List of current constituent Asian monarchs

This is a list of reigning constituent monarchs, including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs. Each monarch listed below reigns over a legally recognised dominion, but in most cases possess little or no sovereign governing power. Their titles, however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective dominions, and are grouped by country.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Asian monarchs
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
BangladeshBohmong [as 1]Raja Aung Shwe Prue1959ChowdhuryHereditary and Elective[1][2]
Chakma [as 2]Raja Debashish12 November 1971RoyHereditary[3][4]
Mong [as 3]Raja Saching Prue22 October 2008 [as 4]ChowdhuryHereditary and Elective[5][6]
East TimorOecusse [as 5]Liurai Antonio I4 May 2001 [as 6]Da Costa [as 7]Hereditary
India [as 8]DaherRaja Tapatrao AnandraoRajputHereditary[7][8]
GadhviRaja Yashwant Rao [as 9]Hereditary
LingaRaja BhavarsinghHereditary
PimpriRaja Trikamrao SahebraoHereditary
VasurnaRaja Chandra SinghHereditary

Malaysia
StateConstituentMonarchSinceHouseTypeSuccessionRefs
Malaysia JohorSultan Ibrahim Ismail22 January 2010 [my 1]TemenggongConstitutionalHereditary[9]
KedahSultan Sallehuddin12 September 2017KedahHereditary[9]
KelantanSultan Muhammad V [my 2]13 September 2010KelantanHereditary[9]
Negeri SembilanTuanku Muhriz29 December 2008Seri Menanti [my 3]Hereditary and Elective [my 4][9]
PahangAl-Sultan Sultan Abdullah15 January 2019 [my 5]BendaharaHereditary[9]
PerakSultan Nazrin Shah29 May 2014 [my 6]SiakHereditary[9]
PerlisTuanku Syed Sirajuddin17 April 2000JamalullailHereditary[9]
SelangorSultan Sharafuddin21 November 2001 [my 7]Selangor [my 8]Hereditary[9]
TerengganuSultan Mizan Zainal Abidin16 May 1998 [my 9]BendaharaHereditary[9]
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
Negeri Sembilan[my 10]JelebuVacant11 September 2014Elective and Hereditary [my 11]
JoholDato' Mohammad Jan ‘Abdul Ghani13 March 2007GemenchehElective and Hereditary [my 12][10]
Naning [my 13]Dato' Abdul Latif25 November 2006Elective and Hereditary[11]
RembauDato' Muhammad Sharif Othman21 November 1998JakunElective and Hereditary [my 14]
Sungai UjongDato' Shah Bandar29 December 1993HuluElective and Hereditary [my 15]
TampinTunku Besar Razman26 December 2005[my 16]Al QadriHereditary [my 17]

Philippines
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
PhilippinesBuayanSultan Mohammad Amil Kusain28 June 2008CamsaHereditary
Lanao [fi 1]Sultan Firdausi Abbas25 May 1996Ranao [fi 2]Elective[12][13]
MaguindanaoAl Borot [fi 3]11 January 2006KudaratHereditary[14][15]
SuluSultan Muedzul Lail-Tan Kiram[16]16 September 2012KiramHereditary[17][18]
TalikSultan Nasser Sambuto Pendatun23 July 2005SambutoHereditary[19][20]
Lanao confederates
BacolodSultan Madki MaurakBacolod [fi 4]Hereditary[21][22]
BaloiSultan Ysmael Ali28 February 2015Baloi [fi 4]Hereditary
BansayanSultan Calicozaman BasmanBansayan [fi 4]Hereditary[23][24]
BayangSultan Ali MandingBayang [fi 4]Hereditary[12][25]
BorocotSultan Saidali BaniagaDirampaten [fi 4]Hereditary[23][26]
ButigSultan Nasroden AdorButig [fi 4]Hereditary[27][28]
CabugatanDatu Manaros SimbaanCabugatan [fi 4]Hereditary[29][30]
DitsaanSultan Tamano PandapataDitsaan [fi 4]Hereditary[31][32]
DumalondongSultan Macaurog GuinarDomalondong [fi 4]Hereditary[23][33]
MariboSultan Nasser MagomnangMaribo [fi 4]Hereditary[23][34]
MasiuSultan Topaan Disomimba4 February 2002Masiu [fi 4]Hereditary[23][35]
MinitupadSultan Pagaranganan MitmugMinitupad [fi 4]Hereditary[23][36]
PagayawanSultan Mamasaranao MulokPagayawan [fi 4]Hereditary[12][37]
RamainSultan Patadatu Bayas11 December 2002Ramain [fi 4]Hereditary[23][38]
RogonSultan Bangcola AdthaRogon [fi 4]Hereditary[23][39]
TaporogSultan Farouk SharifJuly 1998Taporog [fi 4]Hereditary[23][40]

