Tariff of 1791
Tariff of 1791 or Excise Whiskey Tax of 1791 was an United States statute establishing a taxation policy to further reduce Colonial America public debt as assumed by the residuals of American Revolution.[1][2][3][4] The Act of Congress imposed duties or tariffs on domestic and imported distilled spirits generating government revenue while fortifying the Federalist Era.
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Long title | An Act repealing, after the last day of June next, the duties hereto-fore laid upon Distilled Spirits imported from abroad, and laying others in their stead; and also upon Spirits distilled within the United States, and for appropriating the same. |
Nicknames | Excise Whiskey Tax of 1791 |
Enacted by | the 1st United States Congress |
Effective | March 3, 1791 |
Citations | |
Public law | Pub.L. 1–15 |
Statutes at Large | 1 Stat. 199, Chap. 15 |
Legislative history | |
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The H.R. 110 tariff legislation originated as a panacea for the Hamiltonian economic program. The Debt Assumption policy was introduced as a series of public credit and national debt reports authored by Alexander Hamilton from 1790 to 1795.[5][6]
Opposition of Federalist Economic Plan
Colonial America was observant of the militia insurrection in response to the progressive debt collection and tax rulings charged by the Federalist taxation plan.
Shays' Rebellion and Whiskey Rebellion were notable uprisings where American colonists express their sentiments concerning the public debt reconciliation plan while the newly formed government fulfilled the demands of Funding Act of 1790 during the late 18th century.[7] The colonial protests were necessitated by the enforcement of the Federalist taxation plan as submitted by Alexander Hamilton on January 14, 1790 better known as the First Report on the Public Credit.[8][9][10]
Associated Distilled Spirits Statutes
Chronology of 18th century colonial laws related to the duties or tariffs applied to domestic and imported distilled spirits.
Date of Enactment | Public Law Number | U.S. Statute Citation | U.S. Legislative Bill | U.S. Presidential Administration |
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May 8, 1792 | Pub.L. 2–32 | 1 Stat. 267 | Chapter 32 | George Washington |
June 5, 1794 | Pub.L. 3–49 | 1 Stat. 378 | Chapter 49 | George Washington |
June 7, 1794 | Pub.L. 3–53 | 1 Stat. 390 | Chapter 53 | George Washington |
June 1, 1796 | Pub.L. 4–49 | 1 Stat. 492 | Chapter 49 | George Washington |
March 3, 1797 | Pub.L. 4–11 | 1 Stat. 504 | Chapter 11 | George Washington |
January 29, 1798 | Pub.L. 5–10 | 1 Stat. 539 | Chapter 10 | John Adams |
April 7, 1798 | Pub.L. 5–25 | 1 Stat. 547 | Chapter 25 | John Adams |
See also
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to |
Colonial and European Ambassadors, Diplomats, Financiers, Merchants, and Statesmen
William Carmichael | Gouverneur Morris |
Étienne Clavière | Jacques Necker |
William Duer | Joseph Nourse |
Diego de Gardoqui | William Short |
Henry Hope | Nicolaas van Staphorst |
Jean-Joseph de Laborde | Willem Willink |
References
- Jefferson, Thomas (1790). "French Debt". The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress.
- Franklin, Benjamin (September 16, 1779). "French Loan Certificate". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Franklin, Benjamin (February 29, 1780). "French Loan Certificate". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Franklin, Benjamin (May 15, 1781). "French Loan Certificate". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Madison, James (April 22, 1790). "Assumption of the State Debts, 22 April 1790". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Jefferson, Thomas (1790). "Memorandum on Assumption of State Debts". The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress.
- 1st U.S. Congress (July 12, 1790). "Senate Committee Report for Funding National Debt". The Library of Congress.
- Hamilton, Alexander (January 9, 1790). "Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit". Alexander Hamilton Papers: Speeches and Writings File, 1778-1804. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress.
- Hamilton, Alexander (January 9, 1790). "Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit with Enclosures, 9 January 1790". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (December 13, 1790). "First Report on the Further Provision Necessary for Establishing Public Credit"; Second Draft". Alexander Hamilton Papers: Speeches and Writings File, 1778-1804. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress.
