List of dual place names in New Zealand

Some official place names in New Zealand are dual names, incorporating both the original Māori place names and the English names bestowed since European settlement. Although a mixture of Māori and English names is the most common form of dual name, some places, such as Mahināpua Creek / Tūwharewhare, include Māori elements in each part of the name, and Wellington Harbour (Port Nicholson) incorporates two English names.

The agreed dual name of Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay remembers both the Māori and British explorations of New Zealand.

The practice of giving certain New Zealand places dual names began in the 1920s,[1] but dual names have become much more common in the 1990s and 2000s, in part due to Treaty of Waitangi settlements. Many places have names with a long heritage in each culture. For instance, one settlement saw Cloudy Bay, given this name by Captain Cook in 1770, renamed Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay,[2] with the Māori name recalling the early explorer Kupe scooping up oysters from the bay.[3]

In rare cases, a place may be given two alternative names instead of one dual name. Prominent examples include the mountain called Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont and the town called Whanganui or Wanganui.[4] These places are not included in the list below.

Assignment
Many places were officially given dual names through the 1998 Ngāi Tahu treaty settlement, including Aoraki / Mount Cook.

Official place names in New Zealand are usually determined by the New Zealand Geographic Board (Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa). In cases where there have been objections to a proposed name, a final decision is made by the Minister of Lands.

A large number of dual names have been conferred not by the NZGB, but were negotiated as part of Treaty of Waitangi claims settlements and then enacted by Parliament.[5][6] The 1998 Ngāi Tahu settlement alone established 87 dual names, including Aoraki / Mount Cook.[7][8]

Orthography

Originally, the board gazetted dual names in a form where the less commonly used name was in parentheses, e.g. Taylors Mistake (Te Onepoto). In the 1990s the system was changed to separating the names with a forward slash, e.g. name1 / name2. Placing a space before and after the slash is encouraged,[5] but this convention is inconsistent with registered official names (e.g. Aoraki / Mount Cook[9]).

The board now generally puts the Māori name first, but exceptions are sometimes made, for example when maritime safety is paramount (e.g. Baring Head / Ōrua-pouanui).[5]