Indonesia

Present information regarding governmental recognition of traditional monarchs in Indonesia is inadequate. In some instances below, pre-colonial polities have been restored, and the royal titles of their leaders have been nominally confirmed. In other cases, the government has refused to revive monarchies that had been abolished during the earliest years of the republic. Despite the historical suppression of these dynasties, a large number have retained their culture, identity, and their status within their own communities. Royal titles are still widely used, bestowed in formal enthronement ceremonies conducted without formal recognition from Jakarta.[41]

In recent years, the number of dynasties receiving recognition as nominal cultural authorities has steadily increased.[42] However, because it remains unclear as to which monarchies have not yet been recognised, the list below will contain all extant Indonesian dynasties on which there is information available. Monarchs that have explicitly been denied recognition are listed under pretenders. The Sultan of Yogyakarta is listed separately due to the constitutional nature of his position.

StateConstituentMonarchSinceHouseTypeSuccessionRefs
Indonesia YogyakartaSultan Hamengkubuwono X2 October 1988 [id 1]Hamengkubuwono [id 2]Limited [id 3]Hereditary
List of Indonesian monarchs
Bali
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaBangliAnak Agung Made Rai Rama1961GelgelHereditary[43][44]
BulelengAnak Agung Ngurah Brawida2 June 1978Sangket [id 4]Hereditary[43][45]
DenpasarTjokorda Ngurah Jambe [id 5]25 November 2005Pemecutan [id 6]Hereditary[46][47]
GianyarAnak Agung Gde Agung II22 April 1999Hereditary[43][48]
KarangasemAnak Agung Gde Agung Putra Agung9 April 2009KarangasemHereditary
KesimanTjokorda Ngurah Kusuma Wardhana22 April 1989Kesiman [id 6]Hereditary[47][49]
KlungkungDewa Agung Gde AgungFebruary 1998Dewa Agung [id 4]Hereditary[43][50]
PamecutanTjokorda Ngurah Manik Parisara [id 5]1986Pemecutan [id 6]Hereditary[47][51]
TabananTjokorda Anglurah21 March 2008Hereditary
UbudVacant [id 7]20 July 1978SukawatiHereditary[52][53]
Borneo
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaBanjarmasinSultan Khairul Saleh24 July 2010Alwatzkubillah [id 8]Hereditary[54]
BulunganSultan Abdul Hamid2 December 2008Hereditary
KutaiSultanKutai [id 9]Hereditary[54][55]
KubuTuan Besar Syarif Rafik4 March 2008Al AidrusHereditary[56][57]
KotawaringinPangeran Ratu Muasyidin Syah1975Alwatzkubillah [id 8]Hereditary
LandakPangeran Ratu Suryansyah Amiruddin24 January 2000Ismahayana [id 9]Hereditary[58][59]
MatanPangeran Ratu Uti Iwan Kusnadi11 August 2004Hereditary[60]
MempawahPangeran Ratu Mulawangsa Mardan Adijaya12 August 2002Amantubillah [id 10]Hereditary[61][62]
PasirPangeran Ratu Abdul Rasyid16 October 2000Belengkong [id 10]Hereditary
PontianakSultan Syarif Abubakar15 January 2004Al Kadri [id 11]Hereditary[54][63]
SambaliungSultan Fachruddin19 October 2009BerauHereditary
SambasPangeran Ratu Muhammad Tarhan3 February 2008 [id 12]Alwatzkubillah [id 8]Hereditary
SanggauPangeran Ratu Arman Surya26 July 2009SuryanegaraHereditary
SekadauPangeran Agung Muhammad Efendi28 February 2009Hereditary[64]
SelimbauPanembahan Muhammad Asbi2004AssidiqiHereditary
