Santa Maria Formation

Santa Maria Formation
Stratigraphic range: Anisian-Norian
~247.2–205.6 Ma

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Santa Maria Formation; Stratigraphic range: Anisian-Norian; ~247.2–205.6 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Santa Maria Formation. Source: UFSM
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Paraná Basin
Sub-units	Passo das Tropas Member, Alemoa Member
Underlies	Caturrita Formation
Overlies	Sanga do Cabral Formation
Location
Coordinates	29.695042°S 53.795403°W
Region	Rio Grande do Sul
Country	Brazil

The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It has a Late Anisian[1][2] to Early Norian age[3][2] (Early to Late Triassic[4]), and is notable for its fossils of early dinosaurs and other dinosauromorphs,[5][6] including the herrerasaurid Staurikosaurus, the basal sauropodomorphs Buriolestes and Saturnalia, and the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton.[7][8][9][10] It received this name because it was discovered first in the city of Santa Maria, on the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state.

The distinguished English paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward determined the age of Santa Maria Formation dated Mesozoic Era, Upper Triassic period (about 220 million years). A U-Pb (Uranium decay) dating of a locality of the Upper portion of the Santa Maria Formation dated around 233.23±0.73 million years ago, putting that locality 1.5 million years older than the Ischigualasto Formation, instead being in the temporal range of the Los Chañares Formation, and making the two formations (Santa Maria and Ischigualasto) approximately equal as having the earliest dinosaur localities.[3][6][11][12][13]

The Santa Maria Formation is part of the Candelária Sequence,[2][4] and is biostratigraphically subdivided into Dinodontosaurus (latest Ladinian-earliest Carnian), Santacruzodon (earliest Carnian-middle Carnian), and Hyperodapedon (middle Carnian-latest Carnian) Assemblage Zones (from the oldest to youngest).[14] Moreover, the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone is subdivided into Hyperodapedon Acme Zone (most of the zone, where the rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon is widely reported) and Exaeretodon Sub-Zone (restricted to 3 known and sampled localities, where Hyperodapedon is almost absent, but the traversodontid cynodont Exaeretodon is widely reported).[15] These subdivisions are also known as Lower and Upper Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, respectively.[14][15]

Fauna

Synapsids

Synapsids reported from the Santa Maria Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Belesodon[16]		Rio Grande do Sul.[17]			Junior synonym of Chiniquodon	Chiniquodon Exaeretodon Trucidocynodon
Candelariodon[18]	C. barberenai[18]	Rio Grande do Sul.[18]		A partial mandible having some complete teeth.[18]	A cynodont.[18]
Chiniquodon	C. theotonicus			Several Skulls	A chiniquodontid cynodont.
Exaeretodon[19]	E. riograndensis			Cranial material	A traversodontid cynodont
Protuberum[20]	P. cabralensis	Rio Grande do Sul		ribs, vertebrae, partial articulated skeleton, skull	A traversodontid cynodont
Santacruzodon[21]	S. hopsoni[21]	Rio Grande do Sul.[21]		Cranial remains.[21]	A traversodontid cynodont.[21]
Trucidocynodon[22]	T. riograndensis				An ecteniniid cynodont.