Correspondence of Alexander Hamilton & George Washington
- Hamilton, Alexander (February 23, 1791). "Enclosure: Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank, 23 February 1791". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (July 29, 1792). "To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 29 July 1792" [New Regulation of Allowances]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (September 1, 1792). "To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 1 September 1792" [Excise Law in Western Survey of District of Pennsylvania]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (June 15, 1793). "Enclosure Report on Obtaining New Foreign Loans, 15 June 1793". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (April 21, 1794). "To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 21 April 1794" [Amsterdam Commissioners Announcing the Undertaking of Loan]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (April 25, 1794). "From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 25 April 1794" [Holland Loan of 1794]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (August 5, 1794). "From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 5 August 1794" [Disagreeable Crisis in Western Counties of Pennsylvania]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (September 2, 1794). "From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 2 September 1794" [A Spirit Hostile to Execution of the Laws]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Hamilton, Alexander (January 20, 1795). "To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 20 January 1795" [Installment Payments of Foreign Debts]. Founders Online. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
Bibliography
- Oldmixon, John; Moll, Herman (1708). The British Empire in America - Vol. I. Internet Archive. I. London, G.B.: John Nicholson and Benjamin Tooke. OCLC 1041654741.
- Oldmixon, John (1741). The British Empire in America - Vol. II. Internet Archive. II. London, G.B.: J. Brotherton and J. Clarke. OCLC 65347255.
- Fothergill, John (1765). Considerations Relative to the North American Colonies. Internet Archive. London, G.B.: Henry Kent. OCLC 83457228.
- Jenyns, Soame (1765). Objections to the Taxation of our American Colonies, by the Legislature of Great Britain, Briefly Consider'd. Internet Archive. London, G.B.: J. Wilkie. OCLC 65351127.
- Hopkins, Stephen (1766). The Grievances of the American Colonies Candidly Examined. Internet Archive. London, G.B.: J. Almon, Opposite Burlington House in Picadilly. OCLC 65350684.
- Brackenridge, Henry M. (1859). "History of the Western Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania, 1794". Internet Archive. Pittsburgh, Penn.: W.S. Haven. OCLC 1383306.
- Edler, Friedrich (1911). "The Dutch Republic and the American Revolution". Internet Archive. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press. OCLC 186717786.
- Perkins, James Breck (1911). "France In The American Revolution". Internet Archive. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company. OCLC 177577.
- Wiley, Richard T. (1912). "The Whiskey Insurrection: A General View". Internet Archive. Elizabeth, Penn.: Herald Printing Co. OCLC 9327050.
- Guthrie, William D. (1916). "America's Debt to France: The Most Unalterable Gratitude". Internet Archive. New York: American Society for the Relief of French War Orphans. OCLC 6472958.
- Penniman, James H. (1921). "I, Our Debt To France; II, What Lafayette Did For America". Internet Archive. Philadelphia, Penn.: Philadelphia. OCLC 5962930.
- Washington Lafayette Institution (1926). "Our Debt To France". Internet Archive. New York City: The Washington Lafayette Institution. OCLC 1721177.
- Miller, John C. (1960). "The Federalist Era 1789-1801". Internet Archive. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 425211.
- Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric (1993). The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195093810. OCLC 26720733.
- Beer, Samuel H. (1993). To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674893177. OCLC 25631558.
Historical Video Archives
- "The Whiskey Rebellion". Internet Archive. Pathe Exchange. 1924.
- "George Washington and The Whiskey Rebellion: Testing the Constitution". Internet Archive. Learning Corporation of America. 1974.
- Hamilton's Financial Plan and The Whiskey Rebellion on YouTube
- The Whiskey Rebellion from Founding Brothers on YouTube
- Alexander Hamilton: First Secretary of the Treasury on YouTube
External links
- Hoover, Michael. "The Whiskey Rebellion". Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ~ Public Information. U.S. Department of the Treasury.
- Knott, Stephen (4 October 2016). "George Washington: Domestic Affairs". Miller Center Office of Domestic Affairs. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia.
- Lucas, Stephen E. (4 November 2015). "The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence". America's Founding Documents. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- Scanlon, Donna (December 2009). "The Whiskey Rebellion". Business Reference Section. The Library of Congress.
- Washington, George (January 2, 1781). "Estimate on the National Debt". George Washington Papers: Series 4, General Correspondence. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress.
- Tillman, Benjamin R. (May 1, 1894). "Our Whiskey Rebellion". Internet Archive. The North American Review.
- "U.S. Debt and Foreign Loans, 1775–1795". Office of the Historian. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State.
- "The 1791 Excise Whiskey Tax". Office of History, Art, & Archives. Washington, D.C.: United States House of Representatives. January 27, 1791.
- "The Whiskey Rebellion". MountVernon.org. Mount Vernon, Virginia: George Washington's Mount Vernon.