Simpang [id 13]Sultan Muhammad Jamaluddin II31 May 2008Hereditary
SintangPanembahan Kusuma Negara V17 September 2003 [id 14]KusumanegaraHereditary[65]
Java
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaBantenSultan Ismetullah al-Abbas [id 15]August 2003SurosowanHereditary
KacirebonanSultan Abdul Gani Natadiningrat III28 October 1997Kacirebonan [id 16]Hereditary
KanomanSultan Muhammad Emiruddin [id 17]6 March 2003Kanoman [id 16]Hereditary
KasepuhanSultan Sepuh XIV30 April 2010Kasepuhan [id 16]Hereditary[43][66]
MangkunegaranMangku Negara IX3 September 1987Mangku Negara [id 2]Hereditary[67][68]
PakualamanPaku Alam X7 January 2016Paku Alam [id 2]Hereditary[69][70]
Surakarta [id 18]Susuhunan Pakubuwono XIII [id 19]10 September 2004Pakubuwono [id 2]Hereditary[71]
Maluku
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaAmaheiRaja Philip Hallatu20 September 1990HallatuHereditary and Elective[72]
BacanSultan Al-Abd-Al-Rahim Gary ibn Gahral" 19 November 2010KamarullahHereditary and Elective [id 20]
FaanRaja PatrisApril 2002RenwarinHereditary[73]
HituUpu Latu Salhana Pelu21 March 2007HitulamaHereditary
JailoloSultan Abdullah SyahJanuary 2002Hereditary
KisarRaja Johannis BakkerBakkerHereditary
LolodaJogugu Lutfi Muhammad Syamsuddin30 August 2009SyamsuddinHereditary
SoyaRaja Johan Lodewijk Rehatta9 December 2005 [id 21]Rehatta [id 22]Hereditary and Elective[74][75]
TulehuUpu Latu John Saleh Ohorella13 February 2003OhorellaHereditary[76]
Ternate[id 23][id 24]Hereditary
TidoreSultan Djafar Syah28 October 1999Hereditary[54][77]
Papua
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaArguniRaja Hanafi PauspausHereditary
FatagarRaja Taufiq Heru31 December 2009Uswanas [id 25]Hereditary
KaimanaRat Umis Abdul Hakim Achmad1980Aituarauw [id 26]Hereditary
NamatotaRaja Hayum Ombaier2006KowiaiHereditary
PatipiVacant [id 27]2003Sameni [id 28]Hereditary
RumbatiRaja Abubakar II Saleh8 January 2010BauwHereditary[78]
SalawatiRaja Muhammad Tahir ArfanArfanHereditary[79]
WertuarRaja Musa Heremba15 April 1988HerembaHereditary
Roti
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaBaaManek Paulus Dae Pane1998Dae PaneHereditary
BokaiManek Herman Dupe1 January 1961 [id 29]DoepeHereditary
DehlaManek Nehemia Ndun2 October 1972 [id 30]NdoenHereditary[80]
DengkaVacant [id 31]1970TunggaHereditary
KorbafoVacant [id 32]6 March 2000ManubuluHereditary[81]
LanduVacant [id 33]18 March 2008JohannesHereditary
LelainManek Yunus BesiBesiHereditary
LelenukManek Christoffel Daik28 September 1994DaikHereditary[82]
LolehManek Soleman Zacharias15 July 2003 [id 34]ZachariasHereditary
NdaoManek Soleman Kotten1968KottenHereditary[83]
OenaleManek Christoffel Hanok LengguLengguHereditary
OepaoManek Jefry Sjioen2005SjioenHereditary[84]
RinggouVacant [id 35]22 March 2002DaoedHereditary
TermanuManek Soleman Jeremias Amalo [id 36]14 October 2007AmaloHereditary
ThieVacant [id 37]25 January 2010MburalaeHereditary
Sulawesi
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaBalangnipaMaradia Fadly Patayangi19 November 2005Hereditary[85]
BanawaVacant [id 38]16 November 2006Hereditary[86][87]
BanggaiTomundo Mohamad Fikran Ramadhan [id 39]29 January 2010AwaluddinHereditary
BarruVacant [id 40]BugisHereditary
BoneArumpone Baso Hamid7 April 2006BugisHereditary