Archosauromorphs

Archosauromorphs reported from the Santa Maria Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Aetobarbakinoides [23]	A. brasiliensis	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Partial postcranial skeleton	A stagonolepidid aetosaur pseudosuchian	Aetosauroides Bagualosaurus Buriolestes Chanaresuchus Decuriasuchus Gnathovorax Hyperodapedon Ixalerpeton Pampadromaeus Prestosuchus Proterochampsa Rauisuchus Saturnalia Staurikosaurus
Aetosauroides [24]	A. scagliai	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	An almost complete skull and incomplete postcranial elements	An aetosaur pseudosuchian
Bagualosaurus [25]	B. agudoensis	Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Sub-Zone	Almost complete skull with lower jaws, several vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimbs	A basal sauropodomorph
Barberenasuchus[26]	B. brasiliensis	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	poorly preserved skull and axis vertebra	An archosauriform of uncertain affinitties
Brasinorhynchus[27]	B. mariantensis	Porto Mariante, Rio Grande do Sul	Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone	A complete skull, atlas, axis, third neck vertebra	A stenaulorhynchine rhynchosaur archosauromorph
Buriolestes [28][29]	B. schultzi	São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	parts of the skull, vertebrae, left forelimb, and left hindlimb	The basalmost sauropodomorph dinosaur
Cerritosaurus [30]	C. binsfeldi	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Badly preserved skull and postcranial elements	A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Chanaresuchus[31][32]	C. bonapartei	Candelária-Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul.	Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone	Disarticulated cranial and postcranial elements.	A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Dagasuchus [33]	D. santacruzensis	Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul	Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone	an illium and a pair of ischia	A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Decuriasuchus [34]	D. quartacolonia	Dona Francisca, Rio Grande do Sul	Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone	Assemblage of several individuals, which together preserved virtually all the skeleton	A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Gnathovorax [35]	G. cabreirai	São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	A complete semi-articulated skeleton, part of a multiataxic fossil assemblage, including two cynodonts and two rhynchosaurs	A herrerasaurid dinosaur
Hyperodapedon [36][14]	H. sanjuanensis H. mariensis H. huenei	Santa Maria-Agudo-Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone	Complete skulls, and most postcranial elements	A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur archosauromorph
Ixalerpeton [28]	I. polesinensis	São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	parts or the skull, vertebral column, all limbs	A basal lagerpetid dinosauromorph
Nhandumirim [37]	N. waldsangae	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Several vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb	A saurischian dinosaur, with possible theropod affinities
Pagosvenator [38]	P. candelariensis	Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul	Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone	Poorly preserved skull and cervial elements	An erpetosuchid archosaur
Pampadromaeus[39]	P. barberenai	Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Sub-Zone	Almost complete skull and lower jaws, several vertebrae, partial pectoral girdle, partial forelimb, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb	A basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
Polesinesuchus [40]	P. aurelioi	São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Several postcranial elements	An aetosaur pseudosuchian
Prestosuchus [41][42][43]	P. chiniquensis P. loricatus	Candelária-Dona Francisca-São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul	Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone	Virtually all the skeleton is known	A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Procerosuchus[44]	P. celer	São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul	Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone		A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Proterochampsa	P. nodosa	Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Skull and partial postcranial elements	A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Rauisuchus [45]	R. tiradentes	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Incomplete skeleton including skull elements, several vertebrae and partial hindlimb	A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Rhadinosuchus [46]	R. gracilis	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Badly preserved skull and postcranial elements	A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Saturnalia [10]	S. tupinquim	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Three partial skeleton, including partial skull and lower jaw, complete cervical, dorsal and partial caudal vertebral series, pectoral girdle, partial forelimb, pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb	A basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
Spondylosoma [47]	S. absconditum	São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul	Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone	Several postcranial remains	An avemetatarsalian aphanosaur
Staurikosaurus [7][8]	S. pricei	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Partial postcranial skeleton with mandible	A basal herrerasaurid dinosaur
Unnamed lagerpetid [6]	Unnamed	Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul	Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone	Specimen UFSM 11611 (partial left femur)	A basal lagerpetid dinosauromorph

Formations

Alegrete

Geological formations in Rio Grande do Sul:

1) Serra Geral Formation, Cretaceous
2) Botucatu Formation, Cretaceous
3) Guará Formation, Jurassic
4) Santa Maria Formation & Caturrita Formation, Triassic
5) Sanga do Cabral Formation, Triassic
6) Piramboia Formation, Permian
7) Itararé Group, Permian

