PBSC Urban Solutions

PBSC Urban Solutions, formerly the Public Bike System Company (French: Société de Vélo en Libre-Service), is a corporation based in Longueuil, Quebec that manufactures and supplies bicycle-sharing systems, equipment, parts, and software to cities in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Iceland, Mexico, Spain, the United States and the United Kingdom.[1][2][3] The company has supplied over 75,000 bikes and 6,350 stations to 32 cities, as well as one university campus.[4][5]

PBSC Urban Solutions Inc.
Formerly
  • Public Bike System Company
  • (Société de Vélo en Libre-Service)
Private
IndustryBicycle-sharing systems
Founded2008 (2008)[lower-alpha 1] in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
FounderSociété en commandite Stationnement de Montréal (SCSM)
Headquarters
Longueuil, Quebec
,
Canada
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Luc Sabbatini (CEO)
BrandsIconic, Boost, Fit, Efit
Websitepbsc.com
Footnotes / references
  1. as Public Bike System Company

Public Bike System Company (PBSC) was initially created by the City of Montreal[6][7] to supply and operate its public bike share system under the brand BIXI (later becoming BIXI Montréal), which was introduced in May 2009 with 3,000 bicycles and 300 stations.[8] The name BIXI is a portmanteau of BIcycle and taXI. In 2010, PBSC exported the BIXI brand of bike share systems to Minneapolis,[9] London,[10] Washington D.C[11][12] and Melbourne.[13] The company later provided systems to Boston[14] and Toronto[15] in 2011, Chattanooga[16] in 2012, New York City,[17] the Stony Brook University,[18] Aspen,[19] San Francisco,[20] Chicago[21][22] and Columbus[23] in 2013.

At the end of 2013, PBSC began having financial problems that led to the company filing for bankruptcy in early 2014.[24][25] Bruno Rodi purchased the international division in April 2014 and renamed the company PBSC Urban Solutions.[26][27] (Montreal's on-the-ground BIXI bike-share operations were not included in the sale and were reorganized under the BIXI Montréal name.) He then sold the majority share to Luc Sabbatini in January 2015, who became CEO.[26] Since then, PBSC Urban Solutions has extended its activity in Mexico with the Huizi system in Toluca,[28] has signed a contract in Honolulu[29] and has extended its activities in Chicago,[30] Guadalajara[21] and Toronto.[31]

History

In 2007, the city of Montreal published the "Reinvent Montreal" transportation plan, which featured a bike sharing system as a method of reducing automobile dependence. To design and operate the new system, the city created the Public Bike System Company (PBSC), a private non-profit company overseen by Stationnement de Montréal, a private enterprise serving as the Montreal Parking authority.[32]

After the 2008 implementation of the system in Montreal, Bixi began expanding around the world. Bixi systems are now found across North America. Bixi equipment is used in several Bicycle Share systems in North America, most of which are operated by Motivate. Bixi systems have also been installed in London, England and Melbourne, Australia.

In May 2009, the system began operation in Montreal, with 3000 bicycles and 300 stations.

From June to September 2009, the system was introduced in a pilot study in Ottawa/Gatineau.[33] This was followed by operations in Melbourne, Australia from May 2010,[34] Minneapolis (MN), in June 2010,[35] and London in July 2010.[36] Bixi launched on the Washington State University campus in August 2010, in Washington, D.C. & Arlington under the name "Capital Bikeshare" in September 2010, and in Boston under the name "Hubway" in July 2011.

On January 20, 2014, the company filed for bankruptcy in Montreal, citing $46 million in debt. Part of the issue in the bankruptcy was that Chicago and New York were withholding $5 million in payments because of software issues with the docking stations.[37][38] Over the course of 2014, Bruno Rodi purchased the international division of Bixi and renamed it PBSC Urban Solutions. Luc Sabbatini became CEO of the company in January 2015.[39]

Original developers
  • 8D Technologies developed the entire technological platform behind the Bixi system, including the wireless bike station terminals, the RFID bike dock technology and all software systems. The system runs on a combination of solar energy and grid charged batteries. 8D also created the Spotcycle bike-share smartphone app that locates and shows the status of bike stations close to the users.[40][41][42][43]
  • Michel Dallaire created the design of the physical components.[44][45][46]
  • Robotics Design created the modular bike dock and the intelligent locking system.[47]
  • Cycles Devinci manufactures Bixi bikes in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec.[48]
  • Rio Tinto Alcan is the title sponsor of the BIXI program, as well as providing aluminium for the bikes.[49]
  • Michel Gourdeau suggested the name Bixi, a portmanteau of bicycle and taxi, which was selected by a majority of the people who participated in a contest organized by the city of Montreal.[50][51]

