List of Filipino Americans

This is a list of Filipino Americans who have made significant contributions to the American culture, politics, or society. It also includes those with notable mentions in the American media.

To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing they are Filipino American or must have references showing they are Filipino American and are notable.

List

Arts and letters

Dance

Education

  • Jose B. Cruz, Jr., Ph.D. – Distinguished Professor of Engineering, The Ohio State University
  • Conrado Gempesaw, Ph.D. – 17th President, St. John's University, New York City[2]
  • Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo, Ph.D. – Professor of Philippine Literature, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Presidential Citation for Meritorious Teaching, 1996[3]
  • Kevin Nadal, Ph.D. – Professor of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; author, Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice; former president of Asian American Psychological Association[4]
  • Baldomero Olivera, Ph.D. – Distinguished Professor of Biology, University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah; first Fil-Am member of the United States National Academy of Sciences; 2007 Harvard University Scientist of the Year.[5]
  • Rhacel Parrenas, Ph.D. – Professor of American Studies and Sociology at Brown University. World-renowned academic, has delivered lectures at over 100 colleges and universities in Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
  • Robyn Rodriguez, Ph.D. – Professor of Asian American Studies at University of California, Davis
  • E. San Juan, Jr., Ph.D. – Fellow, W.E.B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University
  • Craig Abaya. – Director of Digital Media & Entertainment Programs, San Francisco State University, 2000–2014
  • Trinity Ordona, Ph.D. – Professor of American Studies, City College of San Francisco, 2001–present
  • Vivian M. Vasquez, Ph.D. – Multi-award winning Professor of Education at American University in Washington, DC, and the author of a dozen books on the subject of education and literacy.

Graphic arts

Visual art

History

  • Dorothy Cordova – activist, professor, Co-founder of the Filipino American National Historical Society.
  • Fred Cordova – author, Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans; co-founder, Filipino American National Historical Society.

Journalism

Law

Literature

Theater

Business

Culinary arts

Education

Fashion and pageantry

Fashion

Pageants

Health science

Labor

Military

Politics

  • Peter Aduja – State Legislature, Hawaii. First Filipino American elected in the United States.
  • Larry Asera – First Filipino American elected to a city council in the continental United States (1973)[50]
  • Steve Austria – Republican congressman from Beavercreek, Ohio.[51]
  • Rob Bonta – First Filipino American California State Legislator
  • Thelma Buchholdt – First female Filipino American state legislator (1974); first Asian American to be elected President of the National Order of Women Legislators (1987).
  • Christopher Cabaldon – Mayor of West Sacramento, California, born in 1965.
  • Benjamin J. Cayetano – First Filipino American governor in the U.S., for the state of Hawaii.
  • John Ensign – U.S. Senator from Nevada; his great grandmother is from the Philippines[52]
  • Jose Esteves – Current Mayor of Milpitas, California. Assumed office in 2002; served as a member of the City Council from 1998 to 2002.
  • Tony Fulton; member of Nebraska State Legislature.
  • Mike Guingona – Council Member and Former Mayor of Daly City, California.
  • Lorraine Rodero Inouye – Hawai'i state senator, former Mayor of Hawaii County and the first Filipino-American woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. County.
  • Donna Mercado Kim – Hawai'i state senator, former President of the Hawaiʻi Senate.
  • Rolando Lavarro, Jr. – Jersey City council president, elected to city council in 2011.[53]
  • John W. Marshall, Virginia Secretary of Public Safety and Director of the U.S. Marshals Service, his mother is of Filipino descent.
  • Thurgood Marshall, Jr., White House senior staff member during the Clinton Administration, his mother is of Filipino descent.
  • Benjamin Menor – Filipino American State Legislator, Hawaii, 1962.[54]
  • Jeff Moneda – City Manager of Foster City, California.[55]
  • Mona Pasquil – in November 2009, became the first woman to serve as acting lieutenant governor of California[56][57]
  • David Pendleton – former Minority Floor Leader, Hawaii House of Representatives
  • Sean David Reyes – Utah Attorney General and first ethnic minority elected to state office in Utah; father is Filipino, father's first cousin was 7th President of the Philippines, Ramon Magsaysay.
  • Bobby Scott – U.S. Congressman (D. Va.), maternal grandfather is Filipino.[58]
  • Michele J. Sison – US ambassador to the United Arab Emirates
  • Kris Valderrama – Member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing the 26th District
  • Ron Villanueva – Member of the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 21st District. A former member of the Coast Guard Reserves, he is also an alumnus of Old Dominion University.

