The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp

Major-General Clive Wynne-Candy (Roger Livesey) is a senior commander in the Home Guard during the Second World War. Before a training exercise, he is "captured" in a Turkish bath by soldiers led by Lieutenant "Spud" Wilson, who has struck pre-emptively. He ignores Candy's outraged protests that "War starts at midnight!" They scuffle and fall into a bathing pool.

An extended flashback ensues.

Berlin
In 1902, Lieutenant Candy has returned from the Boer War. A senior officer chastises Candy and another junior officer criticises the two for wasting time socialising (going to see "The Last of the Dandies") then spots that Candy is wearing a Victoria Cross and the senior officer suddenly realises he is speaking to the famous "Candy".

He receives a letter from Edith Hunter (Deborah Kerr), who is working in Berlin. She complains that a German named Kaunitz is spreading anti-British propaganda, and she wants the British embassy to intervene. Candy brings this to his superiors' attention, and they discuss the new author Arthur Conan Doyle who is working on gathering intelligence in South Africa. However, the embassy refuse him permission to go to Berlin, but he goes anyway.

In Berlin, Candy and Edith go to a café, where he spots Kaunitz. He knows him from an earlier joint confinement and he provokes him by continually getting the band to play "Mignon". Kaunitz comes to confront him and after a brief argument spits in Candy's face. Candy strikes him to the ground. Provoked, Candy also insults the Imperial German Army officer corps. Two officers go to see Fitzroy in the embassy and insist that Candy fight a duel with an officer chosen by lot: Theo Kretschmar-Schuldorff (Anton Walbrook). Edith and Fitzroy wait outside in a carriage to learn the outcome.

Candy and Theo become friends while recuperating from their wounds in the same nursing home. Edith visits them regularly and, although it is implied that she has feelings for Clive,[4] she becomes engaged to Theo. Candy is delighted, but soon realises that he loves her himself. When first bandaged Candy is unable to speak because his wound is to his lip. He decides to grow a moustache.

Candy returns to London and is chastised by the embassy. He begins dating Edith's sister and they go to the theatre to see "Ulysses".

A decade of big game hunting is represented by various dated animal heads appearing on the wall of his aunt's house.

First World War
In November 1918 Candy, now a brigadier general, believes that the Allies won the First World War because "right is might". While in France, he meets nurse Barbara Wynne (Kerr again). She bears a striking resemblance to Edith. Back in England, he courts and marries her despite their twenty-year age difference. They move to a large Georgian townhouse in London, where Murdoch is now the butler.

In July 1919 Candy tracks Theo down at a prisoner of war camp in Derbyshire. Candy greets him as if nothing has changed, but Theo snubs him.

On 26 August about to be repatriated to Germany, Theo apologises and accepts an invitation to Clive's house. He remains sceptical that his country will be treated fairly. He returns to Germany but his career ends in 1920 as Germany was forced to abolish its army.

Candy has another decade of big game hunting again shown by trophy heads appearing on his wall.

Barbara dies in August 1926, and Candy retires in 1935.

Second World War
In November 1939, Theo relates to a British Immigration official how he was estranged from his children when they became Nazis. Before the war, he refused to move to England when Edith wanted to; by the time he was ready, she had died. Candy vouches for Theo.

Candy reveals to Theo that he loved Edith and only realised it after it was too late. He admits that he never got over it. Theo meets Candy's MTC driver, Angela "Johnny" Cannon (Kerr again), personally chosen by the Englishman; Theo is struck by her resemblance to Barbara and Edith.

Candy, restored to the active list, is to give a BBC radio talk regarding the retreat from Dunkirk. Candy plans to say he would rather lose the war than win it using the methods employed by the Nazis: his talk is cancelled. Theo urges his friend to accept the need to fight and win by whatever means are necessary, because the consequences of losing are so dire. Theo says that it is not that Britain won the war, it is that Germany lost it.

Candy is again retired, but, at Theo's and Angela's urging, turns his energy to the Home Guard. Candy is instrumental in building up the Home Guard. His house is destroyed in the Blitz and replaced by an emergency water supply cistern. Murdoch (also in the home guard) is killed in October 1940. Candy moves to his club, where he relaxes in a Turkish bath before a training exercise he has arranged.