List of dual names
New nameFormer nameType of placeRegionYear changedNotes
Alpine Lake / Ata PuaiAlpine LakeLakeWest Coast1998[8]
Aoraki / Mount CookMount CookMountainCanterbury1998[8]
Aoraki / Mount Cook VillageMount Cook VillageTownshipCanterbury1998[8]
Ashburton River / HakatereAshburton RiverRiverCanterbury1998[8]
Ashley River / RakahuriAshley RiverRiverCanterbury1998[8]
Avon River / ŌtākaroAvon RiverRiverCanterbury1998[8]
Awaroa / Godley HeadGodley HeadHeadlandCanterbury2003[10]
Baring Head / Ōrua-pouanuiBaring HeadHeadlandWellington2009[11]
Blumine Island (Oruawairua)Blumine IslandIslandMarlborough1980[11]
Browning Pass / Noti RaurekaBrowning PassMountain passWest Coast1998[8]
Burgess Island (Pokohinu)Burgess IslandIslandAuckland1982[11]
Cam River / RuataniwhaCam RiverRiverCanterbury1998[8]
Cape Reinga / Te Rerenga WairuaCape ReingaCapeNorthland2005[11]
Campbell Island / Motu IhupukuCampbell IslandIslandSubantarctic islands1998[8]
Canister Cove (Waikokopu)Canister CoveBayChatham Islands1982[12]
Cave Creek / KotihotihoCave CreekRiverWest Coast1998[8]Known for Cave Creek disaster
Clutha River / Mata-AuClutha River (upstream of river fork)RiverOtago1998[8]
Codfish Island / Whenua HouCodfish IslandIslandSouthland2014[13]
Colac Bay / ŌrakaColac BayTownshipSouthland1998[8]
Cook River / WehekaCook RiverRiverWest Coast1998[8]
Coopers Lagoon / MuriwaiCoopers LagoonLagoonCanterbury1998[8]
Dart River / Te Awa WhakatipuDart RiverRiverOtago1998[8]
Doubtful Sound / PateaDoubtful SoundFiordSouthland1998[8]
East Cape / KoromereEast CapeHeadlandSouthland1998[8]Not to be confused with East Cape, Gisborne
East Island / WhangaokenoEast IslandIslandGisborne2009[14]
Estuary of the Heathcote and Avon Rivers/lhutaiEstuary of the Heathcote and Avon RiversEstuaryCanterbury1998[8]
Fanal Island (Motukino)Fanal IslandIslandAuckland1982[11]
Fighting Bay (Oraumoa)Fighting BayBay/InletMarlborough1980[11]
Flower Pot (Onoua)Flower PotLocalityChatham Islands1982[12]
Fox Glacier / Te Moeka o TuaweFox GlacierGlacierWest Coast1998[8]Name does not apply to the town.
Franz Josef / WaiauFranz JosefTownshipWest Coast1998[8]
Franz Josef Glacier / Kā Roimata o Hine HukatereFranz Josef GlacierGlacierWest Coast1998[8]
Gillespies Point / KōhaihaiGillespies PointHeadlandWest Coast1998[8]
Goat Island / RakiririGoat IslandIslandOtago1998[8]
Golden Bay / MohuaGolden BayBayTasman2014[15]
Greenstone River / HokonuiGreenstone or Big Hohonu RiverRiverWest Coast1998[8]Not to be confused with Greenstone River, Otago
Grey River / MāwheranuiGrey RiverRiverWest Coast1998[8]
Groper Island (Tatapihi)Groper IslandIslandMarlborough1982[11]
Haast Pass / TioripateaHaast PassMountain passOtago1998[8]
Harris Saddle / Tarahaka WhakatipuHarris SaddleMountain passOtago1998[8]
Haukawakawa (Madsen)MadsenLocalityNelson1983[11]
Haupapa / Tasman GlacierTasman GlacierGlacierCanterbury
Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa MoanaHauraki GulfBayAuckland2014[13]
Hauturu / Little Barrier IslandLittle Barrier IslandIslandAuckland2004[11]
Hāwea / Bligh SoundBligh SoundBaySouthland2019[13]
Herekopare Island (Te Marama)Herekopare IslandIslandSouthland1998[11]
Hinemoatū / Howard RiverHoward RiverRiverTasman2014[15]
Hollyford River / Whakatipu Kā TukaHollyford RiverRiverSouthland1998[8]
Horomamae / Owen IslandOwen IslandIslandSouthland2001[11]
Howells Point / TarameaHowells PointHeadlandSouthland1998[8]
Inainatu / Pile BayPile BayBay/inletCanterbury2003[10]
Island Hill / TumuakiIsland HillHillWest Coast1998[8]
Jackson Bay / OkahuJackson BayBay/InletWest Coast1998[8]Not applicable to the township
Jacksons Reef (Patuatini)Jacksons ReefReefWaikato1973[11]
Kaikiekie / Bradshaw SoundBradshaw SoundBaySouthland2019[16]