Current systems

The cities that currently use PBSC bike-share systems are listed below: [52]

City Country Launch date System name Stations Bikes
Aruba  Aruba 2017 Green Bike Aruba 8 100
Aspen/Basalt, Colorado  United States 2013 WE-cycle 25 220
Barcelona  Spain 2019 Bicing 519 7100
Boston, Massachusetts  United States 2011 Bluebikes 158 1461
Buenos Aires  Argentina 2019 Ecobici 400 4400
Chattanooga, Tennessee  United States 2012 Bike Chattanooga 39 408
Chicago, Illinois  United States 2013 Divvy 619 6387
Columbus, Ohio  United States 2013 CoGo 70 614
Detroit, Michigan  United States 2017 MoGo 75 621
Dubai  United Arab Emirates 2020 Careem Bike 80 800
Guadalajara  Mexico 2014 MiBici 280 2446
Honolulu, Hawaii[53]  United States 2017 Biki 136 1288
Kona, Hawaii  United States 2016 Hawaii Island Bikeshare 11 104
London  United Kingdom 2010 Santander Cycles 839 13850
Louisville, Kentucky  United States 2017 LouVelo 39 322
Minneapolis, Minnesota  United States 2010 Nice Ride Minnesota 171 1833
Monaco  Monaco 2019 MonaBike 35 300
Montreal, Quebec  Canada 2009 BIXI 597 7340
New York, New York  United States 2013 Citi Bike 458 7000
Nicosia  Northern Cyprus 2018 Velespeed 43 410
Porto Alegre  Brazil 2018 Bike Itaú 41 410
Recife  Brazil 2017 Bike Itaú 80 800
Rio de Janeiro  Brazil 2018 Bike Itaú 260 2600
Salvador  Brazil 2018 Bike Itaú 40 500
Santiago  Chile 2019 Bike Santiago 350 3901
São Paulo  Brazil 2018 Bike Itaú 260 2600
Toluca  Mexico 2015 Huizi Toluca 27 350
Toronto, Ontario  Canada 2011 Bike Share Toronto 466 5006
Tucson, Arizona  United States 2017 Tugo 36 330
Valence  France 2018 Libélo 45 306
Vila Velha  Brazil 2018 Bike VV 20 200
Washington, D.C.  United States 2010 Capital BikeShare 395 5932
Stony Brook University, New York  United States 2013 Wolf Ride 8 63

System components

A complete station is made up of a pay station, bikes, and bike docks (where the bikes are housed), which are fitted into modular technical platforms that are powered by solar panels. These technical platforms are the base and electronic ports for pay stations and bike docks. Bike stations can be created, expanded, configured and removed in about half an hour, monitored by a real-time management system. Excavation or preparatory work is not required, enabling the installation of a bike station as an adjunct to on-street parking.

The bike dock and locking system

Bike docks serve to house and lock bikes. Made from aluminium, these modular docking stations are formed by a combination of groups of four docks, which are modular themselves. Inspired by ANAT technology, the bike dock's modularity allows a pay station to be deployed in the place of a single dock. Maintenance and repair of the system is performed using a removable module present in every docking station which contains the locking system and the components that allow the system to function. In case of repairs, this module can be replaced. The locking system is based on an actuator used in the medical sector. The principal inventor of these systems is Charles Khairallah,[54] president of Robotics Design,[55][56][57][58] with co-inventor Michel Dallaire, president of Michel Dallaire Industrial Design.[59] Its system uses solar powered wireless terminals in the stations.[60]

A Bixi pay station in Montreal.

Pay station

Users can rent a bike using a subscriber key obtained through a long-term online subscription (30 days or annual) or an access code provided by the pay station or other mechanism. Pay stations are touchscreen-operated and often accept credit cards and other local methods of payment. A button is used to notify the operator of any defective bicycles.

The bikes

The bicycles are utility bicycles with a unisex step-through frame with an upright sitting position and are equipped with 3 speed internal hub gears, drum brakes, fenders, chain guard, lights, and a front rack.