Buton [id 41]Sultan La Ode Mohammad Izat Manarfa27 November 2006KumbewahatakHereditary[88]
GowaSultan Kumala Idjo Batara Gowa III [id 42]2014Hereditary
LuwuDatu Iwan Djemma Barue10 June 2006BugisHereditary[89][90]
MamujuMaradia Maksum DaiMak LonjokHereditary[91][92]
MoriVacant [id 43]Hereditary
SanraboneKaraeng Ali Mallombasi25 July 2008SanraboneHereditary
SoppengDatu Unru Mappanjantji2001Hereditary
Sumatra
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaAsahanSultan Kamal Abrahim17 May 1980 [id 44]PinangawanHereditary[93]
Bangkara [id 45]Raja Sisingamangaraja XV [id 46]24 December 1972Pasaribu [id 47]Hereditary
DeliSultan Aria Lamanjiji [id 48]22 July 2005MaimoonHereditary[94][95]
Dolok SilauRaja Tanjar Gaim Purba Tambak23 November 2008PurbaHereditary[96]
IndragiriSultan Tengku Arief1 February 1986Hereditary
JambiSultan Abdurrahman Taha Syaifuddin Syah18 March 2012Hereditary and Elective[97]
LangkatSultan Azwar Abdul Jalil21 May 2003Hereditary and Elective[98]
PagaruyungRaja Alam Muhammad Taufik Thaib [id 49]10 June 2007Adityawarman [id 50]Hereditary
PalembangSultan Mahmud Badaruddin III4 March 2003Hereditary[99][100]
PelalawanTengku Besar Kamaruddin bin Harun7 August 2008Al ShahabHereditary
SerdangSultan Basyarsyah II28 January 2001 [id 51]AlamsyahHereditary
SiakSultan Nasir Abdul Jalil Saifuddin VI11 February 1984Al SyihabHereditary[101][102]
SigunturSultan Hendri Tuanku Bagindo Ratu1968Siguntur [id 50]Hereditary[103][104]
Timor
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaAmanatunUsif Pah Gustaf Immanuel [id 52]26 September 1996Banunaek [id 53]Hereditary[105][106]
AmanubanUsif Pah Nesi Nope1980Nope [id 54]Hereditary[107][108]
AmarasiUsif Pah Robert Maurits Koroh1990Koroh [id 55]Hereditary[109][110]
AmfoanUsif Pah Robert Gordon Manoh27 September 2001Manoch [id 53]Hereditary[111][112]
BibokiUsif Pah Johanis Tnesi UsBokoHereditary[113][114]
BotiUsif Pah Nama BenuMarch 2005 [id 56]BenuHereditary[115]
FialarangLoro Jadokus Manek1990Da Costa [id 57]Hereditary[116]
InsanaUsif Pah Theodorus Taolin [id 58]1991TaolinHereditary[117][118]
KupangUsif Pah Leopold Nicolaas Nisnoni [id 59]July 2004 [id 60]Nisnoni [id 53]Elective and Hereditary[123][124]
LamaknenLoro Josef Kalimau16 October 2003Bunak [id 61]Elective and Hereditary [id 62][125]
Miomaffo [id 63]Usif Pah Alfons Kono1986KonoHereditary[126][127]
MolloUsif Pah Edison Oematan12 August 2001OematanHereditary[128][129]
NoimutiUsif Pah Antonius da CostaDa Costa [id 57]Hereditary[130][131]
WehaliDisputed [id 64]11 May 2003Waihale [id 65]Hereditary
Others
StatePolityMonarchSinceHouseSuccessionRefs
IndonesiaAnakalangRaja Sappi Pateduk II1992Hereditary[132]
BarnusaRaja Akbar Salim [id 66]BasoHereditary
BatulolongRaja Constantijn Karimalei1996KarimaleiHereditary[133][134]
BimaJena Teke Zulkarnain [id 67]17 June 2001 [id 68]Dewa Dalam BawaHereditary[135][136]
DompuVacant [id 69]1964SirajuddinHereditary
KolanaRaja Yusuf Makunimau1996Makunimau [id 70]Hereditary
KuiRaja Kaharuddin KinanggiKinanggiHereditary[137]
LamakeraRaja Abdul Gafur Ibrahim1987DasiHereditary
LewaRaja Pingi Ai23 January 1978Hereditary[138]
LohayongSengaji Muhamad IdrusFebruary 2008KalakeHereditary[139]
Riau-LinggaSultan Abdul Rahman II8 April 1964Bendahara [id 71]Hereditary[140]
SumbawaVacant [id 72]1975KaharuddinHereditary[141][142]

