List of crewed Mars mission plans

This list of crewed Mars mission plans is a listing of concept studies for a crewed mission to Mars during the 20th and 21st centuries. It is limited to studies done with engineering and scientific knowledge about the capabilities of then current technology, typically for high-budget space agencies like NASA. Mission profiles include crewed flybys, crewed landers, or other types of Mars system encounter strategies.

See also: Human mission to Mars
Artist's conception of a human mission on the surface of Mars. 1989 painting by Les Bossinas of NASA's Lewis Research Center.
A Space Launch System design in the 2010s. This rocket is envisioned as the launch vehicle for some of latest NASA speculative long-term plans for Mars concepts, although there are some bold private venture plans that may also provide mass-to-orbit for any mission until a space-faring colony could provide a launch from another body or space station.

Concepts

Many mission concepts for expeditions to Mars were proposed in the late 20th century. David Portree's history volume Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000 discusses many of these.[1] Portree notes that every 26 Earth months a lower energy Earth to Mars transfer opportunity opens,[1] so missions typically coincide with one of these windows. In addition, the lowest available transfer energy varies on a roughly 16-year cycle, with a minimum in the 1969 and 1971 launch windows, rising to a peak in the late 70s, and hitting another low in 1986 and 1988.[1] Also of note, the Mariner 4 Mars flyby in 1965 provided radically more accurate data about the planet; a surface atmospheric pressure of about 1% of Earth's and daytime temperatures of −100 degrees Celsius (−148 degrees Fahrenheit) were estimated. No magnetic field[2][3] or Martian radiation belts[4] were detected. The new data meant redesigns for planned Martian landers, and showed life would have a more difficult time surviving there than previously anticipated.[5][6][7][8] Later NASA probes in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s confirmed the findings about Mars environmental conditions.

The first engineering analysis of a crewed mission to Mars was made by Wernher von Braun in 1948.[9] It was originally published as Das Marsprojekt in West Germany in 1952, and as The Mars Project in English in the United States in 1953. Von Braun's Mars "flotilla" included ten 4,000-ton ships with 70 crew members.[10] The expected launch year was 1965.[9]

List

The list is in semi-chronological order, with some groupings, as variation can exist in the dating of a given plan. Various references were consulted.[1][11][12] LEO mass refers to how much hardware must be put in low Earth orbit for the mission. For comparison, the low Earth orbit payload capacity per launch of the U.S. Space Shuttle is about 25 metric tons, and that of the Saturn V, 120 metric tons.

Name Crew LEO mass
(metric tons) 		Year
announced 		Suggested
launch year		 Sources
Von Braun Mars 1952 (Das Marsprojekt)7037,200 19521965[13]
Stuhlinger Mars 1954–195720660 19541980[14]
Von Braun Mars 1956 (The Exploration of Mars)123,400 19561970[15]
Martian Piloted Complex 1958–196261,630 19581975[16]
TMK-1 1959 (flyby)375 19591971[17]
Bono Mars 19608800 19601971[18]
NASA Lewis Mars 19606614 19601971[19]
TMK-2 (TMK-E)275 19601971[20][21]
EMPIRE Aeronutronic 19626227 19621970[22][23]
Stuhlinger Mars 1962151,800 19621975[24]
EMPIRE General Dynamics 19628900 19621975[25]
EMPIRE Lockheed 19623100 19621974[26]
Faget Mars (chemical) 196361,140 1963[27]
Faget Mars (nuclear) 19636270 1963[27]
TRW Mars Expedition 19636650 19631975[28]
UMPIRE Douglas 19646450 19641975[29]
Project Deimos63,965 19641986[30]
Douglas MORL Mars Flyby 19653360 19651973[31]
NASA JAG Manned Mars Flyby 19664 19661975[1][32][33]
NASA NERVA-Electric Mars 196651,552 19661986[34]
Korolev KK (TMK) 19663150 19661980[35]
Titus FLEM 19663118 19661985[36][37]
Stuhlinger Mars 19662,7881966[13]
Boeing IMIS 196861,226 19681985[38]
Mars Expeditionary Complex (MEK) 19693150 19691980[39]
Von Braun Mars 1969121,455 19691981[13][40]
NASA Mars Expedition 197161,900 19711987[41]
Mars in 30 Days (Ragsdale 1972)52,041 1972[42]
MK-700 197221,400 19721980[43]
Chelomei 1975 (MK-700 flyby)2250 19751980[43]
British Interplanetary Society Mars 198281,300 1982[44]
Planetary Society Mars Expedition 19834160 19832003[45]
Case for Mars II 1984301,900 19842007[46]
NASA-LANL Manned Mars Flyby 1985350 1985[47]
Paine 1986 (Pioneering the Space Frontier) 19862026[48]
NPO Energia Mars 19864365 19862000[49]
NASA Ride Report 19876210 19872004[50]
NASA Mars Evolution 19888330 19882013[51]
NASA Mars Expedition 198881,628 19882007[52]
NASA Phobos Expedition 19884765 19882003[53]
NASA 90 Day Study 19894980[13] – 1,300 19892017[13][54]
NPO Energia Mars 19894355 19892001[55]
Mars Evolution 19895 19892007[56]
NASA Mars Expedition 19893780 19892004[57]
Mars Direct (Zubrin 1991)4220 19911997[58]
STCAEM CAB 19914800 19912016[59]
STCAEM NEP 19914500 19912016[60]
STCAEM NTR 19914800 19912016[61]
STCAEM SEP 19914410 19912016[62]
NASA Synthesis Study 199161,080 19912014[63]
International Space University 19918 19912016[64]
NASA Design Reference Mission 1.0 19936900 19932007[65]
Kurchatov Mars 19945800 19942010[66]
Zubrin Athena (flyby)2100 19962001[67]
NASA Design Reference Mission 3 19976410 19972011[68]
NASA Mars Combo Lander 19984280 19982011[69]
NASA Design Reference Mission 4 19986400 19982011[70]
NASA Dual Lander Mission12600 19992011[71]
Mars Society Mission 199910900 19992011[72]
Marpost (Gorshkov 2000)6400 20002017[73][74]
Boeing Mars Transfer Vehicle & Lander Concepts for Human Exploration Missions in the 2031-2038 Time Frame (2006)6100 20062038[75]
Mars Design Reference Mission 5 18 2009 2035[76]
SpaceX Starship 100 2012 2024[77][78]
Inspiration Mars (Tito 2013) 2 2013 2021[79]