Religion

  • Oscar A. Solis – First Filipino American Roman Catholic bishop in the United States, 10th Bishop of Salt Lake City
  • Bruce Reyes-Chow – The first Filipino American head of a major denomination in the U.S. (mother is American-born Filipino), was elected to a two-year term as Moderator of the 218th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) on June 21, 2008.[59]

Sports

Television and film

Disc jockeys

Music

  • Robert Lopez – composer, first Filipino American Oscar recipient.[76] Recipient of a Grammy Award, Emmy Award and a Tony Award; twelfth individual to achieve an EGOT.[77]
Musicians
Rock music
Pop music
  • Leah Dizon – model, singer, actress, and TV personality in Japan.
  • Enrique Iglesias – Spanish pop music singer-songwriter.
  • Bruno Mars – half-Filipino, quarter-Puerto Rican, quarter-Hungarian Jewish; R&B singer
  • Maile Misajon – singer of Eden's Crush.
  • Larry Ramos – guitarist, banjo player, and vocalist with the American pop band the Association and the New Christy Minstrels.
  • Nicole Scherzinger – lead singer for the Pussycat Dolls. (Filipino father, Hawaiian/Russian mother, birth name was Nicole Valiente)
  • Jasmine V – singer
American Idol Contestants
Rap, hip hop
  • DJ Qbert – turntablist, composer, producer
  • Danny Brown – rapper who is half African American and half Filipino.
  • Chad Hugo – music producer and musician; one-half of The Neptunes.
  • Allan Pineda Lindo – known as apl.de.ap. Member of the Grammy Award-winning hip-hop group The Black Eyed Peas
  • Travis McCoy – Gym Class Heroes singer; Haitian/Italian/Irish/Filipino/Native American
  • Dustin Perfetto – rapper, audio engineer best known for his song "I Gott Grapes".
  • Saweetie – rapper
  • Cassie Ventura – known as Cassie (born August 26, 1986 in New London, Connecticut), R&B and pop singer, model, and actress.
Music producers
R&B
Jazz
International world music
Classical music
Composers
Other / miscellaneous genres
Musical groups
  • One Vo1ce – All-Filipina girl R&B/OPM singing group from the San Francisco Bay Area
  • Blue Scholars – Geo aka. Prometheus Brown, MC of the duo, is Filipino-American
  • Death Angel – thrash metal band
  • Kai – San Francisco Bay Area boy band
  • Moonpools & Caterpillars – Filipino American rock band based in California in the 1990s
  • My American Heart – rock band
  • The Rocky Fellers – group was composed of four Filipino brothers and their father. Their hit song: "Killer Joe" reached No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1963.
  • Legaci – Filipino-American R&B band from the San Francisco Bay Area, California, formed in 1997. They are currently the backup singers for Canadian Pop-R&B singer Justin Bieber on the My World Tour.
  • Q-York – Filipino-American hip hop record production duo composed of Flava Matikz (DJ/producer) and Knowa Lazarus (songwriter/MC).

Reality show

Internet

  • Christine Gambito – American Internet personality, actress, and comedian; she maintains one of the most-subscribed-to channels on YouTube. Also appointed Ambassador of Philippine tourism
  • Anthony Padilla – famous YouTube celebrity; he is former one half of the comedy duo Smosh and is one of the most subscribed Youtubers on YouTube
  • Wil Dasovich – television personality, commercial model, celebrity endorser and famous Youtube vlogger. He won the Shorty Awards for Vlogger of the Year.
  • Bretman Rock

