List of the verified oldest people

These are lists of the 100 known verified oldest people sorted in descending order by age in years and days.[lower-alpha 1]

This article is about specific supercentenarian claims validated by modern standards. For the oldest currently living people, see List of the oldest living people.

The oldest person ever whose age has been independently verified is Jeanne Calment (1875–1997) of France, who lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days.[lower-alpha 2] The oldest verified man ever is Jiroemon Kimura (1897–2013) of Japan, who lived to the age of 116 years, 54 days.

As of 30 June 2020, the oldest known living person is Kane Tanaka of Japan, aged 117 years, 180 days. The oldest known living man is Saturnino de la Fuente, of Spain, aged 111 years, 143 days. The 100 oldest women have, on average, lived several years longer than the 100 oldest men.

100 verified oldest women

The list including known and validated supercentenarians who died before 2015 was compiled by the Gerontology Research Group (GRG).[5] Later cases are included in more recent GRG data,[6] with administrative reports or press coverage as supplementary sources, as indicated in the table.

  Deceased   Living

Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Place of death
or residence
01 Jeanne Calment[7] 21 February 1875 4 August 1997 122 years, 164 days[lower-alpha 2] France
02 Sarah Knauss[8] 24 September 1880 30 December 1999 119 years, 97 days United States
03 Nabi Tajima[6] 4 August 1900 21 April 2018 117 years, 260 days Japan
04 Lucy Hannah[9] 16 July 1875 21 March 1993 117 years, 248 days United States
05 Marie-Louise Meilleur[10] 29 August 1880 16 April 1998 117 years, 230 days Canada
06 Violet Brown[6] 10 March 1900 15 September 2017 117 years, 189 days Jamaica
07 Kane Tanaka[6] 2 January 1903 Living 117 years, 180 days Japan
08 Emma Morano[6][11] 29 November 1899 15 April 2017 117 years, 137 days Italy
09 Chiyo Miyako[6][12][13] 2 May 1901 22 July 2018 117 years, 81 days Japan
10 Misao Okawa[6] 5 March 1898 1 April 2015 117 years, 27 days Japan
11 María Capovilla[14] 14 September 1889 27 August 2006 116 years, 347 days Ecuador
12 Susannah Mushatt Jones[6] 6 July 1899 12 May 2016 116 years, 311 days United States
13 Gertrude Weaver[6] 4 July 1898 6 April 2015 116 years, 276 days United States
14 Tane Ikai[15] 18 January 1879 12 July 1995 116 years, 175 days Japan
15 Lucile Randon (Sœur André)[6] 11 February 1904 Living[16] 116 years, 140 days France
16 Elizabeth Bolden[17] 15 August 1890 11 December 2006 116 years, 118 days United States
17 Besse Cooper[18] 26 August 1896 4 December 2012 116 years, 100 days United States
18 Maria Giuseppa Robucci[6] 20 March 1903 18 June 2019[19] 116 years, 90 days Italy
19 Ana María Vela Rubio[6] 29 October 1901 15 December 2017 116 years, 47 days Spain
20 Giuseppina Projetto[6] 30 May 1902 6 July 2018 116 years, 37 days Italy
21 Jeralean Talley[6] 23 May 1899 17 June 2015 116 years, 25 days United States
22 Maggie Barnes[20] 6 March 1882 19 January 1998 115 years, 319 days United States
23 Dina Manfredini[5] 4 April 1897 17 December 2012 115 years, 257 days United States[lower-alpha 3]
24 Shimoe Akiyama[6] 19 May 1903 29 January 2019 115 years, 255 days Japan
25 Charlotte Hughes[21] 1 August 1877 17 March 1993 115 years, 228 days United Kingdom
26 Edna Parker[22] 20 April 1893 26 November 2008 115 years, 220 days United States
27 Mary Ann Rhodes[23] 12 August 1882 3 March 1998 115 years, 203 days Canada
28 Anonymous of Tokyo[6] 15 March 1900 27 September 2015 115 years, 196 days Japan
