Josef Albers

Josef Albers (/ˈælbərz, ˈɑːl-/; German: [ˈalbɐs]; March 19, 1888 – March 25, 1976)[1] was a German-born American artist and educator whose work, both in Europe and in the United States, formed the basis of modern art education programs of the twentieth century.

Josef Albers
Josef Albers, in front of one of his 'Homage to the Square' paintings
Born(1888-03-19)March 19, 1888
Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany
DiedMarch 25, 1976(1976-03-25) (aged 88)
New Haven, Connecticut
NationalityGerman-American
EducationKönigliche Bayerische Akademie der Bildenden Kunst
Known forAbstract painting, study of color
MovementGeometric abstraction
Spouse(s)Anni Albers

Biography
Josef Albers, Rosa mystica ora pro nobis, 1918 (reconstruction, original destroyed ca. 1944)[2]

German Years

Formative years in Westphalia

Albers was born into a Roman Catholic family of craftsmen in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany in 1888. His father, Lorenzo Albers, was variously a housepainter, carpenter, and handyman. His mother came from a family of blacksmiths. His childhood included practical training in engraving glass, plumbing, and wiring, giving Josef versitility and lifelong confidence in the handling and manipulation of diverse materials.[3][4] He worked from 1908 to 1913 as a schoolteacher in his home town; he also trained as an art teacher at Königliche Kunstschule in Berlin, Germany, from 1913 to 1915. From 1916 to 1919 he began his work as a printmaker at the Kunstgewerbschule in Essen, where he learnt stained-glass making with Dutch artist Johan Thorn Prikker.[5] In 1918 he received his first public commission, Rosa mystica ora pro nobis, a stained-glass window for a church in Essen.[3] In 1919 he moved to Munich, Germany, to study at the Königliche Bayerische Akademie der Bildenden Kunst, where he was a pupil of Max Doerner and Franz Stuck.[6]

Entry into the Bauhaus

Albers enrolled as a student in the preliminary course (Vorkurs) of Johannes Itten at the Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. Although Albers had studied painting, it was as a maker of stained glass that he joined the faculty of the Bauhaus in 1922, approaching his chosen medium as a component of architecture and as a stand-alone art form.[7] The director and founder of the Bauhaus, Walter Gropius, asked him in 1923 to teach in the preliminary course 'Werklehre' of the department of design to introduce newcomers to the principles of handicrafts, because Albers came from that background and had appropriate practice and knowledge.

In 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, Albers was promoted to professor. At this time, he married Anni Albers (née Fleischmann) who was a student at the institution. His work in Dessau included designing furniture and working with glass. As a younger instructor, he was teaching at the Bauhaus among established artists who included Oskar Schlemmer, Wassily Kandinsky, and Paul Klee. The so-called "form master" Klee taught the formal aspects in the glass workshops where Albers was the "crafts master;" they cooperated for several years.

Emigration to the United States

Black Mountain College

With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933 the artists dispersed, most leaving the country. Albers emigrated to the United States. The architect Philip Johnson, then a curator at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, arranged for Albers to be offered a job as head of a new art school, Black Mountain College, in North Carolina.[8] In November 1933, he joined the faculty of the college where he was the head of the painting program until 1949.

At Black Mountain, his students included Ruth Asawa, Ray Johnson, Robert Rauschenberg, Cy Twombly, and Susan Weil. He also invited important American artists such as Willem de Kooning, to teach in the summer seminar. Weil remarked that, as a teacher, Albers was "his own academy". She said that Albers claimed that "when you're in school, you're not an artist, you're a student", although he was very supportive of self-expression when one became an artist and began on her or his journey.[9] Albers produced many woodcuts and leaf studies at this time.

Yale University
Josef Albers, Proto-Form (B), oil on fiberboard, 1938, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

In 1950, Albers left Black Mountain to head the department of design at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. While at Yale, Albers worked to expand the nascent graphic design program (then called "graphic arts"), hiring designers Alvin Eisenman, Herbert Matter, and Alvin Lustig.[10] Albers worked at Yale until he retired from teaching in 1958. At Yale, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Eva Hesse,[11] Neil Welliver, and Jane Davis Doggett[12][13] were notable students.