The one-piece aluminum frame and handlebars conceal cables and fasteners in an effort to protect them from vandalism and inclement weather. The tires are designed to be puncture-resistant and are filled with nitrogen to maintain proper inflation pressure longer.[61] Twin LED rear lights are integrated into the robust frame, which weighs approximately 18 kg. The bikes are designed by industrial designer Michel Dallaire and built in the Saguenay, Quebec region by Cycles Devinci, with aluminum provided by Rio Tinto Alcan.[49]

On January 26, 2016 PBSC Urban Solutions launched a new model of bike share bicycles at the Velo-city conference:[16][30][62]

The ICONIC model based on the original BIXI, a robust bike that marked the launch of the bike-sharing industry in 2009. The company stated that the ICONIC model sports 30 key improvements to the design and functionality.[63]

The FIT, which is a lighter rendition of the ICONIC model, has as a smaller frame, thinner grip and smaller wheels.[62][64]

The BOOST is a pedal assist electric model featuring a battery that charges as the bike sits locked into its station.[65]

Technology

Mobile application

CycleFinder is the official application of the bike sharing systems, member of the PBSC Urban Solutions Inc. Family.[66][67] It can be used to find nearby stations manually or using a GPS, available bike or free docking point, a route to a destination, have the distance, elevation and more.[68]

Transit App

In 2015, PBSC Urban Solutions announced a partnership with Transit App,[69] an application that provides an integrated transactional platform for its bike-sharing system. By using this application, bike-share users are able to plan their urban travel, pay via their smart phone, and unlock a bike with a mobile generated access code.[70]

2014 bankruptcy

In January 2014, Bixi filed for bankruptcy in Montreal citing $46 million in debt. Part of the issue in the bankruptcy was that Chicago and New York were withholding $5 million in payments because of software issues with the docking stations.[37] In February 2014, the city of Montreal bought all Bixi assets, with the intention of selling the international division of the bankrupt company.[71] On April 9, 2014, Bruno Rodi, a Quebec businessman, bought Bixi's international division for $4 million[72] and renamed it PBSC Urban Solutions.[73][74]

Operational difficulties

Several cities experienced hurdles in implementing BIXI systems.

A trial implementation in Ottawa and Gatineau took place in the summer of 2009, with 50 bikes and four stations available until September 2009. While the trial was successful, they did not return in 2010 since no company wanted to manage the project as the National Capital Commission wanted the contractor to buy the bicycles and locking stations.[75] The project was revived, however, and 100 bikes and 10 stations were launched in spring 2011.[76]

Bixi's franchise in central Boston includes the right to negotiate to expand the system to neighboring municipalities. Central Boston will be served by a network that includes 2,500 bikes, and 290 stations with 3,750 docking spaces, with the potential to expand to a 5,000-bike system. The system was delayed, partly because of a lack of funding, but launched in Spring 2011 with 610 bikes and 61 stations.[77] It has since grown into the neighboring communities of Brookline, Cambridge and Somerville. They had initially planned to set up a BIXI system directly, but now are using Alta Bicycle Share of Portland, Oregon[78] to set it up.[76] Alta Bicycle Share is a sister company of Alta Planning + Design,[79] undertaking all the services to create and manage bicycle sharing systems. Alta Bicycle Share uses the same system of bicycles and stations that are used in BIXI through the Public Bike System Company.[80]

The BIXI system in Montreal experienced some initial difficulties less than two months after its introduction in 2009, with damage and vandalism to some of the bikes. The newspaper La Presse reported on July 5, 2009 that one in five bikes had been damaged and 15% of bike racks are defective. Stationnement de Montréal communications director Michel Philibert stated the organization plans to reinforce racks and is testing prototype designs.[81] Designer Michel Dallaire stated it never occurred to him that people would try to break the stations to steal bikes. [45] There have since been no significant damage or vandalism issues reported in any of the installations of BIXI.

In 2012 a legal dispute over software from 8D Technologies brought implementation delays for Chattanooga, New York and San Francisco.[82]

In 2013 it was reported that the Toronto Bixi system is facing financial troubles and will be operated by Toronto Parking Authority in Spring 2014 under a different name. The system has only paid back $600,000 of its $4,500,000 start up loan.[83] The unexpectedly rapid expansion of export business created cash flow problems for the parent company, PBSC Urban Solutions, who attempted to sell the international operations in June.[84]

Effects

A study published in the American Journal of Public Health reports observing[85]

a greater likelihood of cycling for those exposed to the public bicycle share program after the second season of implementation (odds ratio = 2.86; 95% confidence interval = 1.85, 4.42) after we controlled for weather, built environment, and individual variables.

The Montreal rap group Da Gryptions had a viral hit song and video in the summer of 2010 titled "The Bixi Anthem"[86] which was a tribute to the bike system.