29 Margaret Skeete[24] 27 October 1878 7 May 1994 115 years, 192 days United States
30 Jeanne Bot[6] 14 January 1905 Living[25] 115 years, 168 days France
31 Bernice Madigan[26] 24 July 1899 3 January 2015 115 years, 163 days United States
32 Gertrude Baines[27] 6 April 1894 11 September 2009 115 years, 158 days United States
33 Bettie Wilson[28] 13 September 1890 13 February 2006 115 years, 153 days United States
34 Shin Matsushita[6] 30 March 1904 27 August 2019 115 years, 150 days Japan
Shigeyo Nakachi[6] 1 February 1905 Living 115 years, 150 days Japan
36 Julie Winnefred Bertrand[29] 16 September 1891 18 January 2007 115 years, 124 days Canada
37 Maria de Jesus[30] 10 September 1893 2 January 2009 115 years, 114 days Portugal
38 Marie Josephine Gaudette[6][31] 25 March 1902 13 July 2017 115 years, 110 days Italy[lower-alpha 4]
39 Susie Gibson[32] 31 October 1890 16 February 2006 115 years, 108 days United States
40 Augusta Holtz[33] 3 August 1871 21 October 1986 115 years, 79 days United States[lower-alpha 5]
41 Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper[34] 29 June 1890 30 August 2005 115 years, 62 days Netherlands
42 Maude Farris-Luse[35] 21 January 1887 18 March 2002 115 years, 56 days United States
43 Marie Brémont[36] 25 April 1886 6 June 2001 115 years, 42 days France
44 Koto Okubo[37] 24 December 1897 12 January 2013 115 years, 19 days Japan
45 Antonia Gerena Rivera[6] 19 May 1900 2 June 2015 115 years, 14 days United States[lower-alpha 6]
46 Chiyono Hasegawa[38] 20 November 1896 2 December 2011 115 years, 12 days Japan
47 Annie Jennings[39] 12 November 1884 20 November 1999 115 years, 8 days United Kingdom
48 Eva Morris[40] 8 November 1885 2 November 2000 114 years, 360 days United Kingdom
49 Kama Chinen[41] 10 May 1895 2 May 2010 114 years, 357 days Japan
50 Maria Gomes Valentim[42] 9 July 1896 21 June 2011 114 years, 347 days Brazil
51 Mary Bidwell[43] 19 May 1881 25 April 1996 114 years, 342 days United States
52 Hester Ford[6] 15 August 1905 Living 114 years, 320 days United States
53 Iris Westman[6] 28 August 1905 Living 114 years, 307 days United States
54 Mary Josephine Ray[44] 17 May 1895 7 March 2010 114 years, 294 days United States[lower-alpha 7]
55 Goldie Steinberg[6][45][46] 30 October 1900 16 August 2015 114 years, 290 days United States[lower-alpha 8]
56 Kiyoko Ishiguro[6] 4 March 1901 5 December 2015 114 years, 276 days Japan
57 Maria do Couto Maia-Lopes[5] 24 October 1890 25 July 2005 114 years, 274 days Portugal
Eudoxie Baboul[6] 1 October 1901 1 July 2016 France (French Guiana)
59 Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan[47] 31 August 1889 29 May 2004 114 years, 272 days Puerto Rico
60 Yukie Hino[6] 17 April 1902 13 January 2017 114 years, 271 days Japan
61 Delphine Gibson[6] 17 August 1903 9 May 2018 114 years, 265 days United States
62 Eugénie Blanchard[48] 16 February 1896 4 November 2010 114 years, 261 days France (Saint Barthélemy)
63 Venere Pizzinato-Papo[49] 23 November 1896 2 August 2011 114 years, 252 days Italy[lower-alpha 9]
64 Neva Morris[50] 3 August 1895 6 April 2010 114 years, 246 days United States
65 Mina Kitagawa[6] 3 November 1905 Living 114 years, 240 days Japan
66 Hide Ohira[5] 15 September 1880 9 May 1995 114 years, 236 days Japan
67 Blanche Cobb[51][52] 8 September 1900 1 May 2015 114 years, 235 days United States
68 Ethel Lang[6] 27 May 1900 15 January 2015 114 years, 233 days United Kingdom
69 Yone Minagawa[53] 4 January 1893 13 August 2007 114 years, 221 days Japan
70 María Antonia Castro[54] 10 June 1881 16 January 1996 114 years, 220 days Spain
