LGBT adoption in Europe

Adoption by LGBT people in Europe differs in legal recognition from country to country. Full joint adoption or step-child adoption or both is legal in 23 of the 56 European countries, and in all dependent territories.

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal1
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples
1In Italy step-child adoption is only legal by court order.

Full joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in seventeen European countries, namely Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Another five, namely, Estonia, Italy, Slovenia, San Marino and Switzerland permit step-child adoption in which the registered partner can adopt the biological and, in some cases, the adopted child of his or her partner. In Croatia, a life partner may become a partner-guardian over their partner's child, which is to a great extent comparable to step-child adoption. In Greece, same-sex couples in a civil partnership may become foster - but not adoptive - parents.[1]

In dependent territories, joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Guernsey, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, the Isle of Man and Jersey. Several countries are currently considering permitting full joint or step-child adoption by same-sex couples.

Current situation

Joint adoption
JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
[2] Andorra25 December 2014
[3] Austria1 January 2016
[4] Belgium30 June 2006
[5] Denmark1 July 2010
[8] Finland1 March 2017
[9] France18 May 2013
  • Also applies to all French overseas territories
[10] Germany1 October 2017
[11] Iceland27 June 2006
[12] Ireland6 May 2016
[13] Luxembourg1 January 2015
[14] Malta17 April 2014
[15][16] Netherlands1 April 2001
  • The law initially applied to the European Netherlands only.
  • In 2012 its scope was expanded to include the Caribbean Netherlands.
[17] Norway1 January 2009
[18] Portugal1 March 2016
[19] Spain3 July 2005
[20] Sweden1 February 2003
[21][22] United Kingdom30 December 2005
  • The law initially applied to England and Wales only.
  • In Scotland a separate law came into force on 28 September 2009.[23]
  • In Northern Ireland since 11 December 2013[24]
  • In Isle of Man since 2 April 2011[25]
  • In Jersey since 2 April 2012[26]
  • In Gibraltar since 28 March 2014[27]
  • In Guernsey since 3 April 2017[28]

Non-European Territories:

  • In both Bermuda and the Pitcairn Islands since 2015.[29][30][31]
  • In the Falkland Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha since 2017.[32]
  • Not available in other overseas territories

Step-child adoption
JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
[33] Estonia1 January 2016
  • Only parties to a registered cohabitation agreement may adopt. However, cohabitation agreements cannot be registered.
[34] Italy2016
  • Court of Cassation ruled that step-child adoption by LGBT partners is allowed in some circumstances
[35][36] SloveniaJuly 2011
  • In July 2011, The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs stated that the existing law allows for second-parent adoption.
[37] San Marino5 December 2018
[38] Switzerland1 January 2018

Other
JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
[39] Croatia5 August 2014
  • "Partner-guardianship"
[40] Greece10 May 2018
  • "Foster carer/parent". Only couples in a civil partnership are allowed to foster.

Future legislation
JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
[41][42][43] Czech RepublicTBD
  • A same-sex marriage bill with joint and step-child adoption is being considered by the parliament
[44][45] SwitzerlandTBD
  • A same-sex marriage bill with joint adoption is being currently discussed in Parliament

Public opinion

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[46]

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria IMAS 2015 46%[47] 48%[47] 6%
 Belgium Ipsos 2013 67%[48] 33%[48] 0%[48]
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[49] 68%[49] 20%[49]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[49] 86%[49] 4%[49]
Czech Republic CVVM 2019 47%[50] 47% 6%
 Denmark Pew Research Center 2017 75%[51] - -
 Estonia ASi 2012 26%[52] 66%[52] 8%[52]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[53] 42%[53] 7%[53]
 France Pew Research Center 2017 64%[51] - -
 Germany Pew Research Center 2017 67%[51] - -
 Greece DiaNeosis 2017 26%[54] 72%[54] 2%[54]
 Hungary Eurobarometer 2006 13%[49] 81%[49] 6%[49]
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[55] - -
 Italy Ipsos 2019 34%[56] - -
 Latvia Eurobarometer 2006 8%[49] 89%[49] 3%[49]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[49] 82%[49] 6%[49]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[57] 44%[57] 1%[57]
 Malta Misco 2014 20%[58] 80%[58] -
 Netherlands Pew Research Center 2017 86%[51] - -
| Norway YouGov 2012 54%[59] 34%[59] 12%[59]
 Poland Ipsos 2017 16%[60] 80%[60] 4%[60]
 Portugal Pew Research Center 2017 59%[61] 28%[61] 13%[61]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[49] 82%[49] 10%[49]
 Russia VTsIOM 2015 3%[62] 88% 9%
 Serbia GSA 2010 8%[63] 79% 13%
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[49] 84%[49] 4%[49]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[64] 55%[64] 7%[64]
 Spain Pew Research Center 2017 81%[51] - -
 Sweden Pew Research Center 2017 80%[51] - -
  Switzerland Pink Cross 2020 67%[65] 30%[65] 3%[65]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7%[66] 68%[66] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[66]
 United Kingdom Pew Research Center 2017 73%[51] - -

See also

References
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