References

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Gower, D. J. (2000). "Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia:Diapsida): An overview". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 218 (3): 447–488.
Lautenschlager, Stephan; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (January 2015). "Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny: Osteology of Rauisuchus Tiradentes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 173 (1): 55–91. doi:10.1111/zoj.12196.
Ezcurra, Martín D.; Desojo, Julia B.; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (August 2015). "Redescription and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Proterochampsid Rhadinosuchus gracilis (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from the Early Late Triassic of Southern Brazil". Ameghiniana. 52 (4): 391–417. doi:10.5710/AMGH.28.04.2015.2867. ISSN 0002-7014.
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (April 2017). "The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan" (PDF). Nature. 544 (7651): 484–487. Bibcode:2017Natur.544..484N. doi:10.1038/nature22037. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28405026.

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[:4-2] Zerfass, Henrique; Lavina, Ernesto Luiz; Schultz, Cesar Leandro; Garcia, Antônio Jorge Vasconcellos; Faccini, Ubiratan Ferrucio; Chemale, Farid (2003-09-01). "Sequence stratigraphy of continental Triassic strata of Southernmost Brazil: a contribution to Southwestern Gondwana palaeogeography and palaeoclimate". Sedimentary Geology. 161 (1): 85–105. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00397-4. ISSN 0037-0738.

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[5] Da-Rosa, Átila A. S. (2015-08-01). "Geological context of the dinosauriform-bearing outcrops from the Triassic of Southern Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 61: 108–119. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.10.008. ISSN 0895-9811.

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[9] Langer, Max Cardoso; Brodt, André; Carrilho, Rodrigo; Raugust, Tiago; Batista, Brunna Jul’Armando; Bittencourt, Jonathas de Souza; Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Marsola, Júlio Cesar de Almeida; Bronzati, Mario (2016-11-21). "A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet". Current Biology. 26 (22): 3090–3095. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27839975.

[:3-10] Langer, MC; Abdala, F; Richter, M; Benton, MJ (1999). "A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. 329: 511–517. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..511L. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(00)80025-7.

[11] Martinez, R. N.; Sereno, P. C.; Alcober, O. A.; Colombi, C. E.; Renne, P. R.; Montanez, I. P.; Currie, B. S. (2011-01-14). "A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea". Science. 331 (6014): 206–210. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..206M. doi:10.1126/science.1198467. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21233386.

[12] Martínez, Ricardo N.; Apaldetti, Cecilia; Alcober, Oscar A.; Colombi, Carina E.; Sereno, Paul C.; Fernandez, Eliana; Malnis, Paula Santi; Correa, Gustavo A.; Abelin, Diego (November 2012). "Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (sup1): 10–30. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.818546. ISSN 0272-4634.

[13] Desojo, Julia B.; Trotteyn, M. Jimena; Hechenleitner, E. Martín; Taborda, Jeremías R. A.; Miguel Ezpeleta; von Baczko, M. Belén; Rocher, Sebastián; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Fiorelli, Lucas E. (October 2017). "Deep faunistic turnovers preceded the rise of dinosaurs in southwestern Pangaea". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (10): 1477–1483. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0305-5. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29185518.

[:6-14] Langer, MC; Schultz, CL (2007). "The continental tetrapod-bearing Triassic of South Brazil". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 41: 201–218.

[:7-15] Müller, Rodrigo T.; Garcia, Maurício S. (2019-03-08). "Rise of an empire: analysing the high diversity of the earliest sauropodomorph dinosaurs through distinct hypotheses". Historical Biology: 1–6. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1587754. ISSN 0891-2963.

[16] Romer, A. S. The Brazilian cynodont reptiles Belesodon and Chiniquodon. Breviora, 1969a, 332, 1–16. Online: Biodiversity Heritage Library

[triassicdistribution-17] Weishampel, David B; et al (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Triassic, South America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 527–528. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[Candelariodon-18] De Oliveira, Téo Veiga; Schultz, Cesar Leandro; Soares, Marina Bento; Nunes Rodrigues, Carlos (2011). "A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3027: 19–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3027.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334.