71 Carrie Lazenby[5] 9 February 1882 14 September 1996 114 years, 218 days United States
Ura Koyama[55] 30 August 1890 5 April 2005 Japan
73 Myrtle Dorsey[56] 22 November 1885 25 June 2000 114 years, 216 days United States
74 Iso Nakamura[6] 23 April 1903 23 November 2017 114 years, 214 days Japan
75 Faustina Sarmiento-Pupo[6] 15 February 1905 16 September 2019 114 years, 213 days Cuba
76 Anna Eliza Williams[57] 2 June 1873 27 December 1987 114 years, 208 days United Kingdom
77 Eunice Sanborn[58] 20 July 1896 31 January 2011 114 years, 195 days United States
78 Grace Clawson[59] 15 November 1887 28 May 2002 114 years, 194 days United States[lower-alpha 10]
79 Mitsue Toyoda[6] 15 February 1902 25 August 2016 114 years, 192 days Japan
80 Tase Matsunaga[60] 11 May 1884 18 November 1998 114 years, 191 days Japan
Kame Ganeko[6][61] 10 April 1905 18 October 2019 Japan
82 Kame Nakamura[62] 8 March 1898 12 September 2012 114 years, 188 days Japan
83 Lydie Vellard[5] 18 March 1875 17 September 1989 114 years, 183 days France
Wilhelmina Kott[63] 7 March 1880 6 September 1994 United States
Adelina Domingues[64] 19 February 1888 21 August 2002 United States[lower-alpha 11]
86 Mitoyo Kawate[65] 15 May 1889 13 November 2003 114 years, 182 days Japan
Gabrielle des Robert[6][66] 4 June 1904 3 December 2018 France
88 Charlotte Benkner[67] 16 November 1889 14 May 2004 114 years, 180 days United States[lower-alpha 12]
Camille Loiseau[68] 13 February 1892 12 August 2006 France
90 Anne Primout[69] 5 October 1890 26 March 2005 114 years, 172 days France[lower-alpha 13]
91 Ettie Mae Greene[70] 8 September 1877 26 February 1992 114 years, 171 days United States
92 Geertje Kuijntjes[6] 19 July 1905 24 December 2019 114 years, 158 days Netherlands
93 Dominga Velasco[6] 12 May 1901 11 October 2015 114 years, 152 days United States[lower-alpha 14]
94 Toshie Yorimitsu[6] 30 September 1901 28 February 2016 114 years, 151 days Japan
95 Irene Frank[5] 1 October 1881 28 February 1996 114 years, 150 days United States
96 Christina Cock[71] 25 December 1887 22 May 2002 114 years, 148 days Australia[lower-alpha 15]
97 Olivia Patricia Thomas[72] 29 June 1895 16 November 2009 114 years, 140 days United States
Alelia Murphy[6] 6 July 1905 23 November 2019 United States
99 Tae Ito[6] 11 July 1903 13 November 2017 114 years, 125 days Japan
100 Anna Henderson[73] 5 March 1900 1 July 2014 114 years, 118 days United States
  1. The exact lifespan of people listed with the number of years and days may actually differ because of leap days that occurred during their lifetime.
  2. Calment's case was disputed in a study posted online in November 2018,[1][2] and a followup paper published in January 2019,[3] although other researchers have dismissed this hypothesis on the basis of extensive prior research into Calment's life.[4]
  3. Manfredini was born in Italy.
  4. Gaudette was born in the United States.
  5. Holtz was born in the German Empire; her birthplace is now in Poland.
  6. Gerena was born in Puerto Rico.
  7. Ray was born in Canada.
  8. Steinberg was born in Chișinău, then part of the Russian Empire, now the capital of Moldova.
  9. Pizzinato-Papo was born in Ala, then part of Austria-Hungary, now in Italy.
  10. Clawson was born in the United Kingdom.
  11. Domingues was born in Cape Verde, then a colony of Portugal.
  12. Benkner was born in Germany.
  13. Primout was born in colonial Algeria, and moved to metropolitan France after Algeria obtained independence.
  14. Velasco was born in Mexico.
  15. Cock was born in the British colony of Victoria, now part of Australia.