Other

  • Leandro Aragoncillo – former FBI intelligence analyst and retired Gunnery Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps who was charged with espionage and leaking classified information against President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
  • Thomas Beatie – Filipino father,[87] female-to-male transgender man who is legally male and married as a male. Beatie had chest reconstruction and testosterone therapy but kept his female reproductive organs intact.[88] He is notable for having had had several pregnancies since becoming physically male.
  • Helen Agcaoili Summers Brown (1915-2011), also known as Auntie Helen, a teacher, librarian, and founder of the Pilipino American Reading Room and Library.[89][90] She was born in Manila to a Filipino mother and an Anglo father, and moved to America after her graduation from Manila Central High School.[89]
  • Andrew Cunanan – half-Italian, half-Filipino American gay alleged spree killer during the mid-1990s; allegedly murdered several of his lovers, including the Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace. Father was a retired United States Navy from the Philippines.
  • Ralph Deleon – convicted of conspiracy to support terrorist.[91][92]
  • Pearlasia Gamboa – controversial business woman successfully sued by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission
  • Christina Marie Williams (1985–1998) – murdered child.[93][94]
  • Mimi Miyagi – pornographic actress

References

  1. "Two Filipino Americans—actress Tia Carrere and Cheryl Burke..." Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  2. "President's Biography". social@StJohns. St. John's University. 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
    Vilensky, Mike (February 13, 2015). "St. John's Moves On From Scandal, With First Lay President". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
    Visaya, Momar (November 5, 2015). "Filipino becomes president of US Catholic university". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  3. "Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo Vitae"
  4. "John Jay College – Department of Psychology" Archived January 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  5. "Baldomero M. Olivera's Research Interests" Archived June 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  6. "Alfredo Alcala was born in the Philippines", "he would later revive his creation in America" Archived December 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. "Barry's earliest work includes stories of her growing up a working-class, mixed-race Filipina in Seattle in the 1960s" Archived December 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  8. Aquino, Joann Natalia (March 2012), "Leo Zulueta: The Father of Modern Tribal Tattooing Celebrates 30 Years in the Black", Skin and Ink Magazine
  9. "Art21.Paul Pfeiffer.Biography". Art21 PBS.
  10. Pulitzer Prize Citation
  11. Brennan, Elizabeth A.; Clarage, Elizabeth C. (1999). Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-57356-111-2. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SC_e1Rw2KZ8
  13. Pulitzer Prize Citation Page
  14. cites GMA cites Filipino photojournalist for winning the much-coveted Pulitzer Prize Archived January 4, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  15. Citation: 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting
  16. Jay Caspian Kang (September 7, 2014). "Minority Report: 'Big Little Man' by Alex Tizon". The New York Times Sunday Book Review.
  17. Paul Harris (June 22, 2011). "US journalist Jose Antonio Vargas: I'm an illegal alien". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
  18. Armando B. Chavez (April 14, 2012). "Jose Antonio Vargas: Pulitzer awardee and illegal alien". Inquirer. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
  19. Biographical Information on the Hawaii State Juiciary Official Website Archived June 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  20. "File of Filipino Author Carlos Bulosan" Archived December 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, All the Conspirators
  21. "Cabico is a Filipino-American and one of the founders of the Asian Arts Collective"
  22. "Paolo Montalban Biography". IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  23. http://www.formspring.me/cefake/q/484260840%5B%5D
  24. Ramos, Dino-Ray (March 2, 2020). "Yellow Rose Co-Producer Jeremiah Abraham Launches Tremendous Communications To Highlight People Of Color In Media". Deadline.
  25. Sifton, Sam (December 29, 2009). "Purple Yam". The New York Times.
  26. Besa, Amy; Dorotan, Romy (2014). Memories of Philippine Kitchens. Abrams. ISBN 9781613128084.
  27. https://usa.inquirer.net/50127/new-school-to-be-named-after-calif-s-first-fil-am-teacher
  28. "Kelsey Merritt on making history as the first Filipino model at the Victoria Secret Fashion Show". www.teenvogue.com. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  29. "TED Speaker Geena Rocero Model and activist". TED. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  30. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. "Davao beauty Katarina Rodriguez wins Miss World Philippines 2018". www.philstar.com. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  32. "Directory of Ethnic Medical Associations". American Medical Association. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  33. Gina Tabonares-Reilly (October 26, 2014). "Pinay takes helm of US naval command". The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