Western Asia
StateConstituentMonarchSinceHouseTypeSuccessionRefs
United Arab Emirates Abu DhabiSheikh Khalifa bin Zayed3 November 2004Al Nahyan [me 1]Limited [me 2]Hereditary[143]
AjmanSheikh Humaid V bin Rashid6 September 1981Al Nuaim [me 3]Hereditary[143]
DubaiSheikh Mohammed bin Rashid4 January 2006Al Maktoum [me 4]Hereditary[143]
FujairahSheikh Hamad bin Mohammed18 September 1974Al Sharqi [me 5]Hereditary[143]
Ras al-KhaimahSheikh Saud bin Saqr27 October 2010 [me 6]Al Qasimi [me 7]Hereditary[143]
SharjahSheikh Sultan III bin Mohamed23 June 1987 [me 8]Al Qasimi [me 7]Hereditary[143]
Umm al-QaiwainSheikh Saud bin Rashid2 January 2009Al Mu‘allaHereditary[143]

Malaysia
  1. Formally installed on the following day. Tengku Ibrahim ruled as prince regent between 26 April 1984 and 25 April 1989, whilst the incumbent sultan ruled as King of Malaysia.
  2. Prior to his assumption of the throne, Tuanku Muhammad Faris Petra had been serving as prince regent since 25 May 2009 on behalf of his father, Sultan Ismail Petra, after the elder suffered a delibitating stroke. In September 2010, the elder sultan was constitutionally deposed by the state's Succession Council in favour of Muhammad Faris.
  3. Negeri Sembilan is a confederation of six states. Seri Menanti is the name of the state from which the ruling line of Negeri Sembilan derives. It is a branch of the Minangkabau dynasty.
  4. The Yang di-Pertuan Besar is chosen for life by the Undang Laut (four ruling chiefs of the confederated states of Negeri Sembilan) from amongst four royal princes. These princes are selected by the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar from amongst the senior members of the ruling line of Seri Menanti.
  5. Coronation took place on 6 May 1975.
  6. Coronation took place on 6 May 2015.
  7. Formally installed on the following day. Sharafuddin, then known as Tengku Idris Shah, ruled as prince regent between 26 April 1999 and 21 November 2001, whilst the incumbent sultan ruled as King of Malaysia.
  8. The current ruling family of Selangor is a Bugis dynasty.
  9. Formally installed 26 May 1998. Coronation took place on 4 March 1999. Tuanku Mizan had served as acting sultan between 20 October and 8 November 1990.
  10. These traditional chiefdoms are part of the confederacy of Negeri Sembilan, a federated state of Malaysia. The ruling chiefs of Jelebu, Johol, Rembau, and Sungai Ujong form the Undang Laut, who will decide the next Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan. Tampin is a separate hereditary principality. Naning is situated in the state of Malacca.
  11. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the three highest noble families: the Waris Ulu Jelebu, Waris Sarin, and Waris Kemin.
  12. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the male descendants of the first ruler, following the matrilineal line.
  13. Naning was part of Negeri Sembilan from 1641 to 1832. It is now part of Malacca.
  14. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Jakun and Waris Jawa. The position is, by informal agreement, alternated between the heads of the two houses.
  15. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Hulu and Waris Hilir.
  16. Formally enthroned on 12 August 2006.
  17. The Yang di-Pertuan Muda (prince) succeeds according to the laws of male primogeniture, but must also receive confirmation from the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.

Philippines
  1. The Kingdom of Lanao, or Ranao, is traditionally a federation composed of sixteen primary sultanates. Each sultanate, headed by an hereditary royal house, represents a different clan of the Maranaos. In addition to the primary sultanates, there are a further twenty-eight lesser (termed "legislative") sultanates, which are the guardians of the Maranao taritib (tradition). The federation is headed by a supreme sultan, chosen from amongst the royal lineages of the lesser sultanates. The sixteen primary sultans are also listed above; the others are not. This customary system of traditional society is recognised by the Philippine government.
  2. A Maranao dynasty. The current sultan belongs principally to the House of Dayawan. He also descends from the houses of Bayang, Buayan, Guimba, Marawi, and Marantao.
  3. The throne of Maguindanao is under Al Borot since the assassination of the last sultan, Amir bin Muhammad Baraguir, in early 2006. His eldest son, Ammar Yassir, is prince regent and head of the royal household.
  4. A clan of the Maranaos.