Kaioruru / Church BayChurch BayBay/InletCanterbury2003[10]
Kaitira (East Entry Point)East Entry PointHeadlandNelson1979[11]
Karewa / Gannet IslandGannet IslandIslandWaikato2002[11]
Korowai / Torlesse Tussocklands ParkConservation ParkCanterbury[13]
Kurow Hill / Te KohurauKurow HillHillOtago1998[8]
Lake Alabaster / Wāwāhi WakaLake AlabasterLakeOtago1998[8]
Lake Browning / WhakarewaLake BrowningLakeWest Coast1998[8]
Lake Ellesmere (Te Waihora)Lake EllesmereLakeCanterbury1989[11]
Lake Grassmere / Kapara Te HauLake GrassmereLakeMarlborough1998[8]
Lake Ianthe / MatahiLake IantheLakeWest Coast1998[8]
Lake Karoro / MathewsLake MathewsLakeNorthland2002[11]
Lake McKerrow / Whakatipu WaitaiLake McKerrowLakeOtago1998[8]
Lake Ōkataina / Te Moana i kataina ā Te RangitakaroroLake OkatainaLakeBay of Plenty2006[17]
Lake Rotoiti / Te Roto kite ā Ihenga i ariki ai KahuLake RotoitiLakeBay of Plenty2006[17]
Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton Lake)Hamilton LakeLakeWaikato1974[11]
Lake Rotorua / Te Rotorua nui ā KahumatamomoeLake RotoruaLakeBay of Plenty2006[17]
Leaning Rock / HaehaeataLeaning RockRockOtago1998[8]
Little Mangere Island (Tapuaenuku) The FortLittle Mangere IslandIslandChatham Islands1982[12]
Little Mount Peel / HuatekerekereLittle Mount PeelMountainCanterbury1998[8]
Lords River / TūtaekawetowetoLords RiverRiverSouthland1998[8]
Lyttelton Harbour / WhakaraupōLyttelton HarbourBay/InletCanterbury1998[8]
Mackenzie Pass / ManahunaMackenzie PassMountain passCanterbury1998[8]
Mahināpua Creek / TūwharewhareMahināpua CreekStreamWest Coast1998[8]
Mākaro / Ward IslandWard IslandIslandWellington2001[11]
Manawatāwhi / Great IslandGreat IslandIslandNorthland2005[11]
Manawatāwhi / Three Kings IslandsThree Kings IslandsIsland groupNorthland2005[11]
Maniaiti / BenneydaleBenneydaleTownWaikato
Matiu / Somes IslandSomes IslandIslandWellington1997[11]
Matukutūreia / McLaughlins MountainMcLaughlins MountainHillAuckland2014[13]
Maungakiekie / One Tree HillOne Tree HillHillAuckland2014[13]
Maungarei / Mount WellingtonMount WellingtonHillAuckland2014[13]
Maungawhau / Mount EdenMount EdenHillAuckland2014[18]
Meretoto / Ship CoveShip CoveBayMarlborough2014[15]
Milford Sound / PiopiotahiMilford SoundBay/InletSouthland1998[8]
Moeraki Boulders / KaihinakiMoeraki BouldersGeological formationOtago1998[8]
Mokiiti / Little Moggy IslandLittle Moggy IslandIslandSouthland2002[11]
Mokinui / Big Moggy IslandBig Moggy IslandIslandSouthland2002[11]
Motuareronui / Adele IslandAdele IslandIslandNelson2014[15]
Motuihe Island / Te Motu-a-IhengotuiheMotuihe IslandIslandAuckland2014[13]
Motukauatiiti / Corsair BayCorsair BayBay/InletCanterbury2003[10]Does not apply to Corsair Bay suburb.
Motukauatirahi / Cass BayCass BayBay/InletCanterbury2003[10]Does not apply to adjacent suburb.
Motukokako Island (Piercy Island)Piercy IslandIslandNorthland1989[11]
Motumānawa / Pollen IslandPollen IslandIslandAuckland2015[19]
Motunau (Plate Island)Plate IslandIslandBay of Plenty1988[11]
Moturoa / Rabbit IslandRabbit IslandIslandNelson2014[15]
Motutere / Castle RockCastle RockHillWaikato2018[13]
Mount Alfred / AriMount AlfredMountainOtago1998[8]
Mount Anglem / HananuiMount AnglemMountainSouthland1998[8]
Mount Aspiring / TititeaMount AspiringMountainOtago1998[8]
Mount Charles / PoatiriMount CharlesMountainOtago1998[8]
Mount Diffenbach (Hemokawa)Mount DiffenbachHillChatham Islands1982[12]
Mount Earnslaw / PikirakatahiMount EarnslawMountainOtago1998[8]
Mount Grey / MaukatereMount GreyMountainCanterbury1998[8]
Mount Harman / KaniereMount HarmanMountainWest Coast1998[8]
Mount Harper / MahaanuiMount HarperMountainCanterbury1998[8]
Mount Hauruia / Bald RockBald RockPeakNorthland2003[10]
