Israel–Pakistan relations

Israel-Pakistan relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the State of Israel—which, despite the lack of official diplomatic relations have been defined by multiple instances of close covert coordination and cooperation during events such as the Soviet–Afghan War and Black September conflict. Both nations were established based on similar ideological declarations (see Two-Nation Theory and Homeland for the Jewish People). Diplomatic ties continue to remain unestablished due to Pakistan's refusal to officially recognize Israel until a viable solution is reached in regards to the Israel-Palestine conflict.[1] Nevertheless, Pakistan and Israel regularly use their embassies and consulates-general in Ankara and Istanbul, Turkey to mediate and exchange information with each other. In 2010, Pakistan, following up on reports received in Washington, was believed to have used its embassy in Ankara to pass on newly-discovered information about a major upcoming terrorist attack to Israel according to WikiLeaks.[2][3]

Israeli–Pakistani relations

Israel
Pakistan

Country comparison
Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan State of Israel
Flag
State Emblem
Population 233,500,636 (2020 est.)[4] — 5th 8,675,475 (2020 est.)[5] — 98th
Area 881,913 km2 (340,509 mi2)[6] — 33rd 20,770 km2 (8,023 mi2)[7] — 155th
Population Density 287/km2 (742/mi2)[8] 416/km2 (1,077/mi2)[9]
Capital Islamabad Jerusalem (disputed)[10]
Largest City Karachi (16,093,786)[11] Jerusalem / Tel Aviv-Yafo (931,756 / 432,892)[12][13]
Government Federal Parliamentary Republic Unitary Parliamentary Republic
First Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah David Ben-Gurion
Current Leader(s) Prime Minister Imran Khan

President Arif Alvi

 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu

President Reuven Rivlin

Ruling Political Party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Likud - National Liberal Movement
Official Language(s) English, Urdu Hebrew
Main Religions Islam (96%)

Hinduism (2%)

Christianity (2%)[14]

 Judaism (75%)

Islam (17%)

Christianity (2%)[15]

Ethnic Groups Punjabi (45%)

Pashtun (15%)

Sindhi (14%)

Sariaki (8%)

Muhajir (8%)

Baloch (4%)

Other (6%)[16]

 Jewish (74%)

Arab (21%)

Other (5%)[17]

Human Development Index (HDI) 0.562 (medium)[18] — 150th 0.903 (very high)[19] — 22nd
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

— Nominal

 US$314.6 billion (2018)[20] — 40th US$370.6 billion (2018)[21] — 31st
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

— Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

 US$1.2 trillion (2020 est.)[22] — 23rd US$372.3 billion (2020 est.)[23] — 51st
Military Expenditures (US$) $11.4 billion[24] — 35th $21.7 billion (excl. $3.8 billion in U.S. military aid)[25] — 17th
Military Strength Ranking

— Worldwide Power Index

 0.2364[26] — 15th

• Declared nuclear weapons state

 0.3111[27] — 18th

• Suspected nuclear weapons state

History

David Ben-Gurion—the first prime minister of Israel—made an attempt in May 1948 to establish official diplomatic relations with Pakistan when he sent a telegram to Muhammad Ali Jinnah—the founding father and first governor-general of the Dominion of Pakistan—but received no particular response.[28][29] Jinnah, who had in fact been suffering from severe health issues, succumbed to his illnesses in September 1948. By 1949, Israel's Foreign Ministry believed that it was possible to open an Israeli legation in Karachi, then the capital of Pakistan, or at least to begin conducting trade openly.[30] Initial contact between Pakistani diplomats in London and representatives of Israel along with various Jewish organizations was made in early 1950.[30] The Pakistani government was asked to issue passage permits to India for a few hundred Jews who wished to leave Afghanistan and emigrate to Israel.[30] The government refused to allow them to transit through Pakistan, citing the Palestinian exodus of 1948 and their opposition to Israel, following which the Afghan Jews left through Iran.[30]

In 1952, Pakistani foreign minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan promoted hardline policies towards Israel, and advocated for Pakistan's unwavering support for Palestine in light of the Arab-Israeli War of 1948.[30] Thus, Khan's policy laid the groundwork for Pakistan's strategic ties with Arab states.[30]

Political tension

Pakistani attitudes towards Israel
See also: Antisemitism in Pakistan

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Israel's diplomatic mission in Washington received information that Pakistan was trying to provide military assistance to the Palestinians alongside rumours that a Pakistani military battalion would be sent to Palestine to fight the Israelis. Pakistan had supposedly bought 250,000 rifles in Czechoslovakia that were apparently meant for the Arabs. A later discovery revealed that Pakistan had bought three military-grade aircraft in Italy for the Egyptians.[31]

The Pakistan Air Force sent a limited few of its fighter pilots to engage the Israelis in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1973 Yom Kippur War, greatly bolstering the Palestinians who virtually had no foundation to fight the superior Israeli forces and consequently suffered repeated defeats. A Pakistani fighter pilot, Saiful Azam, had shot down at least four Israeli fighter planes during the Six-Day War.[32] After the Yom Kippur War, Pakistan and the PLO signed an agreement for training PLO officers in Pakistani military institutions.[33] During the 1982 Israel-Lebanon War, non-regular Pakistani volunteers served in the PLO and 50 were taken prisoner during the Siege of Beirut.