The brash young lieutenant who captures Candy is Angela's boyfriend, who used her to learn about Candy's plans and location. She tries to warn Candy, but is too late.

Theo and Angela find Candy sitting across the street from where his house stood. He recalls that after being given a severe dressing down by his superior for causing the diplomatic incident, he declined the man's invitation to dinner, and often regretted doing so. He tells Angela to invite her boyfriend to dine with him.

Years before, Clive promised Barbara that he would "never change" until his house was flooded and "this is a lake". Seeing the cistern, he realises that "here is the lake and I still haven't changed". Candy salutes the new guard as it passes by.

Cast notes:

• Making their second appearance in The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp were director Michael Powell's golden cocker spaniels, Erik and Spangle, who had previously appeared in Contraband (1940), and went on to be seen in the Powell and Pressburger films I Know Where I'm Going! (1945) and A Matter of Life and Death (US: Stairway to Heaven, 1946).[5]

According to the directors, the idea for the film did not come from the newspaper comic strip by David Low but from a scene cut from their previous film, One of Our Aircraft Is Missing, in which an elderly member of the crew tells a younger one, "You don't know what it's like to be old." Powell has stated that the idea was actually suggested by David Lean (then an editor) who, when removing the scene from the film, mentioned that the premise of the conversation was worthy of a film in its own right.[6]

Powell wanted Laurence Olivier (who had previously appeared in Powell and Pressburger's 49th Parallel and The Volunteer) to play Candy. However, the Ministry of Information refused to release Olivier—who was serving in the Fleet Air Arm—from active service, telling Powell and Pressburger, "...we advise you not to make it and you can't have Laurence Olivier because he's in the Fleet Air Arm and we're not going to release him to play your Colonel Blimp".[7]

Powell wanted Wendy Hiller to play Kerr's parts but she pulled out due to pregnancy. The character of Frau von Kalteneck, a friend of Theo Kretschmar-Schuldorff, was played by Roger Livesey's wife Ursula Jeans. Although they often appeared on stage together, this was their only appearance together in a film.

Further problems were caused by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who, prompted by objections from James Grigg, his secretary of state for war, sent a memo suggesting the production be stopped. Grigg warned that the public's belief in the "Blimp conception of the Army officer" would be given "a new lease of life".[8] After Ministry of Information and War Office officials had viewed a rough cut, objections were withdrawn in May 1943. Churchill's disapproval remained, however, and at his insistence an export ban, much exploited in advertising by the British distributors, remained in place until August of that year.[8]

The film was shot in four months at Denham Film Studios and on location in and around London, and at Denton Hall in Yorkshire. Filming was made difficult by the wartime shortages and by Churchill's objections leading to a ban on the production crew having access to any military personnel or equipment. But they still managed to "find" quite a few Army vehicles and plenty of uniforms.

Michael Powell once said of The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp that it is

... a 100% British film but it's photographed by a Frenchman, it's written by a Hungarian, the musical score is by a German Jew, the director was English, the man who did the costumes was a Czech; in other words, it was the kind of film that I've always worked on with a mixed crew of every nationality, no frontiers of any kind."[9]

At other times he also pointed out that the designer was German, and the leads included Austrian and Scottish actors.

The military advisor for the film was Lieutenant General Sir Douglas Brownrigg (1886-1946) whose own career was rather similar to Wynne-Candy's, as he had served with distinction in the First World War, was retired after Dunkirk and then took a senior role in the Home Guard.[10]

The film was released in the UK in 1943. The première, organised by Lady Margaret Alexander, took place on 10 June at the Odeon cinema, Leicester Square, London, with all proceeds donated to the Odeon Services and Seamen's Fund.[11] The film was heavily attacked on release mainly because of its sympathetic presentation of a German officer, albeit an anti-Nazi one, who is more down-to-earth and realistic than the central British character. Sympathetic German characters had previously appeared in the films of Powell and Pressburger, for example The Spy in Black and 49th Parallel, the latter of which was also made during the war.