Mount Herbert / Te Ahu PatikiMount HerbertMountainCanterbury1998[8]
Mount MacKenzie / PakihiwitahiMount MacKenzieMountainOtago1998[8]
Mount Nimrod / KaumiraMount NimrodMountainCanterbury1998[8]
Mount Upright / Te Taumata o UekanukuMount UprightMountainWest Coast1998[8]
Mount Watkin / HikaroroaMount WatkinMountainOtago1998[8]
Musick Point / Te NaupatMusick PointPointAuckland2018[13]
New River / KaimataNew RiverRiverWest Coast1998[8]
Nga Kiore (Jag Rocks)Jag RocksIsland groupNelson1983[11]
Ngā Motu / Sugar Loaf IslandsSugar Loaf IslandsIsland groupTaranaki1999[11]
Nine Mile Creek / KotorepiNine Mile CreekStreamWest Coast1998[8]
North Branch Ashburton River / HakatereNorth Branch Ashburton RiverRiverCanterbury1998[8]
North-East Reef (Terangi-taumaewa)North-East ReefReefChatham Islands1982[12]
Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson Mount Hobson Volcanic cone Auckland 2014[20]
Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain Pigeon Mountain Volcanic Cone Auckland 2014[20]
Ōkāritoiti / Lake WindermereLake WindermereLakeWest Coast2010[11]
Old Man Range / KopuwaiOld Man RangeMountain rangeOtago1998[8]
Oromaki / North East IslandNorth East IslandIslandNorthland2005[11]
Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond Richmond Mount Richmond Volcanic cone Auckland 2014[20]
Otamahua / Quail IslandQuail IslandIslandCanterbury2003[10]
Otokitoki / Gollans BayGollans BayBay/inletCanterbury2003[10]
Otututu (Rough) RiverRough RiverRiverWest Coast1987[11]
Pahatea / Durden HillDurden HillHillOtago2007[11]
Pariwhero / Red RocksRed RocksRockWellington2009[11]
Paterson Inlet / Whaka a Te WeraPaterson Inlet (North and South West Arms)Bay/InletSouthland1998[8]
Pauakaiwawe (McLarens Bay)McLarens BayBay/InletNelson1983[11]
Pig Island / MātauPig IslandIslandOtago1998[8]
Pigeon Island / Wāwāhi WakaPigeon IslandIslandOtago1998[8]
Pireka (Low Neck Bay)Low Neck BayBay/InletNelson1983[11]
Piwhane / Spirits BaySpirits BayBay/InletNorthland2005[11]
Pitt Island (Rangiauria)Pitt IslandIslandChatham Islands1982[12]
Pōhatu / Flea BayFlea BayBay/InletCanterbury2003[10]
Port Hutt (Whangaroa Harbour)Port HuttHarbourChatham Islands1982[12]
Port Levy (Potiriwi) / KoukourarataPort Levy (Potiriwi)Bay/InletCanterbury1998[8]
Port Pegasus / PikihatitiPort PegasusBay/InletSouthland1998[8]
Port William / PotirepoPort WilliamBay/InletSouthland1998[8]
Pukehinau (Shellback) StreamShellback StreamStreamWaikato1974[11]
Pukepohatu / Bald RockBald RockRockNorthland2002[11]
Puotewheke (Scuffle Island)Scuffle IslandIslandNelson1983[11]
Puroa / Boar HillBoar HillHillNorthland2002[11]
The Pyramid (Tarakoikoia)The PyramidIslandChatham Islands1982[12]
Quarantine Island / Kamau TauruaQuarantine IslandIslandOtago1998[8]
Queen Charlotte Sound / TōtaranuiQueen Charlotte SoundSoundMarlborough2014
Rangitoto ki te Tonga / D'Urville IslandD'Urville IslandIslandMarlborough2008[21]
Refuge Island / TakatakaRefuge IslandIslandWest Coast1998[8]
Riverton / AparimaRivertonTownshipSouthland1998[8]
Rocky Point / TauotikirangiRocky PointHeadlandWest Coast1998[8]
Round Rock (Rangituka)Round RockRockChatham Islands1982[12]
Selwyn River / WaikirikiriSelwyn RiverRiverCanterbury1998[8]
Seven Mile Creek / WaimatukuSeven Mile CreekStreamWest Coast1998[8]
Shag Point / MatakaeaShag PointHeadlandOtago1998[8]
Shag River (Waihemo)Shag RiverRiverOtago1985[11]
Ship Cone / ŌtaupiriShip ConeHillSouthland1998[8]
Sinclair Head / Te RimurapaSinclair HeadHeadlandWellington2009[11]
Snares Islands / Tini HekeSnares IslandsIsland groupSubantarctic islands1998[8]
Solander Island (Hautere)Solander IslandIslandSouthland1980[11]
South Branch Ashburton River / HakatereSouth Branch Ashburton RiverRiverCanterbury1998[8]
