Moxo languages

Moxo
	Mojos
Native to	Bolivia
Region	Beni Department
Ethnicity	21,000 Moxo people (2004)[1]
Native speakers	10,000 (2000–2004)[1]
Language family	Arawakan Southern Bolivia–Parana Moxos languages Moxo; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; ign – Ignaciano Moxos; trn – Trinitario Moxos
Glottolog	moxo1234 Moxo[2]; magi1242 Magiana[3]

Moxo (also known as Mojo, pronounced 'Moho') is any of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of Northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario and Ignaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. Extinct Magiana was also distinct.

Moxo languages have an active–stative syntax.[4]

Mojeño machetero dancer at festival in Bolivia.

Sociolinguistic background

The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upper Mamoré, extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to the Beni, and are now centered in the Province of Moxos, Department of Beni, Bolivia.[5]

Ignaciano is used in town meetings unless outsiders are present, and it is a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. By the 1980s there were fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30.

Classification

The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikonéka. Together, they form the Mamoré-Guaporé languages (named after the Mamoré River and Guaporé River). Classification by Jolkesky (2016):[6]^:8

Mamoré-Guaporé languages
- Bauré
  - Bauré
  - Carmelito
  - Joaquiniano
  - Muxojeóne
- Moxeno
  - Ignaciano
  - Trinitário
  - Loretano
  - Javierano
- Paikonéka
  - Paikonéka
- Paunáka
  - Paunáka

Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226):[7][8]

Baure languages
- Bauré
- Carmelito
- Joaquiniano
Pauna languages
- Paunáka
- Paikonéka
Mojo languages
- Trinitário
- Ignaciano
- Loretano
- Javierano
- Muchojeone

Word lists

The following is a wordlist containing sample words from English to Moxos:

English-Moxos
English	Moxos
One	Ikapia
Two	Apisá
Three	Impúse
Man	Ehiro
Woman	Eseno
Sun	Sáche
Water	Uni
Fire	Yuku
Head	Nuxuti
Hand	Nubupe
Corn	Suru

Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):[9]^:170

Spanish gloss	English gloss	Magíana
bueno	good	shiomá
malo	bad	shiomallama
el padre	father	papá
la madre	mother	kay
el hermano	brother	nomasqui
uno	one	huestiche
dos	two	heravetá

References

Ignaciano Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Trinitario Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Moxo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Magiana". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htm, New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.
Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES 16: 7-37.
Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 495-520.
Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.
Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz. 1989. Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786-1794. Madrid: El Viso.

External links

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[e18-1] Ignaciano Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Trinitario Moxos at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Moxo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Glottolog2-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Magiana". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[4] Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.

[5] ttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htm, New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.

[6] Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES 16: 7-37.

[7] Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 495-520.

[8] Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.

[9] Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz. 1989. Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786-1794. Madrid: El Viso.