See also

References
  1. "PBSC Urban solutions".
  2. "Cities love to use our bike-sharing solutions".
  3. "El sistema pblico de bicicletas no llegar a Devoto en 2019".
  4. "Comment j'ai implanté un système de vélopartage". 2018-03-05.
  5. "The worldwide bike-sharing system provider".
  6. Austen, Ian (20 January 2014). "Canadian Company Behind Bike-Sharing Programs Seeks Bankruptcy Protection". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  7. https://web.archive.org/web/20110826132941/http://www.bixisystem.com/who-we-are/about-us/. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. "Bikeshare: Bixi Montreal | Greater Places". greaterplaces.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
  9. "Nice Ride bikes return in time for the weekend – Twin Cities". 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
  10. "BIXI rolls into London". www.newswire.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  11. "Promote University Campus Bike Share Programs for Sustainability". www.chasinggreen.org. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  12. Goodman, J. David (2010-09-20). "Bike Sharing Expands in Washington". Green Blog. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  13. "Melbourne Bike Share | FAQ". www.melbournebikeshare.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  14. "Mayor Menino Signs First-Ever Bike Share Contract Launching Hubway in Boston | City of Boston". Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  15. "BIXI bike-sharing officially launches in Toronto". blogTO. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  16. "Chattanooga launching bike-share program". timesfreepress.com. 2011-09-21. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  17. "NYC gets its own version of Bixi". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  18. Kannan, Sandhiya. "Wolf Ride Bike Share program expands". The Statesman. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
  19. "Bike sharing comes to Aspen | AspenTimes.com". The Aspen Times. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  20. "SF Bike Share Will Be "For Anybody Who Wants to Make a Short Trip" | Streetsblog San Francisco". Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  21. "L'ancien BIXI international en mode croissance". Métro (in French). 2015-05-13. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  22. "City of Chicago :: Chicago Bike Share Plan Approved By City Council". www.cityofchicago.org. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  23. "Pedal on, Columbus! City bike-share program up and running". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  24. "Big Bike-Sharing Supplier's Bankruptcy Doesn't Doom U.S. Programs". NPR.org. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
  25. "Once bankrupt, Montreal's Bixi can't keep up with global demand". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  26. "Bixi: PBSC Urban Solutions brings bike-sharing to the world (Part 3)". Montreal Gazette. 2015-10-23. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  27. "Bruno Rodi, PDG de Global B. Rodi inc. - La Presse+". La Presse+ (in French). 2015-08-27. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  28. "PBSC Urban Solutions launched Huizi Toluca, the city's brand new bike-sharing program". www.sibrtonline.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-13. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  29. "BIkeshare Hawaii selects PBSC Urban Solutions as its partner for Honolulu bicycle-sharing system - Pacific Business News". Pacific Business News. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  30. International, Radio Canada (2016-04-15). "PBSC bikes around the world". Radio Canada International. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
  31. "Once bankrupt, Montreal's Bixi can't keep up with global demand". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
  32. Riga, Andy (May 17, 2010). "City insists taxpayers will still come ahead with Bixi". Montreal Gazette. Canwest. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  33. "A bicycle built for sharing". Ottawa Citizen. 2009-06-09. Archived from the original on 2009-06-13. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  34. "First international launch: BIXI's rolling in Melbourne". Montreal.bixi.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
  35. "BIXI - News". Montreal.bixi.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-06. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  36. "London saddles up for new bike hire scheme". BBC News. 2010-07-30.
  37. "Citi Bike supplier rides into bankruptcy". Crain's New York Business. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  38. "Bixi goes bust in Montreal, files for bankruptcy protection". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  39. "Bixi: PBSC Urban Solutions brings bike-sharing to the world (Part 3)". Montreal Gazette. 2015-10-23. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  40. Mc Kenna, Alain (21 November 2008). "La technologie québécoise intéresse les étrangers". La Presse. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  41. Swedberg, Claire (17 July 2008). "Montreal RFID-enabled Bike Project Picks Up Speed". RFID Journal. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  42. Lau, Kathleen (10 November 2008). "Wireless, solar power drives Montreal bike rentals". IT World Canada. ITWC. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  43. Beaulieu, Alain (22 October 2008). "8D: la nouvelle dimension du vélo urbain". Direction informatique. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  44. "Michel Dallaire, pionnier du design industriel d'ici - L'Express". l-express.ca.