South Cape / WhioreSouth CapeHeadlandSouthland1998[8]
South East Island (Rangatira)South East IslandIslandChatham Islands1982[12]
South West Cape / PuhiwaeroSouth West CapeHeadlandSouthland1998[8]
Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te MoanaSouthern AlpsMountain rangeCanterbury1998[8]
Spy Glass Point (Piripaua)Spy Glass PointHeadlandMarlborough1975[11]
Steeple Rock / Te Aroaro-o-KupeSteeple RockRockWellington2009[11]
Stewart Island / RakiuraStewart IslandIslandSouthland1998[8]
Taieri Island / MoturataTaieri IslandIslandOtago1998[8]
Taitetimu / Caswell SoundCaswell SoundFiordFiordland2019
Taki-a-Maru (Fish Reef)Fish ReefReefOtago1985[11]
Tapoa / Erskine PointErskine PointHeadlandCanterbury1949/2003[10]
Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-AorereTasman BayBayTasman2014
Tauhinukorokio / Mount PleasantMount PleasantHillCanterbury1949/2003[10]Does not apply to suburb of Christchurch.
Taukihepa / Big South Cape IslandBig South Cape IslandIslandSouthland2001[11]
Te Akaroa (West Entry Point)West Entry PointHeadlandNelson1979[11]
Te Akau (Black Beach)Black BeachBeachNelson1983[11]
Te Aumiti / French PassFrench PassChannelNelson1983[11]
Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt RiverHutt RiverRiverWellington2010[22]
Te Henga (Bethells Beach)Bethells BeachBeachAuckland1979[11]
Te Houhou / George SoundGeorge SoundFiordFiordland2019
Te Motu Kairangi / Miramar PeninsulaMiramar PeninsulaPeninsulaWellington2010[23]
Te Onepoto / Taylors MistakeTaylors MistakeLocalityCanterbury1949/2003[10]The dual name applies to the locality, not the bay, which is still known as Taylors Mistake.
Te Pohue / Camp BayCamp BayBay/InletCanterbury2003[10]
Te Puaitaha / Breaksea SoundBreaksea SoundFiordFiordland2019
Te Rā / Dagg SoundDagg SoundFiordFiordland2019
Te Umukuri (Wellers Rock)Wellers RockRockOtago1987[11]
Te Waipapa / Diamond HarbourDiamond HarbourBayCanterbury2003[11]Name does not apply to the town
Te Whakahewa (The Horns)The HornsPointChatham Islands1982[12]
Te Wharau / Charteris BayCharteris BayBay/InletCanterbury2003[11]
Ten Mile Creek / WaianiwaniwaTen Mile CreekStreamWest Coast1998[8]
The Bluff / MotupōhueThe Bluff (Bluff Hill)HillSouthland1998[8]
The Castle (Rangiwheau)The CastleIslandChatham Islands1982[12]
The Doughboy / KokirakiThe DoughboyHillWest Coast1998[8]
The Sisters (Rangitatahi)The SistersChatham Islands1982[12]
Tihiokahukura / Castle RockCastle RockRock outcropCanterbury2003[10]
Tikitapu / Blue LakeLake Tikitapu (Blue Lake)LakeBay of Plenty2006[17]
Tia Island (Entrance)IslandSouthland1998[11]
Timore Island (Chimneys)IslandSouthland1998[11]
Titi / Muttonbird IslandsMuttonbird IslandsIsland groupSouthland1998[11]
Tory Channel / Kura Te AuTory ChannelSoundMarlborough2014
Tu Araiawa Island (Fin Island)Fin IslandIslandNelson1983[11]
Waerenga / Mission BayMission BayBayBay of Plenty2006[11]
Waikawau / Hannahs BayHannahs BayBayBay of Plenty2006[11]
Waingaehe / Holdens BayHoldens BayBayBay of Plenty2006[11]
Wairēinga / Bridal Veil FallsBridal Veil FallsWaterfallWaikato2008[24]
Waitata / Little Port CooperLittle Port CooperBay/InletCanterbury2003[10]
Wellington Harbour (Port Nicholson)Port NicholsonHarbourWellington1984[11]
Westland Tai Poutini National ParkWestland National ParkNational parkWest Coast1998[8]
Whakaari / White IslandWhite IslandIslandBay of Plenty1998[11]
Whakapaingarara / Tapu BushTapu BushBushNorthland2002[11]
Whakapirau / Rocky PointRocky PointPointNorthland2002[11]
Whiorau / Lowry BayLowry BayBayWellington2009[11]
White Bluffs / Te Parinui o WhitiWhite BluffsBluffsMarlborough1998[8]
Whitireia / Mount CouperMount CouperHillWellington2007[11]