The film provoked an extremist pamphlet, The Shame and Disgrace of Colonel Blimp, by "right-wing sociologists E. W. and M. M. Robson", members of the obscure Sidneyan Society, which proclaimed it "A highly elaborate, flashy, flabby and costly film, the most disgraceful production that has ever emanated from a British film studio."

The film was the third most popular movie at the British box office in 1943, after In Which We Serve and Casablanca.[12][13]

Due to the British government's disapproval of the film, it was not released in the United States until 1945 and then in a modified form, as The Adventures of Colonel Blimp or simply Colonel Blimp. The original cut was 163 minutes. It was reduced to a 150-minute version, then later to 90 minutes for television. One of the crucial changes made to the shortened versions was the removal of the film's flashback structure.[14]

In 1983, the original cut was restored for a re-release, much to Emeric Pressburger's delight. Pressburger, as affirmed by his grandson Kevin Macdonald on a Carlton Region 2 DVD featurette, considered Blimp the best of his and Powell's works.

Nearly thirty years later, The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp underwent another restoration similar to that performed on The Red Shoes. The fundraising was spearheaded by Martin Scorsese and his long-time editor, Thelma Schoonmaker, also Michael Powell's widow. Restoration work was completed by the Academy Film Archive[15] in association with the BFI, ITV Studios Global Entertainment Ltd. (the current copyright holders), and The Film Foundation, with funding provided by The Material World Charitable Foundation, the Louis B. Mayer Foundation, Cinema per Roma Foundation, and The Film Foundation.

The restored film was shown around the world.[16]

Although the film is strongly pro-British, it is a satire on the British Army, especially its leadership. It suggests that Britain faced the option of following traditional notions of honourable warfare or to "fight dirty" in the face of such an evil enemy as Nazi Germany.[17][18] There is also a certain similarity between Candy and Churchill and some historians have suggested that Churchill may have wanted the production stopped because he had mistaken the film for a parody of himself (he had himself served in the Boer War and the First World War).[19][20] Churchill's exact reasons remain unclear, but he was acting only on a description of the planned film from his staff, not on a viewing of the film itself.

Since the highly successful re-release of the film in the 1980s, The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp has been re-evaluated.[21] The film is praised for its dazzling Technicolor cinematography (which, with later films such as The Red Shoes and Black Narcissus, would arguably become The Archers' greatest legacy), the performances by the lead actors as well as for transforming, in Roger Ebert's words; "a blustering, pigheaded caricature into one of the most loved of all movie characters".[22] David Mamet has written: "My idea of perfection is Roger Livesey (my favorite actor) in The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (my favorite film) about to fight Anton Walbrook (my other favorite actor)."[23] Stephen Fry saw the film as addressing "what it means to be English", and praised it for the bravery of taking a "longer view of history" in 1943.[24] Anthony Lane of the New Yorker said in 1995 that the film "may be the greatest English film ever made, not least because it looks so closely at the incurable condition of being English".[25]

The film appears in Empire's list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time at number 80.[26]

• BFI Top 100 British films

• The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp on IMDb
• The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp at the TCM Movie Database
• The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp at Rotten Tomatoes
• The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp at AllMovie
• The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp at the BFI's Screenonline. Full synopsis and film stills (and clips viewable from UK libraries).
• BFI's Top Fifty (British) Films
• Blimp material at the Powell & Pressburger Appreciation Society
• BBC Radio 4 programme on the film with contributions by Martin Scorsese, Thelma Schoonmaker, Kevin Macdonald, and Ian Christie.
• The Shame and Disgrace of Colonel Blimp
• The Life and Death and Life of Colonel Blimp an essay by Molly Haskell at the Criterion Collection

DVD reviews

Region 2 UK – Carlton DVD

• Various short reviews
• TheCritic review

Region 2 France – Warner Home Vidéo / L'Institut Lumière

• Review by John White at DVD Times (UK)

Region 1 USA – Criterion Collection

• DVD Savant
• Roger Ebert
• DVD Journal

DVD comparisons

• DVD Beaver comparison of Carlton & Criterion releases
• Celtoslavica comparison of Carlton & Criterion releases