In 1962, as a fellow at Yale, he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for the Advanced Studies of Fine Arts for an exhibit and lecture on his work. Albers also collaborated with Yale professor and architect King-lui Wu in creating decorative designs for some of Wu's projects. Among these were distinctive geometric fireplaces for the Rouse (1954) and DuPont (1959) houses, the façade of Manuscript Society, one of Yale's secret senior groups (1962), and a design for the Mt. Bethel Baptist Church (1973). Also, at this time he worked on his structural constellation pieces.

Also during this time, he created the abstract album covers of band leader Enoch Light's Command LP records. His album cover for Terry Snyder and the All Stars 1959 album, Persuasive Percussion, shows a tightly packed grid or lattice of small black disks from which a few wander up and out as if stray molecules of some light gas.[14] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973.[15] Albers continued to paint and write, staying in New Haven with his wife, textile artist, Anni Albers, until his death in 1976.

Works

Homage to the Square

Accomplished as a designer, photographer, typographer, printmaker, and poet, Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. He favored a very disciplined approach to composition, especially in the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series, Homage to the Square. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with nested squares. Usually painting on Masonite, he used a palette knife with oil colors and often recorded the colors he used on the back of his works. Each painting consists of either three or four squares of solid planes of color nested within one another, in one of four different arrangements and in square formats ranging from 406×406 mm to 1.22×1.22 m.[16]

Murals
Albers "Wrestling" (1977) in Sydney

In 1959, a gold-leaf mural by Albers, Two Structural Constellations was engraved in the lobby of the Corning Glass Building in Manhattan. For the entrance of the Time & Life Building lobby, he created Two Portals (1961), a 42-feet by 14-feet mural of alternating glass bands in white and brown that recede into two bronze centers to create an illusion of depth.[17] In the 1960s, Walter Gropius, who was designing the Pan Am Building with Emery Roth & Sons and Pietro Belluschi, commissioned Albers to make a mural. The artist reworked City, a sandblasted glass construction that he had designed in 1929 at the Bauhaus, and renamed it Manhattan. The giant abstract mural of black, white, and red strips arranged in interwoven columns stood 28-feet high and 55-feet wide and was installed in the lobby of the building; it was removed during a lobby redesign around 2000. Before he died in 1976, Albers left exact specifications of the work so it could easily be replicated and in 2019 it was and reinstalled in its original place in the Pan Am building now renamed MetLife.[18][19] In 1967, his painted mural Growth (1965) as well as Loggia Wall (1965), a brick relief, were installed on the campus of the Rochester Institute of Technology. Other architectural works include Gemini (1972), a stainless steel relief for the Grand Avenue National Bank lobby in Kansas City, Missouri, and Reclining Figure (1972), a mosaic mural for the Celanese Building in Manhattan destroyed in 1980. At the invitation of a former student, the architect Harry Seidler, Albers designed the mural Wrestling (1976) for Seidler's Mutual Life Center in Sydney.

Color Theory

In 1963, Albers published Interaction of Color, which is a record of an experiential way of studying and teaching color. He asserted that color "is almost never seen as it really is" and that "color deceives continually", and he suggested that color is best studied via experience, underpinned by experimentation and observation. The very rare first edition has a limited printing of only 2,000 copies and contained 150 silk screen plates. This work has been republished since and is now even available as an iPad App.

