List of wars between democracies

See also: List of types of democracy, History of democracy, and Democratic peace theory.

Almost all of these depend on the definition of "democracy" (and of "war") employed. As James Lee Ray points out, with a sufficiently restrictive definition of democracy, there will be no wars between democracies: define democracy as true universal suffrage, the right of all – including children – to vote, and there have been no democracies, and so no wars between them.

On the other hand, Ray lists the following as having been called wars between democracies, with broader definitions of democracy: The American Revolution including the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, the French Revolutionary Wars, the War of 1812, the Belgian Revolution, the Sonderbund War, the war of 1849 between the Roman Republic and the Second French Republic, the American Civil War, the Spanish–American War, the Second Philippine War, the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II (as a whole, and also the Continuation War by itself), the 1947–1949 Palestine war, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, the Six-Day War, the Yugoslav Wars, and the Armenia-Azerbaijan War.[1] Many Native American tribes also had democratic forms of government, and they often fought each other up until the late 19th century, as did many tribes of Norsemen during the Middle Ages.

Similarly, the school of Ted Robert Gurr, founder of the Polity IV dataset, divides regimes into three classes: democracies, autocracies, and "anocracies"; the last being the sort of weak or new states which are marginal democracies or marginal autocracies; many of the wars below involve weak or marginal democracies.[2]

• The Quasi War, a naval conflict from 1798 to 1800 between the United States and the French Republic. Neither side declared war.

• War of 1812[8]
• Mexican–American War[9]
• Sonderbund War[10]
• War of 1849 between the Roman Republic and the French Second Republic[11]
• War of 1859 between Peru and Ecuador[12]
• Spanish–American War[13]
• Philippine-American War
• First and Second Boer Wars[14]

• First Balkan War (1912–13): The Young Turks had re-established constitutional government in Ottoman Turkey in 1908, and continued to struggle for greater liberalization;[15] the "relatively democratic" Constitution of Serbia had been restored in 1903, and attained complete openness of executive recruitment. Serbia and its allies, the constitutional monarchies of Greece and Bulgaria, won the war; Turkey suffered a military coup as a result of defeat.[16]
• First World War: The Polity IV dataset does not rank any of the Central Powers as democracies, although the component of democracy for Germany had been higher than that of autocracy since the 1890s, when Bismarck was replaced by Leo von Caprivi;[17] neither does the somewhat controversial[18] ranking of Tatu Vanhanen;[19] on the other hand, all of the Central Powers had elected parliaments; the Reichstag had been elected by universal suffrage, and voted on whether a credit essential to the German conduct of the war should be granted. Whether this is democratic control over the foreign policy of the Kaiser is "a difficult case"; Michael W. Doyle concludes, however, that the government was not absolutely dependent on the Reichstag - and that Germany was a dyarchy, effectively a mixture of two different constitutions, and democratic on internal affairs.[20]
• Polish–Lithuanian War: Fought in 1920, with about 1000 estimated battle deaths. In both states, elections had been held with universal suffrage. In the polity scale, Poland received a +8 rating in combined democracy/autocracy in 1920, while Lithuania received a +7 in democracy and a +4 in combined democracy/autocracy.[21] The conflict is seen by both Polish and Lithuanian historians as a part of the wars of independence from the Soviet Union.
• Continuation War:[22] A formal state of war between the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, on one side, and Finland on the other, resulting from the Soviet Union bombing of Finland in 1941; there was actual conflict between the United Kingdom and Finland, including an air raid against Finnish territory, with associated attacks on Finnish shipping, although that took place some months before the declaration of war.[23]
• 1947–1949 Palestine war: as against Lebanon; Israel had not yet held elections.[24]
• First Kashmir War: Ranked as a full-scale war between democracies in the International Crisis Behavior dataset;[25] they present a table of crises ranking it as a full-scale war, cite it as an example of a crisis where both regimes were of the same type, and discuss the influence of India's democracy on the crisis and the related crises over other princely states.[26] There were fewer than a thousand battlefield casualties in this war.[25] Both countries, then Dominions, then had governments based on the Government of India Act 1935, implemented 1937, which set up Westminster democracy for all of British India;[27] in Pakistan, the politicians, at odds with the civilian bureaucracy, failed to maintain civilian control over the military, and converted the Governor-Generalship into a political office; there was a military coup ten years after the war; the Polity IV dataset counts it as anocratic until 1957-8 (see above), the years before the coup; the same dataset shows India as having been a stable democracy throughout the period.[28]
• Six-Day War: The Lebanese Air Force intervened against Israel, both then being democratic states;[29] the same policy set classifies Lebanon as an anocracy, its neologism for imperfect or disputable democracies.[30] although it was called at the time "the only Arab democracy."[31]
• Football War, fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969.[32]
• Turkish invasion of Cyprus: An attack by Turkey, which had a new democratic government since 1973;[33] Cyprus had been a constitutional democracy, although one with severe intercommunal problems, since independence in 1958;[34] the Turkish invasion was a response to a coup. The democratic order of the Republic of Cyprus was restored three days after the invasion, and the war continued for another month.[35] Page Fortna regards this as a debatable case of dual democracy.[36]
• Paquisha War: War fought in 1981 between Ecuador and Peru. The leaders of both countries had been democratically elected. Ecuador receives a rating of +9 in the polity scale of combined democracy/autocracy, while Peru receives a +7, meaning that both countries are classified as democratic, and Ecuador even as "very democratic".[21] However, the war involved only as high as two hundred deaths in battle. Furthermore, the Peruvian democracy was less than one year old and the Ecuadorian less than 3 years. In addition, both nations lacked democratic control over their militaries.[37]
• Yugoslav Wars: Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia were all multiparty democracies.
• Cenepa War: A brief 1995 continuation of the Paquisha War between Ecuador and Peru.[38]

• Democratic empire
• Democratic peace theory