Salep

The word "salep" comes from Arabic: سَحْلَب‎ (saḥlab).[2] In the mid 18th century: from French, from Turkish sālep, from Arabic: ثَعْلَب‎, romanized: ﭐلثَعْلَب, lit. 'fox's' (aṯ-ṯaʿlabi), the name of an orchid (literally ‘fox's testicles’).[3][4][5]

Albanian salep merchant in Ottoman Üsküp (modern Skopje), 1907.

The Ancient Romans used ground orchid bulbs to make drinks, which they called by a number of names, especially satyrion and priapiscus. As the names indicate, they likewise considered it to be a powerful aphrodisiac.[6] Of salep, Paracelsus wrote: "behold the Satyrion root, is it not formed like the male privy parts? No one can deny this. Accordingly, magic discovered it and revealed that it can restore a man's virility and passion".[7]

Salep was a popular beverage in the lands of the Ottoman Empire. Its consumption spread beyond there to England and Germany before the rise of coffee and tea and it was later offered as an alternative beverage in coffee houses. In England, the drink was known as saloop. Popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in England, its preparation required that the salep powder be added to water until thickened whereupon it would be sweetened, then flavored with orange flower or rose water. Substitution of British orchid roots, known as "dogstones", was acceptable in the 18th century for the original Turkish variants.[8]

Saloop

An 1820 sketch by Rowlandson showing members of the lower orders enjoying saloop, which they are drinking from the saucer.[9]

Saloop was a hot drink that was popular in England in the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially, it was made from salep, mostly from Smyrna.[10] Later, the roots and leaves of the North American sassafras tree were the key ingredient. This plant thickened the drink and also had a stimulating quality.[11][12]

This refreshing beverage was sold in place of tea and coffee, which were much more expensive, and was served in a similar way with milk and sugar.

It was used as a remedy for various ailments, including "chronic alcoholic inebriety."[13] Its popularity declined when it was purported to treat venereal disease and so drinking it in public became shameful.[14] Saloop stalls in London were replaced by coffee stalls.[15]

The beverage sahlab is now often made with hot milk instead of water. Other desserts are also made from salep flour, including salep pudding and dondurma. The Kahramanmaraş region of Turkey is a major producer of sahlab known as Salepi Maraş. The popularity of sahlab in Turkey has led to a decline in the populations of wild orchids. As a result, it is illegal to export true salep.[16] Thus, many instant sahlab mixes are made with artificial flavoring. Salep is also consumed in Greece, and it is usually sold on the streets as a hot beverage during the cold months of the year. It is very popular in many parts of the Middle East, especially the Levant. Families in Turkey drink the hot version during the winter time.

It is estimated that, each year in Turkey, 30 tons of tubers from 38 species are harvested, and it takes from 1,000 to 4,000 tubers to make a kilo of flour.[17] With the increasing rarity of some species and local extinctions, traders are harvesting wild orchids in Iran. Abdolbaset Ghorbani of Uppsala University estimates that between 7 and 11 million orchids of nineteen species and sub-species were collected from northern Iran in 2013; with the majority being exported to Turkey.[1] Harvesting of orchid tubers is also increasing in Greece.[1]

In the Middle East, "sahlab" is a hot milk-based winter drink with a pudding-like consistency, sometimes garnished with nuts and cinnamon.[18]

• Dalby, Andrew (2003). Food in the Ancient World: from A to Z. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23259-3.
• Davidson, Alan (1987). Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-211579-9.
• "Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers". BBC News. August 5, 2003.
• Jacobi, Jolande, ed. (1995). Paracelsus: Selected Writings. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01876-8.
• Pedanius Dioscorides. De materia medica.
• Pliny the Elder. Naturalis historia.
• Pseudo-Apuleius. Herbarium Apuleii Platonici.
• Theophrastus. Historia plantarum.

Look up Saloop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Media related to Salep at Wikimedia Commons