100 verified oldest men

The list including all known and validated supercentenarians who died before 2015 was compiled by the Gerontology Research Group (GRG).[5] Later cases are sourced either from more recent GRG data, from administrative reports, or from press coverage.[6] Most recent cases from 2017 forward have not been verified by an organization specializing in age verification, such as the (GRG), because they are only concentrating on cases 113+ years of age.

  Deceased   Living

Rank Name[lower-alpha 1] Birth date Death date Age Place of death
or residence
01 Jiroemon Kimura 19 April 1897 12 June 2013 116 years, 54 days Japan
02 Christian Mortensen 16 August 1882 25 April 1998 115 years, 252 days United States[lower-alpha 2]
03 Emiliano Mercado del Toro 21 August 1891 24 January 2007 115 years, 156 days Puerto Rico
04 Mathew Beard 9 July 1870 16 February 1985 114 years, 222 days United States
05 Walter Breuning 21 September 1896 14 April 2011 114 years, 205 days United States
06 Yukichi Chuganji 23 March 1889 28 September 2003 114 years, 189 days Japan
07 Joan Riudavets 15 December 1889 5 March 2004 114 years, 81 days Spain
08 Gustav Gerneth[74] 15 October 1905 22 October 2019[75] 114 years, 7 days Germany[lower-alpha 3]
09 Fred Hale 1 December 1890 19 November 2004 113 years, 354 days United States
10 Yisrael Kristal[6] 15 September 1903 11 August 2017 113 years, 330 days Israel[lower-alpha 4]
11 Johnson Parks 15 October 1884 17 July 1998 113 years, 275 days United States
12 Tomoji Tanabe 18 September 1895 19 June 2009 113 years, 274 days Japan
13 John Ingram McMorran 19 June 1889 24 February 2003 113 years, 250 days United States
14 Masazō Nonaka[6] 25 July 1905 20 January 2019 113 years, 179 days Japan
15 Frederick Frazier 27 January 1880 14 June 1993 113 years, 138 days United States
16 James Sisnett 22 February 1900 23 May 2013 113 years, 90 days Barbados[lower-alpha 5]
17 Walter Richardson 7 November 1885 25 December 1998 113 years, 48 days United States
18 Francisco Núñez Olivera[6] 13 December 1904 29 January 2018 113 years, 47 days Spain
19 Henry Allingham 6 June 1896 18 July 2009 113 years, 42 days United Kingdom
20 Chitetsu Watanabe[6][76] 5 March 1907 23 February 2020 112 years, 355 days Japan
21 Antonio Todde 22 January 1889 3 January 2002 112 years, 346 days Italy
22 Moses Hardy 6 January 1894 7 December 2006 112 years, 335 days United States
23 Yasutaro Koide[6][77] 13 March 1903 19 January 2016 112 years, 312 days Japan
24 John Evans 19 August 1877 10 June 1990 112 years, 295 days United Kingdom
25 Richard Arvin Overton[6] 11 May 1906 27 December 2018 112 years, 230 days United States
26 George Francis 6 June 1896 27 December 2008 112 years, 204 days United States
27 Denzo Ishizaki 20 October 1886 29 April 1999 112 years, 191 days Japan
28 Josep Armengol 23 July 1881 20 January 1994 112 years, 181 days Spain
29 Giovanni Frau 29 December 1890 19 June 2003 112 years, 172 days Italy
30 John Painter 20 September 1888 1 March 2001 112 years, 162 days United States
31 Masamitsu Yoshida[6] 30 May 1904 29 October 2016 112 years, 152 days Japan
32 Sakari Momoi[6] 5 February 1903 5 July 2015 112 years, 150 days Japan
33 Alphaeus Philemon Cole 12 July 1876 25 November 1988 112 years, 136 days United States
34 Augusto Moreira 6 October 1896 13 February 2009 112 years, 130 days Portugal
35 George Johnson 1 May 1894 30 August 2006 112 years, 121 days United States
36 Salustiano Sanchez 8 June 1901 13 September 2013 112 years, 97 days United States[lower-alpha 6]
37 CP Crawford[78][79] 25 August 1907 23 November 2019[80] 112 years, 90 days United States
38 Yoshikazu Yamashita[81][82] 10 April 1907 7 July 2019 112 years, 88 days Japan
39 Gengan Tonaki 30 October 1884 24 January 1997 112 years, 86 days Japan
40 Robert Weighton[83] 29 March 1908 28 May 2020 112 years, 60 days United Kingdom
41 Tadanosuke Hashimoto 27 April 1891 31 May 2003 112 years, 34 days Japan
42 Kumekichi Tani 20 April 1891 12 May 2003 112 years, 22 days Japan
43 James Wiggins 15 October 1879 16 October 1991 112 years, 1 day United States
44 George Feldman[84][85] 2 December 1906 2 December 2018 112 years, 0 days United States
45 Tsunahei Ogawa[86] 9 January 1907 4 January 2019 111 years, 360 days Japan
46 Arturo Licata 2 May 1902 24 April 2014 111 years, 357 days Italy
47 Walter H. Seward 13 October 1896 14 September 2008 111 years, 337 days United States
48 Maurice Floquet 25 December 1894 10 November 2006 111 years, 320 days France
49 Valerio Piroddi[87] 13 November 1905 18 September 2017 111 years, 309 days Italy
50 James McCoubrey 13 September 1901 5 July 2013 111 years, 295 days United States[lower-alpha 7]
Shivakumara Swami[88] 1 April 1907[89] 21 January 2019 India[lower-alpha 8]
52 John Mosely Turner 15 June 1856 21 March 1968 111 years, 280 days United Kingdom
53 Hermann Dörnemann 27 May 1893 2 March 2005 111 years, 279 days Germany
54 Antonio Urrea 18 February 1888 15 November 1999 111 years, 270 days Spain