Color model representing Albers' color theory as described in 'Interaction of Color' (1963) by Josef Albers

Albers presented color systems at the end of his courses (and at the end of 'Interaction of Color') and these featured descriptions of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary color, as well as a range of connotations that he assigned to specific colors on his triangular color model.[20]

In respect to his artworks, Albers was known to meticulously list the specific manufacturer's colours and varnishes he used on the back of his works, as if the colours were catalogued components of an optical experiment.[21] His work represents a transition between traditional European art and the new American art.[22] It incorporated European influences from the Constructivists and the Bauhaus movement, and its intensity and smallness of scale were typically European,[22] but his influence fell heavily on American artists of the late 1950s and the 1960s.[22] "Hard-edge" abstract painters drew on his use of patterns and intense colors,[23] while Op artists and conceptual artists further explored his interest in perception.[22]

In an article about the artist, published in 1950, Elaine de Kooning concluded that however impersonal his paintings might at first appear, not one of them "could have been painted by any one but Josef Albers himself.".[3]

Teaching and Influence

Although Albers prioritized teaching his students principles of color interaction, he was admired by many of his students for instilling a general approach to all materials and means of engaging it in design. Albers "put practice before theory and prioritised experience; ‘what counts,’ he claimed ‘is not so-called knowledge of so-called facts, but vision – seeing.’ His focus was process."[24] Although their relationship was often tense, and sometimes, even combative, Robert Rauschenberg later identified Albers as his most important teacher.[25] Albers is considered to be one of the most influential teachers of visual art in the twentieth century.[26]

Noted students of Albers

Quotes of the artist
– "Every perception of colour is an illusion.. ..we do not see colors as they really are. In our perception they alter one another."[27] [c. 1949, when Albers started his first 'Homage to the Square' paintings]
– "THE ORIGIN OF ART: The discrepancy between physical fact and psychic effect. THE CONTENT OF ART: Visual information of our reaction to life. THE MEASURE OF ART: The ratio of effort to effect. THE AIM OF ART: Revelation and evocation of vision."[28] [1964, from his text 'Homage to the square']
– "For me, abstraction is real, probably more real than nature. I'll go further and say that abstraction is nearer my heart. I prefer to see with closed eyes."[27] [1966]
– "Art is not to be looked at. Art is looking at us.. .To be able to perceive it we need to be receptive. Therefore art is there where art meets us now. The content of art is visual formulation of our relation to life. The measure of art, the ratio of effort to effect, the aim of art revelation and evocation of vision.[29] [1968, in 'Oral history interview with Josef Albers]
– "I made true the first English sentence [Albers came from Germany] that I uttered (better stuttered) on our arrival at Black Mountain College in November 1933. When a student asked me what I was going to teach I said: 'to open eyes'. And this has become the motto of all my teaching."[30] [1970, in 'A conversation with Josef Albers']

Exhibitions (not a complete list)

Solo

Group

Posthumous
  • In 2010, a show of 80 oil works on paper, many never exhibited before, was mounted by the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich, later travelling to other venues, including Centre Pompidou in Paris, and The Morgan Library & Museum in Manhattan.
  • In 2014, an exhibition at the Elliott Museum in Stuart, FL called "Albers and Heirs" featured the work of Albers, Neil Welliver, and Jane Davis Doggett.[12][13]

Legacy

The Josef Albers papers, documents from 1929 to 1970, were donated by the artist to the Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art in 1969 and 1970. In 1971 (nearly five years before his death), Albers founded the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation,[33] a nonprofit organization he hoped would further "the revelation and evocation of vision through art." Today, this organization not only serves as the office for the estates of both Josef Albers and his wife Anni Albers, but also supports exhibitions and publications focused on the works of both Albers. The official foundation building is located in Bethany, Connecticut, and "includes a central research and archival storage center to accommodate the Foundation's art collections, library and archives, and offices, as well as residence studios for visiting artists."[34]

The executive director of the foundation is Nicholas Fox Weber.[35] Later the foundation was instrumental in having four fakes from Italy, represented as the work of Albers and on sale in auction houses and galleries in France and Germany, seized by the police.[3]

In 1997, one year after the auction house, Sotheby's, had bought the Andre Emmerich Gallery, the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, the main beneficiary of the estates of both artists, did not renew its three-year contract with the gallery.[36] Currently, the foundation is represented by David Zwirner in New York,[37] Waddington Custot in London, and the Alan Cristea Gallery in London, and now, a large part of his estate is held by the Josef Albers Museum in Bottrop, Germany, where he was born.[38] Krakow Witkin Gallery in Boston also holds a selection of Albers' works.[39]

Criticism

Joseph Albers' book Interaction of Color continues to be influential despite criticisms that arose following his death. In 1981, Alan Lee attempted to refute Albers' general claims about colour experience (that colour deceives continually) and to posit that Albers' system of perceptual education was fundamentally misleading.