Indonesia
  1. Formally installed on 7 March 1989.
  2. A branch of the Kartasura dynasty.
  3. While state law requires that all provincial governors be elected, in the case of Yogyakarta, the sultan is given priority during elections, and therefore is always the default governor. In addition, the reigning Pakualam (see under Java) is normally given preference when selecting the vice-governor. As in other provinces, considerable administrative power is also ceded to the central government.
  4. A branch of the Gelgel dynasty.
  5. The rajas of Denpasar and Pamecutan, two dynastical divisions of the formerly unified kingdom of Badung, both use the hereditary regnal name "Pemecutan". Ngurah Jambe of Denpasar is formally referred to as Pemecutan IX, while Ngurah Manik of Pamecutan is known as Pemecutan XI. The numerical appendages are not interconnected.
  6. A branch of the Badung dynasty.
  7. The previous head of the royal family and the last recognised king of Ubud, Tjokorda Gde Agung Sukawati, died in 1978. His eldest son, Gde Putra, is the present head of the family. He has not yet been installed as king, however, and instead serves as prince regent.
  8. A Banjar dynasty.
  9. A Dayak dynasty.
  10. A Bugis dynasty.
  11. Also known as the Alkadrie, Kadriah, or Kadariah dynasty.
  12. Muhammad Tarhan succeeded as head of the royal family following the death of his father in 2008. Like his father, however, he has not been installed as sultan, and instead acts as prince regent. He is also a minor, born in 1993.
  13. Also commonly written as Sampang.
  14. Muhammad Ikhsani Syafiuddin was recognised as Panembahan of Sintang by the government in 2003. He was formally enthroned as Panembahan Sri Kusuma Negara V on 26 September 2005.
  15. Muhammad Ismetullah was recognised as Head of the Royal House of Banten when the sultanate was revived in 1985. He was recognised as crown prince in 2003, but has yet to be formally enthroned as sultan.
  16. A branch of the Cirebon dynasty. In 1662, the sultanate of Cirebon was divided between three branches of the ruling dynasty: (in order of seniority) Kasepuhan, Kanoman, and Kacirebonan. All three lines were nominally restored in 2002.
  17. Following the death of the previous sultan, Muhammad Djalaluddin, a dispute of succession arose between two of his sons. Muhammad Emiruddin, the current occupant of the palace, is the rightful heir to his father according to the relevant laws of succession. He was actively opposed by his elder half-brother, Muhammad Saladin, who was "installed" by his supporters on 5 March 2003. Saladin later renounced his claim on 12 September 2003, and the local government has recognised Emiruddin as the sole successor.
  18. Also commonly known as Solo.
  19. Upon the death of Pakubuwono XII in 2004, with no successor named, there arose two rival claims to the throne. Two of his sons, Hangabehi and Tejowulan, each had themselves "crowned" as the next Susuhunan. The dispute likely still exists, although family consensus apparently favours the elder brother, Hangabehi, who is also the sole titleholder recognised by the government. In either case, both claimants would use the regnal name of Pakubuwono XIII.
  20. The sultan is selected from amongst a group of royal candidates by a council of the family's four main branches: Iskandar Alam, Tarafannur, Kamarullah, and Tunggulawang, each of which is descended from a past sultan. Since 1797, the sultans have been exclusively of the Kamarullah branch.
  21. Lodewijk was selected as raja on 24 May 2005. He was installed later, in December of the same year.
  22. A branch of the House of Pesulima, which is descended from the Majapahit kings of Java.
  23. Since 1380, the rulers of Ternate have also held the title Kolano Maloko, which denotes supremacy among the Moluccan sultanates. Prior to then it had been worn by the ruler of Jailolo.
  24. Mudaffar Syah was installed as sultan in 1986. Prior to that, he had held the title in pretence as head of his household since 4 July 1975.
  25. The royal family of Fatagar is descended from the neighbouring dynasty of Rumbati.
  26. A Kowiai dynasty.
  27. The last raja of Patipi, Usman Iba, died in 2003. His brother, Ahmad Iba, serves as regent pending the enthronement of the late raja's son, the Raja Muda Atarai Iba.
  28. A sept of the Koesman Ibia clan, which descends from the Segera tribe.
  29. Herman Dupe was the last reigning manek of Bokai, effectively ruling from 1961 until the state was abolished by the Indonesian government in 1968. Presumably, recognition of his title was abolished concurrently. The date of the nominal restoration of this monarchy is not known.
  30. Formal enthronement took place in 2000.
  31. The last manek of Dengka died in 1970. His heir apparent, who has not yet acceded to the throne, is Prince Jeremias Tungga. At present, Prince Godlief Eliazar Tungga serves as prince regent.
  32. The last manek of Korbafo, Leoanan Nathaniel Manubulu, died in 2000. The throne has remained vacant since then.
  33. The last manek of Landu, Marthen Matheos Johannes, died in 2008. His son Willem Marthen Johannes is the heir apparent, but has not been enthroned. He serves as prince regent.
  34. Formal enthronement took place in 2004.
  35. The last manek of Ringgou, Hendrik Daoed, died in 2002. His son Christian Daoed is the heir apparent, but has not yet been enthroned. He serves as prince regent.
  36. Known within his community as "Bea". According to sources, the throne was scheduled to pass to Soleman's brother, Joël Amalo, in 2009. This has not been confirmed.