55 Choki Miyagi[6] 15 November 1904 7 August 2016 111 years, 266 days Japan
56 Arthur Carter 5 October 1889 11 June 2001 111 years, 249 days United States
57 Jan Machiel Reyskens 11 May 1878 7 January 1990 111 years, 241 days Netherlands[lower-alpha 9]
58 Jesús Mosteo[90] 1 January 1908 28 August 2019[91] 111 years, 239 days Spain
59 Dumitru Comănescu[92] 8 November 1908 27 June 2020[93] 111 years, 232 days Romania
60 Henry Tseng[94][95] 12 July 1907 27 February 2019 111 years, 230 days United States[lower-alpha 10]
61 Joe Thomas 1 May 1875 14 December 1986 111 years, 227 days United States
62 James Zackry 15 August 1881 14 March 1993 111 years, 211 days United States
63 Tanekichi Onishi 15 February 1900 11 September 2011 111 years, 208 days Japan
64 Roger Auvin[96] 20 March 1908 13 October 2019 111 years, 207 days France
65 Kiyoshi Igarashi 2 August 1897 23 February 2009 111 years, 205 days Japan
Lester Townsend[97] 31 March 1908 22 October 2019[98] United States
67 Herman Smith-Johannsen 15 June 1875 5 January 1987 111 years, 204 days Norway
68 Ernest Pusey 5 May 1895 19 November 2006 111 years, 198 days United States
69 Thomas Nelson, Sr. 8 July 1895 9 January 2007 111 years, 185 days United States
70 Jokichi Ikarashi 26 January 1902 23 July 2013 111 years, 178 days Japan
71 Earl Brush 17 July 1893 10 January 2005 111 years, 177 days United States
Qin Hanzhang[99] 19 February 1908 15 August 2019 China
73 Antonio de Castro 6 January 1898 22 June 2009 111 years, 167 days Portugal
74 Sukesaburo Nakanishi 15 March 1896 22 August 2007 111 years, 160 days Japan
75 Luther Goding 1 July 1884 5 December 1995 111 years, 157 days United States
76 Jan Pieter Bos 12 July 1891 15 December 2002 111 years, 156 days Netherlands
77 Emile Fourcade 29 July 1884 29 December 1995 111 years, 153 days France[lower-alpha 11]
78 Benjamin Harrison Holcomb 3 July 1889 2 December 2000 111 years, 152 days United States
79 Aarne Arvonen 4 August 1897 1 January 2009 111 years, 150 days Finland[lower-alpha 12]
80 George Frederick Ives 17 November 1881 12 April 1993 111 years, 146 days Canada[lower-alpha 13]
81 Jan Goossenaerts 30 October 1900 21 March 2012 111 years, 143 days Belgium
Saturnino de la Fuente[100] 8 February 1909 Living 111 years, 143 days Spain
83 Carl Mattsson[101] 7 March 1908 24 July 2019 111 years, 139 days Sweden
84 Garland Adair 30 July 1898 11 December 2009 111 years, 134 days United States
85 Anders Engberg 1 July 1892 6 November 2003 111 years, 128 days Sweden
86 Alfred Smith[102] 29 March 1908 3 August 2019 111 years, 127 days United Kingdom
87 Alexander Imich 4 February 1903 8 June 2014 111 years, 124 days United States[lower-alpha 14]
88 Jack Lockett 22 January 1891 25 May 2002 111 years, 123 days Australia[lower-alpha 15]
89 Henry Hartmann 14 July 1894 10 November 2005 111 years, 119 days United States
90 Shelby Harris 31 March 1901 25 July 2012 111 years, 116 days United States
91 Daniel Guzmán-García 6 February 1897 21 May 2008 111 years, 105 days Colombia
92 Sadayoshi Tanabe 20 October 1888 18 January 2000 111 years, 90 days Japan
93 Clarence Matthews[103] 1 May 1906 22 July 2017 111 years, 82 days United States
94 Makaru Nakanishi 15 December 1901 28 February 2013 111 years, 75 days Japan
95 Jules Théobald[104] 17 April 1909 Living 111 years, 74 days France (Martinique)
96 Irving Piken[105] 20 December 1908 27 February 2020[106] 111 years, 69 days United States
97 Kamado Tsuha[107] 10 June 1908 15 August 2019[108] 111 years, 66 days Japan
98 Henry Pfeiffer 22 March 1881 23 May 1992 111 years, 62 days United States
99 Zachariah Blackistone 16 February 1871 18 April 1982 111 years, 61 days United States
100 Antonio Baldo 6 July 1887 28 August 1998 111 years, 53 days Italy
  1. All entries are sourced to GRG "table B" as of 1 January 2015, unless otherwise noted.[5]
  2. Mortensen was born in Denmark.
  3. Gerneth was born in Stettin, then part of the German Empire, now in Poland and renamed Szczecin.
  4. Kristal was born in Maleniec, then part of the Russian Empire, now in Poland.
  5. Sisnett was born in Barbados, then a British colony, now an independent country.
  6. Sanchez was born in Spain.
  7. McCoubrey was born in Newfoundland, then a separate British colony, now part of Canada.
  8. Shivakumara was born in Magadi, Kingdom of Mysore, then part of British India, now a state of India.
  9. Reyskens was born in Belgium and never obtained Dutch citizenship.
  10. Tseng was born in Yokohama, Japan and emigrated to China. He lived in Los Angeles, United States from 1975 until his death.
  11. Fourcade was born in colonial Algeria, and moved to metropolitan France after Algeria obtained independence.
  12. Arvonen was born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then part of the Russian Empire.
  13. Ives was born in the United Kingdom.
  14. Imich was born in Częstochowa, then part of the Russian Empire, now in Poland.
  15. Lockett was born in the British colony of Victoria, now part of Australia.