Lee examined four topics in Albers' account of colour critically: additive and subtractive colour mixture; the tonal relations of colours; the Weber-Fechner Law; and simultaneous contrast. In each case Lee suggested that Albers made fundamental errors with serious consequences for his claims about colour and his pedagogical method. Lee suggested that Albers' belief in the importance of colour deception was related to a misconception about aesthetic appreciation (that it depends upon some kind of confusion about visual perception). Lee suggested that the scientific colour hypothesis of Edwin H. Land should be considered in lieu of the concepts put forward by Albers. Finally, Lee's called for a reassessment of Albers' art as necessary, following successful challenge to the foundational colour concepts that were the basis of his corpus.[40][41]

Dorothea Jameson has challenged Lee's criticism of Albers, arguing that Albers' approach toward painting and pedagody emphasized artists' experiences in the handling and mixing of pigments, which often have different results than predicted by color theory experiments with projected light or spinning color disks. Furthermore, Jameson explains that Lee's own understanding of additive and subtractive color mixtures is flawed.[42]

Value on the art market

Several paintings in his series "Homage to the Square" have outsold their estimates. Homage to the Square: Joy (1964) sold for $1.5 million, nearly double its estimate, during a 2007 sale at Sotheby's.[43] More recently, "Study for Homage to the Square,R-III E.B." also sold for around twice the estimated $545,000–$700,000, eventually reaching $1.22 million at auction.[44]

See also
  • Architype Albers (large typeface based on Albers 1927–1931 experimentation with geometrically constructed stencil types for posters and signs)
  • Bauhaus