The relationship between Pakistan and Israel continued to be ridden with hostilities following these direct engagements, and when Mossad failed to stop Pakistan's nuclear weapons program from making major developments, a plan to bomb Pakistani nuclear facilities in a similar fashion to Operation Opera was authorized by Israel. The Israelis made contact with India in an effort to gain support and secure a launching point for Israel's aircraft, but did not get the response that was expected. India refused to allow Israeli aircraft to station on its soil whereas Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency had discovered the plan and prepared retaliatory measures to bomb strategic sites in Israel. India did not offer its support which thwarted any plans of the destruction of Pakistan's nuclear program, which Israel had hoped to carry out in a joint Indian-Israeli operation to avoid taking full blame.[34][35]

According to Time Magazine, French intellectual Bernard-Henri Lévy said that Daniel Pearl, an American-Israeli journalist, was assassinated by elements with backing from Pakistan's ISI over his alleged role in attempting to gather information linking a continued relationship between the ISI and the Taliban.[36] According to other reports from BBC and Time, Pakistani militants murdered him because of their belief that Pearl was an Israeli Mossad agent who had infiltrated Pakistan under the cover of being an American journalist.[37][38]

Inscription on a Pakistani passport forbidding travel to Israel.

Pakistan's religiously-oriented political parties such as Jamaat-e-Islami and militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba fiercely oppose any relationship with Israel, and have repeatedly called for the destruction of Israel due to its standing as an alleged sworn enemy of Pakistan.[39][40] Currently, as Pakistan refuses to recognize Israel until a peaceful solution is reached with Palestine, all Pakistani citizens are unable to travel to Israel. Pakistani passports bear an inscription outlining the invalidity of the passport in regards to Israel.[41][42][43]

Israeli attitudes towards Pakistan

In the 1980s, Israel was said to had planned, with or without Indian assistance, a possible attack on Pakistan's nuclear facilities[34][35] that would be reminiscent of the Israeli attack previously carried out on an Iraqi nuclear reactor in 1981. Using satellite pictures and intelligence information, Israel reportedly built a full-scale mock-up of the Kahuta nuclear facility in the Negev desert region where Israeli pilots in F-16 and F-15 pilots squadrons practiced mock attacks.

According to The Asian Age, British journalists Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark stated in their book—Deception: Pakistan, the US and the Global Weapons Conspiracy—that the Israeli Air Force was to launch an air attack on Pakistan's nuclear facility in Kahuta sometime during the mid-1980s from an airfield in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. The book claims that "in March 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed off (on) the Israeli-led operation bringing India, Pakistan and Israel to within a hair's breadth of a nuclear conflagration".[44] Israel's plan met with disapproval from some Indian officials on the grounds that Israel would not face any major consequences after the strike while India would surely face full-scale retaliation—possibly nuclear—from Pakistan for its involvement in the Israeli attack. The plan was discouraged out of the fear of a fourth Indo-Pakistani war starting as a consequence of this operation, and was shelved indefinitely after Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984.

A paper published in the U.S. Air Force Air University system—India Thwarts Israeli Destruction of Pakistan's "Islamic Bomb"—also confirmed this plan's existence. It stated that "Israeli interest in destroying Pakistan's Kahuta reactor to scuttle the 'Islamic bomb' was blocked by India's refusal to grant landing and refuelling rights to Israeli warplanes in 1982." India's refusal to cooperate forced Israel—which on its part wanted the attack to be a joint Indian-Israeli strike to avoid being held solely responsible—to drop the plan.[45]

In October 2015, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu cancelled his booking at a dine-in hotel in New York City, due to the fact that Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was dining in at the same time to avoid a confrontation over what Sharif stated to be "Israel's naked brutality in Palestine".[46]

Intelligence cooperation
A view of the Pakistan Conference in West Jerusalem with poet of the nation Allama Iqbal