See also

References
  1. "Protocol for Mäori Place Names" (PDF). New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa. 14 August 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  2. Initialled version of Te Whakatau/Deed of Settlement between Ngāti Kuia and the Crown for Ratification Purposes Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 23. Office of Treaty Settlements.
  3. Gina Poncini (2004). Exploring the Image of New World Wine Producers: Website Texts for Wineries in Australia and New Zealand. Working Paper 04/2004, Istituto per la comunicazione aziendale, Facoltà di scienze della comunicazione Lugano, Università della Svizzera italiana.
  4. "Wanganui proposed change to Whanganui: What is the difference between alternative naming and dual naming?". New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  5. "Frameworks of the New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa". Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  6. "Frameworks of the New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa: Version 10" (PDF). LINZ. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  7. "Mana Recognition". Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  8. "Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (1998 No 97)".
  9. "NZGB Gazetteer". LINZ. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  10. "NZGB Gazetted Notices 26 June 2003" (PDF). Land Information New Zealand.
  11. "New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names" (PDF). Land Information New Zealand. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  12. "New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names: Offshore Islands" (PDF). Land Information New Zealand. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  13. "New Zealand Gazetteer of place names". Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  14. "NZGB notices – June 2019". Land Information New Zealand. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  15. "NZGB decisions". Land Information New Zealand. August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  16. "NZGB notices – October 2019". Land Information New Zealand. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  17. "Te Arawa Lakes Settlement Act 2006 No 43 – Schedule 4: Place names". 23 May 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  18. "NZGB decisions - September 2014". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  19. "New Zealand Gazetteer: Motumānawa / Pollen Island". gazetteer.linz.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  20. "NZGB decisions - September 2014". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. "NZGB decisions – Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River". Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  23. "NZGB decisions – Te Motu Kairangi". Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  24. "NZGB 2008". Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
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