Standard drink

A standard drink is a measure of alcohol consumption representing a hypothetical beverage which contains a fixed amount of pure alcohol. A standard drink varies in volume depending on the alcohol concentration of the beverage (for example, a standard drink of spirits takes up much less space than a standard drink of beer), but it always contains the same amount of alcohol and therefore produces the same amount of drunkenness.

United States standard drinks of beer, malt liquor, wine, and spirits compared.

The standard drink is used in relation to recommendations about alcohol consumption and its relative risks to health. Many government health guidelines specify low to high risk amounts in units of grams of pure alcohol per day, week, or single occasion. The concept of the standard drink is meant to help visualize and estimate the absolute alcohol content of various drink concentrations and serving sizes.

For example, in the United States, a standard drink contains about 14 grams of alcohol.[1] This corresponds to a 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 mL) glass of 4.1% beer, a 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 mL) glass of 12% ABV (alcohol by volume) wine, or a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 mL) so-called "shot" of spirit[2], assuming that beer is 5% ABV, wine is 12% ABV, and spirits is 40% ABV (80 proof). Most wine today is higher than 12% ABV (the average ABV in Napa Valley in 1971 was 12.5% [3]). 80 proof is still the standard for spirits, though higher alcohol content is common.

Different countries define standard drinks differently. For example, in Australia, a standard drink contains 10 grams of alcohol,[4] but in Japan, one "unit" contains approximately 20 grams[5]. In addition, a standard drink is often different from normal serving size in the country in which it is served.[6]

Labeling is usually required to give an indication of alcoholic content of a serving. Australia requires that "the label on a package of an alcoholic beverage must include a statement of the number of standard drinks in the package".[4]

The term "standard drink" was used in the United Kingdom in the first guidelines (1984) that published "safe limits" for drinking, but this was replaced by reference to units of alcohol in the 1987 guidelines and that term has been used in all subsequent UK guidance.[7] A unit of alcohol is defined there as 10 millilitres (8 grams) of pure alcohol.[8][9] This definition is independent of the strength (% ABV) and amount (volume) of any individual alcoholic beverage. The number of units of alcohol in a bottle or can (and, optionally, the number of units in a typical serving) are indicated on the drink container. Typical servings deliver 1–3 units of alcohol.[10]

Definitions in various countries

These are the amounts of alcohol defined by several countries for standardising measurement of drinking levels and providing public health information. As well as choosing different quantities for a "standard" drink, some choose to base the definition on mass of alcohol (in grams) while others base the unit on the volume (in mL or other volume units). For comparison, both measurements are shown here. There is no single standard but more countries have adopted the WHO "standard drink" of 10g alcohol than have adopted any other amount.[11] The terminology for the unit also varies, as shown in the Notes column.

CountryMass (g)Volume (mL)Notes
Australia[11][12]1012.7
Austria[11][13]2025.3
Canada[11][14][15]13.617.2
Denmark[11][13]1215.2
Finland[16]1215.2
France[11]1012.7
Germany[11][17]1113.8standardglas defined as containing 10 - 12g (central value used here)
Hong Kong[18]1012.7
Hungary1721.5
Iceland[11][19]810áfengiseining defined as 8g but treated as equivalent to 10mL
Ireland[11][20]1012.7
Italy[11]1012.7unita standard defined as 10mL
Japan[21][5]19.7525"unit (tan'i)". MHLW's conventional unit, based on 1 gō (unit)(approx. 180mL) of sake. Not any "standard".
Japan[5] 10 12.7 "drink (dorinku)". Introduced around 2011CE to align with WHO AUDIT, and to avoid the conventional unit (20g) of giving a false impression of "minimum amount to drink".[22] Sometimes also called "unit (tan'i)".[23] Has no implication of being any "standard".
Netherlands[13]1012.7
New Zealand[11][24][25]1012.7
Poland[11]1012.7
Portugal[11]1113.810 - 12g (central value used here)
Spain[11]1012.7
Sweden[26]1215.2standardglas corresponds to 33 cl 5 % beer, 13 cl wine, or a drink or shot based on 4 cl 40 % liquor
Switzerland[11]1215.2
United Kingdom[11][27]810unit of alcohol defined as 10mL but treated as equivalent to 8g
United States[11][28]1417.7standard drink defined as 0.6 fl oz (US) or 14g

Calculation of pure alcohol mass in a serving

Pure alcohol mass in a serving can be calculated if concentration, density and volume are known.