    "Rear Adm. Bette Bolivar to Take Command of Joint Region August 15". Pacific News Center. Asan, Guam. August 11, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
    "Hawaii woman takes command of Navy in Pacific Northwest". Star Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii. Associated Press. June 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
    "Rear Admiral Babette "Bette" Bolivar". Biography. United States Navy. December 5, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  34. Chief of Naval Personnel Diversity Directorate Public Affairs (May 20, 2011). "Face of Defense: Siblings Showcase Navy's Diversity". American Forces Press Service. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  35. "Rear Admiral Raquel C. Bono". United States Navy. January 10, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  36. Embassy of the United States Vientiane, Laos (February 29, 2012). "Command Surgeon, U.S. Pacific Command Visits Laos". News. United States Pacific Command. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  37. "Rear Admiral Anatolio B. "A.B." Cruz, III". United States Navy. February 16, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  38. Alpert, Bruce (April 24, 2007). "FEMA waived its own advice". The Times-Picayune. nola.com. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  39. Gaco-Escalera, Catherine (May 15, 2009). "What Asian Pacific American Heritage Month means to me". www.kaiserslauternamerican.com. AdvantiPro GmbH. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  40. Rawlein G. Soberano (February 27, 2010). "Offspring of Filipino WWII Veterans make U.S. Proud (Part III)". Retrieved December 29, 2011.
  41. One Philippines Archived June 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  42. Pierce College Foundation Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  43. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. Charles Ames (August 2002). "COL Oscar Hilman Appointed New Commander For Key Washington Army National Guard Unit". washingtonarmyguard.org. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008.
  45. "REAR ADMIRAL VICTORINO G. "VIC" MERCADO". Biography. United States Navy. November 18, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
    Alyce Moncourtois (May 24, 2014). "Rear Admiral Delivers Speech for Asian American/Pacific Islander Event". Ventura County Star. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
  46. "Smooth sailing for first Fil-Am to command US aircraft carrier". Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 10, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
    Joe Fudge (August 2014). "Change of command for the USS Abraham Lincoln". Daily Press. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
    Ali Rockett (August 8, 2014). "First Filipino-American Takes Command of Carrier". Military.com. Daily Press. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
    Alexis Romero (August 11, 2014). "Fil-Am named commanding officer of US Navy aircraft carrier". Philippine Star. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  47. "Leadership". United States Army Reserve. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  48. "Reserve general nominations" (News Article). Army Times. July 25, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
  49. Naval Medicine Support Command (September 24, 2009). "Support Command welcomes new commander". dcmilitary.com. Comprint Military Publications. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
  50. "First Fil-Am elected in the US Mainland: Larry Asera". Asian Journal. August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  51. Edmund Silvestre (November 8, 2008). "Fil-Am elected to US Congress". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 10, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  52. Global Nation | INQ7.net
  53. Momar Visaya (November 14, 2014). "New Jersey's Fil-Am Politicians: Breaking the Barriers". Asian Journal – The Filipino-American Community Newspaper. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  54. Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2000). Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 774. ISBN 1-57356-148-7.
    Hyung-chan Kim (January 1, 1999). Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-313-28902-6.
    Richard Borreca; Laurie Au (April 29, 2008). "Menor's DUI test flawed, lawyer says". Star Bulletin. 13 (120). Honolulu. Retrieved December 26, 2014. Menor's father, Benjamin Menor, a poor immigrant from the Philippines, rose to prominence first as a state senator and then as associate justice of the Hawaii Supreme Court.
  55. Clark, Zachary (August 1, 2018). "Foster City manager embraces new role". San Mateo Daily Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  56. "Garamendi's Congressional Win"
  57. Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom – Home