Despite their hostilities, both countries are reported to have directorates to deal with each other at an intelligence level.[1] The history of Israeli-Pakistani intelligence cooperation dates back to at least the early 1980s, when Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq directed the ISI to establish contact with Israel's Mossad.[47] Intelligence offices were set up at both countries' embassies in Washington, D.C. where the ISI, MI6, CIA and Mossad ran a decade-long anti-Soviet operation, codenamed Operation Cyclone.[48] During this operation, Israel supplied Soviet-made weaponry (seized from Palestinian insurgents) to the Afghan mujahideen fighting the Soviet Union's forces after the latter invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan and Israel cooperated very closely during the entirety of the conflict and the Pakistani military—which was covertly engaging Soviet aircraft (by posing as an Afghan force) and providing the mujahideen with funds and weapons—received a generous amount of Israeli armaments and aid.[48]

WikiLeaks, in a disclosed United States diplomatic cable revealed that around early 2008, Pakistan's ISI had secretly passed on vital intelligence and data to Mossad. The ISI had intercepted information alluding to a possible major attack by terrorists in Mumbai that Israeli civilians may be targeted in. This turned out to be a valid report as on 26 November 2008, the notorious Mumbai terrorist attacks were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba which had, among other targets, attacked a Jewish centre—the Nariman House).[49] Following these attacks, It was reported that Pakistani Lieutenant-General Ahmad Shuja Pasha was in direct contact with Israel's Mossad.[50]

During the Cold War, Israel was a part of the United States-led Western Bloc to which non-aligned Pakistan was allied, whereas non-aligned India was allied to the Soviet Union-led Eastern Bloc. Consequently, India supported the Soviets in Afghanistan and the pro-Soviet Afghan leader Mohammad Najibullah. American-allied Pakistan and Israel strongly opposed the Soviet invasion, and Israel and the United States ran arms and funds to and through Pakistan in support of the Afghan mujahideen. Israel had captured the Soviet armaments from Palestinian and other Arab groups (who were all supported by the Soviet Union) from previous conflicts.[48]

Normalization of ties

Diplomatic

Some Israeli leaders believe that diplomatic relations with Pakistan should be established as the latter could possibly serve as a bridge or mediator between Israel and the Muslim world, including the Arab nations.[51] Although the governments of Israel and Pakistan do not officially have diplomatic relations with each other, there have been a number of instances of major and close cooperation and contact between the two states.[52] According to the Pakistani news outlet Daily Jang, there are continuous reports that many top Pakistani leaders and representatives have visited Israel.[53] Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has openly spoken for the immediate pursuit of close diplomatic relations with Israel as soon as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reaches a solution. He expressed that Pakistan will full-heartedly recognize Israel and come forward for open relations when a two-state solution that gives equal opportunities to the Palestinians and Israelis is achieved and peace is restored. He is the first Pakistani to be interviewed by American-Israeli Haaretz writer Danna Harman in London.[54] In 2016, a Pakistani Ph.D. scholar and writer, Malik Shah Rukh, started the Israel-Pakistan Friendship Group, which campaigns for a diplomatic relationship between the two nations. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamen Netanyahu, on an official visit to India in 2017, responded to speculations that Israel's engagement in pursuing closer ties with India was to bolster its position against Pakistan, stating "We [Israel] are not an enemy of Pakistan and Pakistan should not be our enemy either." Following this, in 2018, widespread news (especially in Israeli media outlets) had begun to surface about an Israeli passenger aircraft stopping and staying in Pakistan for a day—stirring rumours that Israeli diplomats had made a secretive yet official visit to Pakistan. There have been increased calls in Pakistan for pursuit of relations with Israel in light of what some Pakistanis view as the Arab world's naked abandonment of Pakistan—which had diplomatically, financially and militarily supported the Arabs against Israel during the Arab-Israeli wars—in regards to the Kashmir conflict with India.[55][56][57]

Military ties

Britain's Department for Business, Innovation and Skills revealed in 2013 that Israel had exported military technology to Pakistan. It was also reported that Israel sought to purchase British military equipment that would then be exported to Pakistan such as electronic warfare systems and military-grade aircraft parts.[58] Israel and Pakistan both immediately denied the report and called the revelations "misleading".[59] It was unknown why Israel could covertly be exporting military equipment to Pakistan, but speculations were made that could be to bolster Pakistan's fight against insurgents and terrorists who have caused the internal security situation in Pakistan to deteriorate severely.