For example, a 350 ml glass of beer with an ABV of 5.5% contains 19.25 ml of pure alcohol, which has a density of 789.24 g/L (at 20 °C), and therefore a mass of 15.19 grams.

or

When drink size is in fluid ounces (which differ between the UK and the US), the following conversions can be used:

CountryVolume of fl. oz. (mL)Mass of fl. oz. of alcohol (g)
UK28.4122.42
US29.5723.34

One should bear in mind that a pint in the UK is 20 imperial fluid ounces, whereas a pint in the US is 16 US fluid ounces. However, as 1 imperial fl. oz. ≈ 0.961 US fl. oz., this means 1 imperial pint ≈ 1.201 US pints (i.e. 0.961 × 20/16) instead of 1.25 US pints.

Time to metabolise

On average, it takes about one hour for the body to metabolise (break down) one UK unit of alcohol, 10 ml (8 grams). However, this can vary with body weight, sex, age, personal metabolic rate, recent food intake, the type and strength of the alcohol, and medications taken. Alcohol may be metabolised more slowly if liver function is impaired.[10]

To determine time to metabolise, multiply one hour by the number of alcohol units in the local definition of a standard drink. For example, in the United States one standard drink contains 14 grams = 1.75 units of alcohol, and so takes the body about an hour and three-quarters to process.

See also

References

Explanatory notes

    Citations

    1. 14 grams of alcohol is 0.6 US fluid ounces or 18 mL.
    2. rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov, US NIH Web site:What's a "standard" drink?
    3. Alcohol: the Devil is in the Details {So why won’t major American wine media run %s in reviews?}
    4. Guide to Labelling of Alcoholic Beverages
    5. "AUDIT The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Second Edition)" アルコール使用障害特定テスト使用マニュアル (pdf). WHO (in Japanese). p. 17. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
    6. Mongan, Deirdre; Long, Jean (May 22, 2015). "Standard drink measures throughout Europe; peoples' understanding of standard drinks and their use in drinking guidelines, alcohol surveys and labelling" (PDF). Reducing Alcohol Related Harm. p. 8. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
    7. "Alcohol guidelines, Eleventh Report of Session 2010–12" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee. 7 December 2011. p. 7. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
    8. "Drinkaware - What is an alcohol unit?".
    9. "How long does alcohol stay in your blood?". NHS Choices. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
    10. UK NHS:How long does alcohol stay in your blood?, reviewed 2013
    11. Kalinowski, A.; Humphreys, K. (2016-04-13). "Governmental standard drink definitions and low‐risk alcohol consumption guidelines in 37 countries". Addiction (Abingdon, England). 111 (7): 1293–8. doi:10.1111/add.13341. PMID 27073140.
    12. Population Health Division, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing The Australian Standard Drink
    13. "Drinking Guidelines: General Population". IARD.org. International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
    14. Canadian Public Health Association. URL: . 2006.
    15. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health / Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale Low-Risk Drinking Guidelines
    16. paihdelinkki.fi, How to use alcohol wisely
    17. "Was ist ein Standardglas?" [What is a standard drink?]. Alkohol? Kenn dein Limit. (in German). Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
    18. Department of Health Alcohol and Health: Hong Kong Situation
    19. Landlæknisembættið, Icelandic Directorate of Health
    20. Hope, A. (2009). A Standard Drink in Ireland: What strength? (PDF). Health Service Executive. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
    21. "AUDIT The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Second Edition)" (pdf). WHO. 2001. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
    22. "Units of alcoholic drink" 飲酒量の単位. Japan MHLW e-healthnet (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-01-02.
    23. MHLW. "tips on alcohol use control consultation - Core-AUDIT" アルコール指導のポイント Core-AUDITの章 (pdf). Japan National Institute of Public Health (in Japanese). p. 48. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
    24. New Zealand Food Safety Authority Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine
    25. Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand (ALAC) What's in a Standard Drink
    26. Standardglas
    27. PRODIGY Knowledge (Department of Health) Alcohol and Sensible Drinking Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
    28. "Alcohol and Public Health: Frequently Asked Questions". CDC. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.