Hamby 1980 (ROTC) Vice Director for C4 Systems (J6)URL, then Information Professional[78] 2006   2009       2012   Retired.
36Elizabeth S. Niemyer 1981 Director, Navy Nurse CorpsNurse Corps 2008   2010         Retired. 23rd Director of the Navy Nurse Corps
37Patricia E. Wolfe 1981 (ROTC) Commander, Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group (NAVELSG)Reserve, Supply Corps 2007   2010         Retired.
38Cynthia A. Covell 1980 (OCS) Director, Total Force Requirements Division (OPNAV N12)Navy Human Resources Officer 2008   2011         Retired.
39Margaret D. Klein 1981 (USNA) Senior Advisor to the Secretary of Defense for Military ProfessionalismNaval Flight Officer 2008   2011       2017   82nd Commandant of Midshipmen, USNA – first woman.
40Sandy Daniels 1980 (USNA) Senior Advisor for Space to the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Dominance (OPNAV N2/N6)Reserve 2007   2012         Retired.
41Katherine L. Gregory 1982 (USNA) Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Chief of Civil EngineersCEC 2010   2012         First female CEC admiral.
42Elizabeth L. Train 1983 (OCS) Director, National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office, Commander, Office of Naval IntelligenceIntelligence 2009   2012         Currently on active duty.
43Paula C. Brown 1982 Deputy Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Deputy Chief of Civil EngineersCEC 2010   2013         Currently on active duty.
44Elaine C. Wagner 1984 Deputy Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Wounded, Ill and InjuredDental Corps 2010   2013       2017   Retired. Chief of the Naval Dental Corps, 2010 – 2017.
45Althea H. Coetzee 1985 (USNA) Deputy Director, Contingency Contracting, Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy (DPAP), OSD (Acquisition Technology & Logistics)Supply Corps 2011   2014         Currently on active duty.
46Janet R. Donovan 1983 Deputy Judge Advocate General (Reserve Affairs & OPS)JAG 2012   2014         Currently serving.
47Martha E. G. Herb 1979 (OCS) Director Inter-American Defense CollegeEOD 2010   2014         Retired Aug 2018.
48Valerie K. Huegel 1980 (OCS) Commander, Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support GroupSupply Corps 2011   2014         Currently on active duty.
49Rebecca J. McCormick-Boyle 1981 Chief of Staff, Bureau of Medicine and SurgeryNurse Corps 2011   2014         Currently on active duty.
50Margaret G. Kibben 1986 (OIS) Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps, deputy chief of Navy ChaplainsChaplain Corps 2010   2014         18th Chaplain of the USMC, first female chaplain at USNA.
51Alene B. Duerk 1943 Director Navy Nurse Corps 1970–1975Nurse Corps 1972         1975   First female admiral in the United States Navy. Director Navy Nurse Corps 1970–1975.
52Maxine Conder 1951 Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1975–1979Nurse Corps 1975         1979?   Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
53Frances Shea-Buckley 1951 14th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1979–1983Nurse Corps 1979         1983   14th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
54Pauline Hartington 1953 Commander, Naval Training Center OrlandoURL 1981         1983?   Second woman line officer selected for flag rank.
55Grace Hopper 1944 Head, Training and Technology Directorate/Special Advisor to the Commander, Naval Data Automation CommandURL? 1983         1986   Co-inventor of COBOL. Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) named for RADM Hopper.
56Mary Joan Nielubowicz 1951 15th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1983–1987Nurse Corps 1983         1987   Retired. 15th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
57Mary F. Hall 1959 16th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1987–1991Nurse Corps 1987         1991   Retired. Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
58Louise C. Wilmot 1964 Commander, Naval Base Philadelphia −1994URL 1988         1994   Retired. First woman to command a naval base.
59Mariann Stratton 1966 17th Director, Navy Nurse Corps 1991–1994Nurse Corps 1991         1994   Retired. 17th Director, Navy Nurse Corps.
60Maryanne T. Gallagher Ibach 1964 Reserve Nurse Corps 1990         1995   Retired. First Reserve flag officer for Navy Nurse Corps.
61Katharine L. Laughton 1963 Commander, Naval Space Command, Dahlgren, VA 1995–1997Fleet Support 1993         1997   Retired.
62Nancy A. Fackler 1962 Deputy Director of the Navy Nurse Corps for Reserve AffairsReserve Nurse Corps 1994         1997   retired.
63Jacqueline O. (Allison) Barnes ???? Director, On-Site Inspection Directorate 1998–2000Fleet Support 1996         2000   Retired.
64Lillian E. Fishburne 1973 (OCS) Director, Information Transfer Division for the Space, Information Warfare, Command and Control Directorate ?-2001URL 1998         2001   Retired. First African-American woman to achieve flag rank.
65Marianne B. Drew 1967 Deputy Commander, Navy Personnel CommandReserve, Fleet Support 1998         2002   Retired.
66Eleanor Mariano 1977 White House PhysicianMedical Corps 2000         2001   Retired. First Filipino-American flag officer.
67Rosanne M. Levitre 1973 (OCS) Director of Intelligence, J2, U.S. Joint Forces CommandIntelligence 2000         2005   Retired. First Director, Navy Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), FORCEnet. First female Intel officer selected for flag rank in the United States Navy.
68Carol I. Turner 1977 Senior Health Care Executive, U.S. Navy Commander, Navy Medicine Support CommandDental Corps 2003         2008?   Retired. First female Chief of the Naval Dental Corps, 2003–2007.
69Deborah Loewer 1976 (OCS) Commander, Mine Warfare Command 2005–2006Surface Warfare 2003         2007   Retired. First warfare-qualified woman selected for flag rank in the United States Navy.
70Cynthia A. Dullea 1980 (OIS) Deputy Commander, Navy Medicine National Capital AreaReserve 2007           Retired.
71Maude Elizabeth Young 1984 (USNA) Director, Systems Engineering National Reconnaissance Office; Commander, SPAWAR Space Field Activity (SSFA), PEO for Space Systems, USNURL 2008           Retired.
72Eleanor V. Valentin 1982 Director, Medical Service Corps, Commander, Navy Medicine Support Command, Jacksonville, FloridaMSC 2009           Retired. 16th director of the Medical Service Corps (first female director)
73Robin L. Graf 1981 (OCS) Deputy Commander, Navy Recruiting CommandURL 2009           Retired.
74Diane E. H. Webber ? Commander, Navy Cyber ForcesURL 2009           Currently on active duty.
75Ann Claire Phillips 1983 (ROTC) Commander, Expeditionary Strike Group TwoSurface Warfare 2010           Retired.
76Gretchen S. Herbert[79] 1984 (ROTC) Assistant Chief of Naval Operations, Next Generation Enterprise Network (NGEN)URL 2010           Retired.
77Margaret A. Rykowski 1987 Fleet Surgeon, Third FleetNNC 2010           Retired.
78Sandra E. Adams 1981 (OCS) Deputy Commander, Naval Expeditionary Combat CommandURL (SWO) 2011           Currently on active duty.
79Annie B. Andrews ?? (ROTC) Commander, Navy Recruiting CommandNavy Human Resources Officer 2011           Currently on active duty.
80Cindy L. Jaynes 1983 (OCS) Program Executive Officer for Air ASW, Assault & Special Mission Programs, PEO(A)AMDO 2011           Currently on active duty.
81Christina M. Alvarado 1988 Deputy Commander, Navy Medicine EastNurse Corps 2013           Currently on active duty.
82Babette Bolivar (USNA) Commander, Navy Region SouthwestEOD/ Diving & Salvage 2013           Currently on active duty.
83Priscilla B. Coe Deputy Chief of Staff, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Deputy Chief, Navy Reserve Dental CorpsDental Corps 2013           Currently on active duty.
84Lisa Franchetti 1985 (NROTC) Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Korea, Commander, U.S. Navy Region KoreaSWO 2013           Currently on active duty.
85Alma M. Grocki 1981 (USNA) Deputy Chief of Staff for Fleet Maintenance, Commander, U.S. Pacific FleetReserve EDO 2013           Currently serving.
86Deborah P. Haven Commander, Defense Contract Management Agency InternationalReserve Supply Corps 2013           Currently serving.
88Barbara Sweredoski 1985 (NROTC) Reserve Deputy, Military Personnel Plans & Policy N13RHR 2013           Currently serving.
89Cynthia Thebaud 1985 (USNA) Commander, Logistics Group Western Pacific, Commander, Task Force 73, Singapore Area CoordinatorSWO 2013           Currently on active duty.
90Dawn E. Cutler 1989 (NROTC) Chief of Information (CHINFO) PAO 2016           Retired August 2017.
91Danelle Barrett 1989 (NROTC) Cyber Security Division Director/Deputy Department of the Navy Chief Information Officer IDWO 2017           Currently on active duty.
92Roseanne Roberts 1962 Helicopter captain, HC-3, Naval Air Force Pacific, HC-3           Retired
93Kelly Aeschbach 19?? (NROTC) Deputy Director of Intelligence, U.S. Forces Afghanistan/Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Headquarters Resolute Support[80]             Currently on active duty.
94 Linda Wackerman 1986 First female C9 Squadron CO, VR52; Commander of NEPLO Program; Deputy Director OPNAV N81; Deputy Commander Navy IG; Deputy Commander USNAVSO and US FOURTH Fleet Naval Aviator 2014 2018 Retired from USN and Pilot for American Airlines