  37. The last manek of Thie, Benjamin Messakh, died in 2010. His successor has yet to be confirmed.
  38. The last raja, Adam Ardjad Lamarauna, died in 2006. His son and heir, Wajar Lamarauna, has yet to be formally installed as his successor.
  39. The present tomundo, born in 1993, is a minor, and reigns alongside a regent.
  40. The throne of the arung of Barru has been vacant for over fifty years. Since then, the head of the royal family is Hasanuddin Petta Tawang, who acts as regent.
  41. Also written as Butung, or in Dutch as Boeton.
  42. The deposed monarchy of Gowa, also known after its capital Makassar, was nominally restored by the government in 2001. The throne of the Somba has been vacant since then. The current head of the royal family (since 1978), and heir to the throne, is Andi Kumala Karaeng Sila.
  43. The throne of the mokole of Mori is vacant. The present head of the royal family is Kumampu Marunduh. There are reportedly plans to install a young prince as mokole in the near future.
  44. Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 6 April 1980; he was formally enthroned later in May.
  45. Also commonly written as Bakkara.
  46. Also known by his birth name, Tonggo Tua Sinambela. It is unclear whether or not he has been recognised, or enthroned.
  47. A Batak dynasty.
  48. The present sultan, born in 1997, is a minor. His grand uncle, the Raja Muda Tengku Hamdi Osman, acts as regent.
  49. The Pagaruyung kingdom was traditionally headed by a tripartite monarchy, consisting of the Raja Alam, the Raja Adat and the Raja Ibadat, collectively known as the "Kings of the Three Seats". The latter two were religious titles, while the first was considered the paramount ruler (or emperor) of the temporal world.
  50. A Minangkabau dynasty. The seat of the Minangkabau emperor, who is considered the paramount monarch of all Minangkabauw people in Sumatra and Malaya, is Pagaruyung.
  51. Formally enthroned in January 2003, after having been recognised by the government.
  52. Known within his community as "Gia".
  53. An Atoni dynasty.
  54. An Atoni dynasty. Maternally, members of the royal family also belong to the Nitbani and Asbanu clans.
  55. The royal family of Amarasi was originally an Atoni dynasty. However, the current lineage is descended from the Dj'awa dynasty of Savu.
  56. Formally enthroned in March 2007.
  57. A Topass dynasty.
  58. Known within his community as "Olis", or "Ulis".
  59. Kupang, named after its capital, was formed as a confederation of Timorese fiefdoms: Amabi, Foenay, Sonbai Kecil, Taebenu, and the Helong. Leopold Nisnoni, known within his community as "Isu", is the chief of Sonbai Kecil, and has also been accepted as ruler of the confederacy. The other chiefs are: Gideon Broery of Amabi,[119] Esthon Leyloh of Foenay (also spelled Funai),[120] and Daud Tanof of Taebenu.[121] The present chief of the Helong nation is Soleman Bislissin.[122] They are all hereditary positions.
  60. Leopold succeeded as head of the royal family of Sonbai Kecil upon the death of his father on 14 November 1992. He was proclaimed regent of the Kupang confederacy in 1993. He was formally installed as king in 2004.
  61. While the elected loros do not belong to any one royal lineage, succession has historically been limited to the Bunak people.
  62. Lamaknen was formed as a confederation of small Timorese fiefdoms. Its monarch is elected by the hereditary chiefs of each constituent state. The chiefs themselves are not normally considered candidates for election.
  63. Originally subordinate to the Sonbai kingdom under the name of Amakono.
  64. The recognised liurai died in 2003. His longtime rival, Dominikus Tei Serang, from another branch of the royal family, was "enthroned" by his supporters on 9 August 2003. It is unclear whether his title has been recognised. At present, there are other claimants to the throne.
  65. A Tetun dynasty.
  66. Sovereignty in Barnusa was historically divided between two ruling clans: the Baso and the Blegur, the leaders of which both wore the title Raja of Barnusa. The Blegur raja was later given the lesser title Kapitan by the Dutch colonial government. The title remains hereditary and prestige is traditionally divided equally. The current Kapitan is Bastian C. Blegur (since 1973).
  67. Pending his formal coronation as Sultan Bima XV, Iskandar Zulkarnain wears the title of crown prince. Acting as princess regent (since May 2001) is his aunt, Siti Maryam Salahuddin.
  68. Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 3 May 2001. He was invested with the title of heir apparent later in June, but has not yet been formally enthroned as sultan.
  69. Dompu's last sultan was Muhammad Tajularifin Sirajuddin II, who died in 1964. Since then, the throne has remained vacant, and succession is disputed between two of the late sultan's sons: Prince Abdul Azis, and his younger half-brother Prince Kaharul Zaman. Neither have been enthroned, although the latter is apparently considered the head of the family.
  70. A sept of the Taruwamang clan.
  71. The current dynasty is descended from the royal family of Terengganu, and are of mixed Malay and Bugis descent. Historically, the sultan's family, who were Malay, was based in Lingga, whilst a viceroy, who was always of Bugis descent, governed the Riau Islands. The two ruling lines merged in 1899.
  72. The last sultan, Muhammad Kaharuddin III, died in 1975. His son Muhammad Abdurahman was formally installed as head of the royal family in 2001, but has not yet been designated as his successor.