[19] Liu, J. (2007). "The taxonomy of the traversodontid cynodonts Exaeretodon and Ischignathus". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 10 (2): 133–136. doi:10.4072/rbp.2007.2.07.

[20] Reichel, Míriam; Schultz, Cesar Leandro; Soares, Marina Bento (2009). "A New Traversodontid Cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Middle Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 229–250. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00824.x.

[Santacruzodon-21] Abdala, F.; Ribeiro, A. M. (2003). "A new traversodontid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Ladinian-Carnian) of southern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan traversodontids". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 139 (4): 529–545. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00096.x.

[22] De Oliveira, T.V.; Soares, M.B.; Schultz, C.L. (2010). "Trucidocynodon riograndensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Eucynodontia), a new cynodont from the Brazilian Upper Triassic (Santa Maria Formation)". Zootaxa. 2382: 1–71. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2382.1.1.

[23] Desojo, Julia B.; Ezcurra, Martin D.; Kischlat, Edio E. (2012). "A new aetosaur genus (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the early Late Triassic of southern Brazil". Zootaxa. 3166: 1–33.

[24] Da-Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Paes-Neto, Voltaire Dutra; Schultz, Cesar Leandro; Desojo, Julia Brenda; Brust, Ana Carolina Biacchi (2018-08-15). "Osteology of the first skull of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil (Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone) and its phylogenetic importance". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201450. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301450B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201450. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6093665. PMID 30110362.

[25] Pretto, Flávio A.; Langer, Max C.; Schultz, Cesar L. (2018). "A new dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Brazil provides insights on the evolution of sauropodomorph body plan". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185: 388–416. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly028.

[26] Mattar, L.C.B. 1987. Descrição osteólogica do crânio e segunda vértebrata cervical de Barberenasuchus brasiliensis Mattar, 1987 (Reptilia, Thecodontia) do Mesotriássico do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Anais, Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 61: 319–333

[27] Leandro Schultz, Cesar; Cardoso Langer, Max; Chinaglia Montefeltro, Felipe (2016). "A new rhynchosaur from south Brazil (Santa Maria Formation) and rhynchosaur diversity patterns across the Middle-Late Triassic boundary". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. doi:10.1007/s12542-016-0307-7. hdl:11449/161986.

[Cabreira,_S.F._2016-28] Cabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; de Almeida Marsola, J.C.; Müller, R.T.; de Souza Bittencourt, J.; Batista, B.J.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016). "A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet". Current Biology. 26: 3090–3095. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040. PMID 27839975.

[29] Müller, Rodrigo T; Langer, Max C; Bronzati, Mario; Pacheco, Cristian P; Cabreira, Sérgio F; Dias-Da-Silva, Sérgio (2018-05-15). "Early evolution of sauropodomorphs: anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkably well-preserved dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009. ISSN 0024-4082.

[30] The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal Change across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary by Kevin Padian

[Chanaresuchus-31] Tiago Raugust, Marcel Lacerda & Cesar Leandro Schultz (in press). "The first occurrence of Chanaresuchus bonapartei Romer 1971 (Archosauriformes, Proterochampsia) of the Middle Triassic of Brazil from the Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone, Santa Maria Formation (Paraná Basin)". In S.J. Nesbitt; J.B. Desojo & R.B. Irmis (eds.). Anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology of early archosaurs and their kin. The Geological Society of London. Bibcode:2013GSLSP.379..303R. doi:10.1144/SP379.22. Check date values in: |year= (help)

[32] "http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3645". doi:10.18315/argumentum.v10i3.16911.s5842. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); External link in |title= (help)

[33] Lacerda, M. B.; Schultz, C. L.; Bertoni-Machado, C. (2015). "First 'Rauisuchian' archosaur (Pseudosuchia, Loricata) for the Middle Triassic Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone (Santa Maria Supersequence), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil". PLoS ONE. 10 (2): e0118563. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018563L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118563. PMC 4340915. PMID 25714091.