See also

References
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  2. Howard becomes Navy’s first woman, first African American four-star admiral - St. Louis American: Local News. Stlamerican.com (1 July 2014). Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
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  19. Technically, the case was decided under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, not under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since the latter applies not to the federal government but to the states. However, because Bolling v. Sharpe, through the doctrine of reverse incorporation, made the standards of the Equal Protection Clause applicable to the federal government, it was for practical purposes an addition not to due process, but rather to equal protection jurisprudence.
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  21. Personal involvement, I was one of the instructors to the first 2 women Machinist's Mates to successfully qualify as Nucs at the S8G prototype in Ballston Spa, NY
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  75. Graham, Ian (11 May 2011). "Submarine Integration a Learning Process, Task Force Leader Says". Navy.mil. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  76. DeRenzi never held the rank of rear admiral (lower half) (O-7). She was promoted from captain (O-6) to rear admiral (O-8) when she assumed the duties of Deputy Judge Advocate General in 2009.
  77. https://www.disa.mil/NewsandEvents/2018/Change-of-Command
  78. "Interview with Director of Operations for Naval Network Warfare Command Rear Admiral Janice M. Hamby". CHIPS Magazine. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  79. "Rear Admiral Gretchen S. Herbert; Commander, Navy Cyber Forces". Navy.mil. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  80. As of 10 April 2017

Further reading

Bibliographies
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