  45. Halfnight, ANDREW (August 17, 2009). "Picking the brain of Bixi's inventor". Montreal Gazette. Canwest. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  46. "Montreal's wheels of fortune" – via The Globe and Mail.
  47. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2018-05-31.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Économie -. "Cycles Devinci fait une percée au Brésil". Radio-Canada.ca.
  49. "Rio Tinto Alcan and BIXI: a partnership on a roll" (Press release). Rio Tinto Alcan. 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  50. "Dix choses que vous ne saviez (probablement) toujours pas sur BIXI".
  51. "BIXI entame sa dixième saison". Le Devoir.
  52. "Cities love to use our bike-sharing solutions". PBSC Urban Solutions. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
  53. Maduli, McKenna; Staff, Web (2017-03-15). "New bikeshare program to be featured at city's Complete Streets Expo". KHON2. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
  54. WIPO. "(WO/2009/129623) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SECURING A MOVABLE ITEM TO A STRUCTURE". Wipo.int. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  55. Marc Tison. "Le Volksvélo" (PDF). La Presse. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  56. http://www.roboticsdesign.qc.ca/MERCI_ROBOTICS_DESIGN-BIXI.jpg%5B%5D
  57. Sébastien Lamoureux. "Robotics Design à l'origine d'innovations audacieuses du Bixi". ETS university. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  58. http://www.roboticsdesign.qc.ca/Coup_D'oeuil_2009_BIXI.pdf%5B%5D
  59. Lysiane Gagnon (2009-12-07). "Montreal's wheels of fortune". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  60. Solutions, PBSC Urban. "PBSC Reports on Strong Year to Date Under New Ownership and Management". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  61. Ross Lydall (2010-05-21). "Taking a ride on Boris's hot wheels hire bikes". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  62. Montenegro, Robert (2016-02-29). "Lightweight and Electric Bikes Could Be Coming to Your Local Bikeshare System". Big Think. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
  63. "Worldwide rollout of electric hire bikes may not be far off". Cycling Industry News. 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  64. Antenucci, Antonio (2013-05-13). "Riding a Citi Bike an uphill battle — as bulky, 45 lb. units not easy to maneuver". New York Post. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  65. "Electric assist might be bike share's next big thing". Better Bike Share. 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  66. Lamontagne, Kathryne. "Chicago à petit prix". Le Journal de Québec. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  67. Sky, Blue. "Main Divvy app gets big makeover". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  68. "CycleFinder - PBSC Urban Solutions -Discover New Apps-". discovernewapps.net. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  69. james.gooch. "Masabi and Transit App Partner to Create Integrated Urban Mobility Experience for Transit and Payments". blog.masabi.com. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
  70. "Chattanooga eying new bicycle models for bike-share program". timesfreepress.com. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  71. "Montréal acquiert BIXI". Le Devoir. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  72. Vailles, Francis (10 April 2014). "Bruno Rodi met la main sur Bixi international". La Presse. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  73. "Bixi: PBSC Urban Solutions brings bike-sharing to the world (Part 3)". Montreal Gazette. 2015-10-23. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
  74. Austen, Ian (Jan 9, 2015). "Uphill Push to Save a Bike-Share Pioneer". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  75. "Public Transit in Ottawa: Bixi bike-rental program in Ottawa hits a snag". Transitottawa.ca. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  76. "BIXI conquers a third capital: our system in the heart of the capital of Canada in 2011!". bixi.ca. 2011-03-01. Archived from the original on 2011-04-09. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  77. "Metro Boston Bike Share Program". Metropolitan Area Planning Council. 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  78. "Home". Alta Bicycle Share. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
  79. "Alta Planning & Design - Bicycle, Pedestrian, Greenway & Trail Projects". Altaplanning.com. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
  80. "Home". Bixisystem.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
  81. Cameron, Daphné (2009-07-05). "Robuste, le Bixi?". La Presse (in French). Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  82. 8d Technologies Sues Bixi Public Bikeshare, 2012 April 30
  83. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-04-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  84. Could Bixi's Financial Problems Affect Bike-Share in New York, D.C. and Beyond? by SARAH GOODYEAR, theatlanticcities.com, 7 OCT, 2013
  85. Daniel Fuller; Lise Gauvin; Yan Kestens; Mark Daniel; Michel Fournier; Patrick Morency & Louis Drouin (January 17, 2013). "mpact Evaluation of a Public Bicycle Share Program on Cycling: A Case Example of BIXI in Montreal, Quebec". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (3): e85–e92. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917. PMC 3673500. PMID 23327280.
  86. "The Bixi Anthem by Da Gryptions - Download The Bixi Anthem on iTunes". Itunes.apple.com. 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.