See also

References
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  2. Hopper, Tristin (31 December 2018). "History's oldest woman a fraud? Russian researchers claim 122-year-old Jeanne Calment was actually a 99-year-old imposter". National Post.
  3. Zak, Nikolay (30 January 2019). "Evidence that Jeanne Calment died in 1934, not 1997". Rejuvenation Research. 22: 3–12. doi:10.1089/rej.2018.2167. PMC 6424156.
  4. Rosenberg, Eli (12 January 2019). "The world's oldest person record stood for decades. Then came a Russian conspiracy theory". The Washington Post.
  5. Epstein, Louis; Young, Robert; Quesada, Miguel; Muir, Mark; Law, Chris; Wikkerink, Marco (1 January 2015). "Table B – Verified Supercentenarians (Ranked By Age)". Gerontology Research Group. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  6. Epstein, Louis; Young, Robert; Adams, Johnny; Muir, Mark (20 January 2019). "GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List". Gerontology Research Group. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  7. Whitney, Craig R. (5 August 1997). "Jeanne Calment, World's Elder, Dies at 122". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  8. "World's oldest person misses millennium". BBC. 31 December 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  9. Maier, H.; Gampe, J.; Jeune, B.; Vaupel, J.W.; Robine, J.-M. (2010). Demographic research monographs – Supercentenarians. Springer Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 978-3-642-11520-2.
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