  58. "Bobby Scott Biography". www.bobbyscott.house.gov. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  59. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. "Fil-Am NFL star Doug Baldwin on Lumpia, football and Beast Mode's cavities". www.gmanetwork.com. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  61. "Proud of Pinoy roots". www.philstar.com. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  62. "Jordan Clarkson will play for Philippines in Asian Games". www.espn.com. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  63. "Heat coach Erik Spoelstra calls NBA Filipino Heritage Week 'surreal' for him and his family". www.palmbeachpost.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  64. "Superstar For The Preschool Set". MidWeek. December 23, 2005. Archived from the original on November 12, 2006. Retrieved December 11, 2006.
  65. "'Guardian's star Dave Bautista: 'I wear the Filipino flag with pride'". www.abs.cbn.com. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  66. "Proud of his heritage". www.philstar.com. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
  67. Gregory Urbano (August 9, 2009). "SPiN's HHOF: Phoebe Cates vs. Nicollette Sheridan". CBS SPorts. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2009. Her grandfather was of Filipino descent, and her father and grandmother were of Russian Jewish origin.
  68. "America's Dawn Comes Up in France" Dean, Loomis. Life, March 14, 1960, pp 2, 57.
  69. Devlin"On a lighter note, a Jew with Filipino roots is a rare one. But rarer still is a Jew with Filipino roots and working in Hollywood (well, there’s Rob Schneider). Your (bemused) comments, please. I’m a Filipino-Russian Jew with an Irish last name. You can’t get much more mixed up than that."
  70. "Vanessa Hudgens opens up about her relationship with her Filipino mother". www.filipinotimes.com. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
  71. "Vanessa Hudgens: 'I love being Filipina". www.filipinocultured.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  72. of "Flavor of Love", VH1's "Charm School" Alternate, VH1's Big in '06 Awards, TFC's "Pinagmulan", TFC's "Speak-Out", NBC's "Identity" and "Joey".
  73. "Fil-Am star helps change the world... I'm proud of my ethnicities and I will always be proud of being a Filipino."
  74. https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/lifetime-movies-viola-davis-james-franco-michael-jackson-1201960077/
  75. "Back to her roots: Nicole Scherzinger spreads love in the Philippines". www.emirates247.com. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  76. Nepales, Ruben V. (March 3, 2014). "Fil-Am composer wins Oscars' best song for Frozen's 'Let It Go'". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  77. Chilton, Martin (March 3, 2014). "Oscars: Robert Lopez breaks an EGOT record with best song win". The Telegraph. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  78. "doing it H.E.R. way, Singer of Filipino heritage rises as focus remains on music". www.nasisanweekly.com. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  79. "Making Ravioli with Leah Cohen". Decider: New York. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. My mom is Filipino, but she thought she was Italian.
  80. "The Apprentice contestant is born in Kentucky with Filipina mother and American father. Archived September 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  81. Queen for a Day Archived March 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  82. GLAAD.org Cinequeer: Greggy Gets Gorgeous Archived February 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  83. Greggy Goes from N.E.R.D to H-A-W-T Archived February 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  84. Asian Week: Geek in Hot Water Archived October 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  85. Interview With Greggy Soriano afterelton.com Archived October 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  86. "Exclusive Interview: Randi and Greggy of Beauty and the Geek". Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  87. Thomas Beatie (2008). Labor of love: the story of one mans extraordinary pregnancy. Seal Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-58005-287-0.
  88. Thomas Beatie, Labor of Love : Is society ready for this pregnant husband?, advocate.com.
  89. "In Memoriam: Helen Brown, 95". LA as Subject. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  90. "'Auntie's' Pride and Joy : 'Loving librarian' Helen Brown, 80, shares her passion for her Filipino heritage with the public through her library. : HEARTS of the CITY / Exploring attitudes and issues behind the news - latimes". Articles.latimes.com. January 10, 1996. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  91. "Fil-Am Terror Suspect Found Guilty, Faces Life Sentence". ABS-CBN North America Bureau. September 25, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
    "Terror plot suspect: From homecoming court member to alleged jihadist". Los Angeles Times. November 20, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
    "FBI: Fil-Am, 3 others charged in alleged terror plot". Global Nation. Associated Press. November 21, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
    Stempel, Jonathan (February 24, 2015). "Pinoy, co-accused get 25 years in US over terror ties". GMA News. Philippines. Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  92. Edward Mickolus (August 8, 2016). Terrorism, 2013–2015: A Worldwide Chronology. McFarland. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4766-6437-8.
  93. "described as Filipina American with brown eyes and shoulder-length brown hair..."
  94. "Christina was born in Okinawa, Japan of a Filipino mother and an American father who was a United States Navy" Archived October 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.