Sports ties

Despite the India-Pakistan conflict, it is not uncommon for the two nations to participate together in various sports. However, Israel and Pakistan have not participated in any sports together with the exception of a single football match in which they played against each other at the 1960 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers. During the 2002 Wimbledon Open, Israeli tennis player Amir Hadad teamed up with Pakistani tennis player Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi to play in the 3rd round doubles together. The duo would later break news headlines as the first open Israeli-Pakistani partnership anywhere, which was positively received in both Israel and Pakistan alike.[60]

Dan Kiesel, an Israeli Jew with German citizenship, served as the Pakistan national cricket team's trainer and physiotherapist while living in Lahore.[61]

Former Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Khurshid Kasuri supported diplomatic ties between Pakistan and Israel.[62] Tashbih Sayyed was a well-known Pakistani-American scholar who openly expressed his support for Pakistan-Israel relations in many of his columns and writings throughout his journalistic career.[63]

Timeline
  • 1948—various news outlets report that first contact between Pakistan and Israel were made in the early days of Pakistan's independence in August 1947, when Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion sent a secret message via telegram to Muhammad Ali Jinnah (the founder of Pakistan) asking him to recognize Israel when it declares independence, which happened in 1948. Jinnah reportedly did not give any particular response to Israel, possibly due to his severely deteriorating health and succumbed to his illnesses later that year.
  • 1949—Philippine Airlines became the only carrier to establish a direct air link between Karachi and Tel Aviv as a sector on their Manila–London service,[64] however it is not known whether they had traffic rights between the two which would allow passengers and cargo to be flown on the route.
  • 1950—Initial contact between the Pakistani ambassador in London and representatives of Israel and Jewish organizations was made in early 1950 in an attempt to open legations in Karachi or at least conduct trade openly.
  • 1953—A meeting took place in New York between Pakistani diplomat Zafrullah Khan and Israeli diplomat Abba Eban on January 14 to discuss Israeli–Pakistani relations.[31]
  • 1980s—During the Soviet–Afghan War (1979-1989), the CIA, MI6, ISI and Mossad ran a covert operation named Operation Cyclone in Afghanistan to combat the Soviet invasion. During the operation Israel and Pakistan had high-level contact through their intelligence agencies, including various military dealings. Israel also supported Pakistan by providing seized Soviet-made weapons from Palestinian insurgents to Pakistan during this period.[47]
  • 1981—After Israel's attack on Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor, a similar plan to attack Pakistan's Kahuta nuclear facility with the help of India was foiled when Pakistani intelligence discovered the plan and foiled it by taking preventative measures, including plans for retaliatory airstrikes on critical facilities in Israel.[65][44]
  • 1993—former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto, along with her then-Director-General of the Pakistani military, Pervez Musharraf had intensified the ISI's liaison with Mossad in 1993. Bhutto is said to have had a secret meeting in New York with a senior Israeli emissary, who flew to the U.S. during her visit to Washington, D.C. in 1995.[66]
  • 1998—After Pakistan publicly conducted its first series of nuclear weapons testing a few days after India, then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif sent a secret courier to his Israeli counterpart Benjamin Netanyahu, assuring Israel that Pakistan will not share its nuclear technology with Iran to aide in their nuclear program.
  • 2001—Pakistan's ISI passed intelligence about the nuclear ambitions of Iran and Libya, whose program allegedly had the help of Pakistani scientists.[66]
  • 2003—Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf raised the debate of possible diplomatic relations with Israel.[67]
  • 2005—the foreign ministers of the two countries held official talks for the first time.[68] However, following the meeting, Musharraf said Pakistan will not recognize the State of Israel until an independent Palestinian state is established[69]—in Musharraf's words: "Pakistan will eventually recognize Israel".[70]
  • 2010—According to unconfirmed "leaked" American diplomatic cables, the head of Pakistan's ISI, Lieutenant-General Ahmad Shuja Pasha passed on intelligence of the discovery of potential terrorist attacks in Mumbai, India to Israel through Washington. According to the cable, "He had been in direct touch with the Israelis on possible threats against Israeli targets in India." A few weeks before the cable was written, Israel had issued a travel advisory warning of possible attacks against Jewish sites in India.[49][71]
  • 2011—Israel was alleged to have exported British military technology to Pakistan.[58][59]
  • 2012—British-Pakistani MP Sajid Javid made a speech which was very positively received by the Jewish Chronicle, the oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper in the world, even speculating the possibility of Javid assuming the position of the Prime Minister of Israel in the future.[72]
  • 2015—An Israeli scientist, Ramzi Suleiman, attended a scientific conference sponsored by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and held in Lahore, Pakistan.[73]
  • 2016—A Pakistani PhD scholar and writer, Malik Shah Rukh, started the Israel-Pakistan Friendship Group, which campaigns for a diplomatic relationship between the two nations.
  • 2017—During an official visit to India, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu dismissed suggestions that his country's partnership with India is a threat to Pakistan, saying, "We (Israel) are not enemies of Pakistan and Pakistan should not be our enemy either."[74]
  • 2018—It was speculated by Israel's largest newspaper that an Israeli passenger aircraft landed and stayed in Islamabad for ten hours. There was further talk that this could have been the first visit to Pakistan by Benjamin Netanyahu.[75]

See also

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Further reading
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