See also

References
  1. David S. F. Portree, Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 – 2000, NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as NASA SP-2001-4521.
  2. O'Gallagher, J.J.; Simpson, J.A. (September 10, 1965). "Search for Trapped Electrons and a Magnetic Moment at Mars by Mariner IV". Science. New Series. 149 (3689): 1233–1239. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1233O. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1233. PMID 17747452.
  3. Smith, Edward J.; Davis Jr., Leverett; Coleman Jr., Paul J.; Jones, Douglas E. (September 10, 1965). "Magnetic Field Measurements Near Mars". Science. New Series. 149 (3689): 1241–1242. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1241S. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1241. PMID 17747454.
  4. Van Allen, J.A.; Frank, L.A.; Krimigis, S.M.; Hills, H.K. (September 10, 1965). "Absence of Martian Radiation Belts and Implications Thereof". Science. New Series. 149 (3689): 1228–1233. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1228V. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1228. hdl:2060/19650024318. PMID 17747451.
  5. Leighton, Robert B.; Murray, Bruce C.; Sharp, Robert P.; Allen, J. Denton; Sloan, Richard K. (August 6, 1965). "Mariner IV Photography of Mars: Initial Results". Science. New Series. 149 (3684): 627–630. Bibcode:1965Sci...149..627L. doi:10.1126/science.149.3684.627. PMID 17747569.
  6. Kliore, Arvydas; Cain, Dan L.; Levy, Gerald S.; Eshleman, Von R.; Fjeldbo, Gunnar; Drake, Frank D. (September 10, 1965). "Occultation Experiment: Results of the First Direct Measurement of Mars's Atmosphere and Ionosphere". Science. New Series. 149 (3689): 1243–1248. Bibcode:1965Sci...149.1243K. doi:10.1126/science.149.3689.1243. PMID 17747455.
  7. Salisbury, Frank B. (April 6, 1962). "Martian Biology". Science. New Series. 136 (3510): 17–26. Bibcode:1962Sci...136...17S. doi:10.1126/science.136.3510.17. PMID 17779780.
  8. Kilston, Steven D.; Drummond, Robert R.; Sagan, Carl (1966). "A Search for Life on Earth at Kilometer Resolution". Icarus. 5 (1–6): 79–98. Bibcode:1966Icar....5...79K. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(66)90010-8.
  9. "Von Braun Mars Expedition – 1952". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on January 16, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
  10. Portree 2001, ch.1, p.1.
  11. astronautix manned mars missions Archived 2010-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
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