References
  1. "Josef Albers, Artist and teacher, Dies". The New York Times. March 26, 1976. p. 33. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  2. Albers, Josef (1917–18). "Rosa Mystica Ora Pro Nobis (reconstruction 2011)". St. Michael’s Church, Bottrop, Germany: Albers Foundation Facebook Page.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  3. Morris, Roderick Conway (October 21, 2011). "Making of a Bauhaus Master". New York Times: Art Review. Retrieved 2020-03-29
  4. "Josef Albers, Artist and Teacher, Dies". New York Times: Obituaries. March 26, 1976. Retrieved 2020-03-29
  5. de Melo, M. (2019) Mosaic as an Experimental System in Contemporary Fine Art Practice and Criticism. PhD Thesis: University for the Creative Arts; University of Brighton, p.111
  6. Josef Albers Archived November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville.
  7. Holland Cotter (July 26, 2012), Harmony, Harder Than It Looks – ‘Josef Albers in America: Painting on Paper,’ at the Morgan The New York Times.
  8. Pepe Carmel (June 25, 1995), A Modern Master of Bottles, Scraps and Squares The New York Times.
  9. Robert Ayers (March 29, 2006). "Susan Weil". Art+Auction. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  10. Rob Roy Kelly (June 23, 1989). "Origins: Yale years". Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  11. "Josef Albers, Eva Hesse, and the Imperative of Teaching | Tate". Tate Etc. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  12. "Josef Albers and Heirs exhibit on view at The Elliott Museum in Florida". Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  13. "Elliott Museum presents 'Albers & Heirs: Josef Albers, Neil Welliver, and Jane Davis Doggett'". Martin County Times. Martincountytimes.com. November 9, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  14. Masheck, Joseph (December 2009 – January 2010). "ALBERS' RECORD JACKETS: Doing an Artful Job". The Brooklyn Rail.
  15. "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
  16. Josef Albers Museum of Modern Art, Manhattan
  17. David W. Dunlap (June 17, 2002), Press 'L' for Landmark; Time & Life Lobby, a 50's Gem, Awaits Recognition The New York Times.
  18. Carol Vogel (July 9, 2001), A Familiar Mural Finds Itself Without a Wall The New York Times.
  19. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/manhattan-returns-to-its-rightful-place-outside-grand-central-station
  20. Albers, Josef (1963). Interaction of Color. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300018462.
  21. Josef Albers: February 28 — March 27, 2007 Waddington Custot Galleries, London.
  22. Piper, David. The Illustrated History of Art, ISBN 0-7537-0179-0, p469.
  23. Piper, David. The Illustrated History of Art, ISBN 0-7537-0179-0, p470.
  24. Saletnik, Jeffrey (2007). "Josef Albers, Eva Hesse, and the Imperative of Teaching". London: The Tate Gallery. ISSN 1753-9854.
  25. Christopher Knight (May 14, 2008), Robert Rauschenberg, 1925 – 2008: He led the way to Pop Art Los Angeles Times.
  26. Sandler, Irving (Spring 1982). "The School of Art at Yale; 1950-1970: The Collective Reminiscences of Twenty Distinguished Alumni". Art Journal. 42, No. 1 (The Education of Artists): 14. doi:10.2307/776486.
  27. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josef_Albers
  28. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josef_Albers#'Homage_to_the_square'_(1964)
  29. https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_214202
  30. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josef_Albers#'A_conversation_with_Josef_Albers'_(1970)
  31. Josef Albers Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.
  32. J.B. Neumann Papers in The Museum of Modern Art Archives
  33. The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation website Archived July 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  34. The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation: Mission Statement Archived July 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  35. "randomhouse.com". randomhouse.com. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  36. Carol Vogel (October 3, 1997), Sotheby's Loses Albers Estate The New York Times.
  37. David Zwirner (May 20, 2016) "The Josef And Anni Albers Foundation Is Now Exclusively Represented by David Zwirner." David Zwirner Gallery. (Retrieved January 12, 2016.)
  38. Josef Albers Archived June 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Fondation Beyeler, Riehen.
  39. "Josef Albers". Krakow Witkin Gallery.
  40. Lee, Alan. "A Critical Account of Some of Josef Albers' Concepts of Color." Leonardo (1981): 99–105.
  41. Jameson, Dorothea. "Some Misunderstandings about Color Perception, Color Mixture and Color Measurement". Leonardo, vol. 16, no. 1, 1983, pp. 41–42. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1575043.
  42. Jameson, Dorothee. Some Misunderstandings about Color Perception, Color Mixture and Color Measurement. Leonardo, vol. 16, no. 1, 1983, pp. 41-42. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1575043.
  43. J.S. Marcus (December 18, 2010), Re-Examining a Famed Teacher The Wall Street Journal.

Further reading
  • Danilowitz, Brenda; Fred Horowitz (2006). Josef Albers: to Open Eyes : The Bauhaus, Black Mountain College, and Yale. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-4599-9.
  • Darwent, Charles: Josef Albers : life and work, London : Thames and Hudson, [2018], ISBN 978-0-500-51910-3
  • Diaz, Eva (2008). "The Ethics of Perception: Josef Albers in the United States". Volume XC Number 2 (June): The Art Bulletin.CS1 maint: location (link)
  • Wurmfeld, Sanford; Rector, Neil K.; Ratliff, Floyd (August 1, 1996). Color Function Painting: The Art of Josef Albers, Julian Stanczak and Richard Anuszkiewicz. Contemporary Collections. ISBN 978-0-9720956-0-0.
  • Cleaton-Roberts, David; Fox Weber, Nicholas; Williams, Graham; Harrison, Michael (2012). Abstract Impressions: Josef Albers, Naum Gabo, Ben Nicholson. London: Alan Cristea Gallery. ISBN 978-0-9569203-5-5.

Archives of American Art collection:

Works by Josef Albers

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