[Decuriasuchus-34] Marco Aurélio G. França; Jorge Ferigolo; Max C. Langer (2011). "Associated skeletons of a new middle Triassic "Rauisuchia" from Brazil". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (5): 389–395. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..389F. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0782-3. PMID 21445632.

[35] Pacheco, Cristian; Müller, Rodrigo T.; Langer, Max; Pretto, Flávio A.; Kerber, Leonardo; Dias da Silva, Sérgio (2019-11-08). "Gnathovorax cabreirai : a new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs". PeerJ. 7: e7963. doi:10.7717/peerj.7963. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6844243. PMID 31720108.

[36] Langer, Max C.; Schultz, Cesar L. (October 2000). "A New Species Of The Late Triassic Rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon From The Santa Maria Formation Of South Brazil". Palaeontology. 43 (4): 633–652. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00143.

[37] Marsola, Júlio C. A.; Bittencourt, Jonathas S.; Butler, Richard J.; Da Rosa, Átila A. S.; Sayão, Juliana M.; Langer, Max C. (2018-09-03). "A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation, south Brazil" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (5): e1531878. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878. ISSN 0272-4634.

[38] Schultz, Cesar L.; de França, Marco A. G.; Lacerda, Marcel B. (2018-10-20). "A new erpetosuchid (Pseudosuchia, Archosauria) from the Middle–Late Triassic of Southern Brazil". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (3): 804–824. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly008. ISSN 0024-4082.

[Pampadromaeus-39] Cabreira, Sergio F.; Cesar L. Schultz; Jonathas S. Bittencourt; Marina B. Soares; Daniel C. Fortier; Lúcio R. Silva; Max C. Langer (2011). "New stem-sauropodomorph (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Triassic of Brazil". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (12): 1035–1040. Bibcode:2011NW.....98.1035C. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0858-0. PMID 22083251.

[Polesinesuchus-40] Lúcio Roberto-da-Silva, Julia B. Desojo, Sérgio F. Cabreira, Alex S. S. Aires, Rodrigo T. Müller, Cristian P. Pacheco and Sérgio Dias-da-Silva (2014). "A new aetosaur from the Upper Triassic of the Santa Maria Formation, southern Brazil". Zootaxa. 3764 (3): 240–278. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.1. PMID 24870635.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[41] Mastrantonio, Bianca; von Baczko, María; Desojo, Julia; Schultz, Cesar (2019). "The skull anatomy and cranial endocast of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from Brazil". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64. doi:10.4202/app.00527.2018.

[42] Roberto-Da-Silva, Lúcio; Müller, Rodrigo Temp; França, Marco Aurélio Gallo de; Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado; Dias-Da-Silva, Sérgio (2018-12-24). "An impressive skeleton of the giant top predator Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Pseudosuchia: Loricata) from the Triassic of Southern Brazil, with phylogenetic remarks". Historical Biology: 1–20. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1559841. ISSN 0891-2963.

[43] Barberena, MC (1978). "A huge tecodont skull from the Triassic of Brazil". Pesquisas Em Geociências. 9 (9): 62–75. doi:10.22456/1807-9806.21780.

[44] Gower, D. J. (2000). "Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia:Diapsida): An overview". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 218 (3): 447–488.

[45] Lautenschlager, Stephan; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (January 2015). "Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny: Osteology of Rauisuchus Tiradentes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 173 (1): 55–91. doi:10.1111/zoj.12196.

[46] Ezcurra, Martín D.; Desojo, Julia B.; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (August 2015). "Redescription and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Proterochampsid Rhadinosuchus gracilis (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from the Early Late Triassic of Southern Brazil". Ameghiniana. 52 (4): 391–417. doi:10.5710/AMGH.28.04.2015.2867. ISSN 0002-7014.

[47] Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (April 2017). "The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan" (PDF). Nature. 544 (7651): 484–487. Bibcode:2017Natur.544..484N. doi:10.1038/nature22037. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28405026.