Western Asia
  1. The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.
  2. The emirates, whilst absolute at the regional level, also forfeit a portion of their sovereignty and administrative power to the federal government.
  3. A branch of the Al Shamsi tribe.
  4. The Al Maktoum are a branch of the Al Falasi, a clan of the Yas tribe.
  5. A branch of the Sharqiyyin tribe.
  6. Saud had served as deputy ruler since 14 June 2003, effectively ruling in place of his father, Saqr bin Mohammad, who suffered from poor health.
  7. A branch of the Al Qawasim tribe.
  8. Sultan was initially enthroned as emir on 25 January 1972. On 17 June 1987, he was briefly deposed by his brother, Sheikh Abdul'aziz bin Muhammad, for a period of six days. Sultan regained the throne on 23 June.

Others
  1. The Bohmong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Marma population, and the traditional king of the Bohmong Circle (Bohmong Htaung), one of three tribal circles in Bandarban District, Chittagong Hill Tracts.
  2. The Chakma Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Chakma population, and the traditional king of the Chakma Circle, one of three tribal circles located in Rangamati Hill District, Chittagong Hill Tracts.
  3. The Mong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Arakanese population, and the traditional king of the Mong Circle (Phalang Htaung), one of three tribal circles in Khagrachari District, Chittagong Hill Tracts.
  4. Coronation took place 17 January 2009.
  5. After the neighbouring kingdom of Ambeno was annexed in 1912, the state changed its name to Oecusse-Ambeno.
  6. Antonio was recognised as liurai in 2001, but has not been installed.
  7. A Topass dynasty.
  8. The kings of the five traditional states known collectively as the Dangs are the only royals in India whose titles are recognised by the government. Each raja receives an annual pension from the state, owing to an agreement made with the British colonial government in 1842.
  9. The current Raja of Gadhvi has been missing since 1992. His son and heir, Karan Singh, is acting as prince regent.

See also

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Chief Ndilanha of Kinamweri, kwimba was an emblem chief from chief Masanja of Ngwagara Maswa. Chief Ndilanha originated from either one of the Datoga or Hadzabe tribes. His first wife was from the Nyiramba people. Because of the inter marriage he fled to Maswa neighborhood where because of his smooth skin, he was nicknamed "ndilanha" by sukuma to mean a some one with a very smooth skin like a baby cow-a calf. Because of his bravity and courage was given a chiefly emblem by the then chief of Ngwagara to rule over Kina mweri although he was highly opposed by the chief heredity descendants until in 19th century when the Germany entered Tanganyika.

Further reading
  • Cahoon, Ben (2000–2010). "World Statesmen.org". Retrieved 19 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Remy, Adelin (1996–2010). "Almanach de Bruxelles". Retrieved 19 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Soszynski, Henry (1996–2010). "Genealogical Gleanings". University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tick, Donald P. (2004–2008). "Indonesia Pusaka". Blogger. Retrieved 19 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tick, Donald P. (2008–2010). "Kingdoms of Indonesia (Kerajaan Indonesia)". Blogger. Retrieved 19 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tick, Donald P. (2007–2010). "Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor". Retrieved 28 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Van Klinken, Gerry (2007). "Return of the Sultans: The Communitarian Turn in Local Politics". The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London: Routledge: 149–169. SSRN 1309406.
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