Cheshvan

Marcheshvan (Hebrew: מַרְחֶשְׁוָן, Standard Marḥešvan, Tiberian Marḥešwān, Yemenite Meraḥšǝwan; from Akkadian waraḫsamnu, literally, "eighth month"), sometimes shortened to Cheshvan (חֶשְׁוָן, Standard Ḥešvan Tiberian Ḥešwān), is the second month of the civil year (which starts on 1 Tishrei), and the eighth month of the ecclesiastical year (which starts on 1 Nisan) on the Hebrew calendar.

← Tishrei       Marcheshvan (מַרְחֶשְׁוָן)       Kislev →
Great Flood

The Great Flood, which according to the Bible
wiped out the world, started in Marcheshvan.
Month number: 8
Number of days: 29 (sometimes 30)
Season: Autumn
Gregorian equivalent: October–November

In a regular (kesidran) year, Marcheshvan has 29 days, but because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules, in some years, an additional day is added to Marcheshvan to make the year a "full" (maleh) year. Marcheshvan is an autumn month which occurs in October–November in the Gregorian calendar.

Compared to its Akkadian etymon waraḫsamnu, the name Marḥešvan displays the same lenition of ungeminated מ /m/ to ו /v/ found in other month names (Tammuz traditionally contains mem with dagesh). Uniquely to this name the initial ו has also changed to מ, giving the overall effect of a metathesis. In the modern form, with the connection to the roots "moon, month" w-r-ḥ and "eight" š-m-n no longer apparent, the first two letters מַר (mar) have been re-interpreted as the Hebrew word for bitter, alluding to the fact that the month has no holidays or fasts.[1] The Ethiopian Jewish community celebrates Sigd on the 29th day of Marcheshvan (50 days from Yom Kippur, analogous to counting 50 days from Pesach to Shavuos), as recognized by the Israeli Knesset in July 2008.

The Hebrew Bible, before the Babylonian Exile, refers to the month as Bul (1 Kings 6:38). In Sidon, the reference to Bul is also made on the Sarcophaugus of Eshmunazar II dated to the early 5th century BC.

Events in Marcheshvan
  • 7 Marcheshvan – V'tein Tal u-Matar ("Deliver Dew and Rain"), a prayer, is added to the Shemoneh Esrei prayers in Israel. If no rain has fallen by the 17th of the month, special prayers are added for rain.[1]
  • Bahab – According to most minhagim, on the first Sabbath of Cheshvan, a prayer is recited on behalf of all those who are going to fast on Bahab. Bahab, or in Hebrew בהב, stands for 2, 5, 2, i.e., Monday (2nd day of the week), Thursday (5th day), and another Monday. On the Monday, Thursday, and second Monday after the Sabbath, the minhag is to fast and/or to recite penitential prayers called Selichot. According to Minhag Ashkenaz, the second Monday of Bahab is the Monday before Rosh Chodesh Kislev, the Thursday is the Thursday preceding that, the first Monday is the Monday preceding that, and the Sabbath in which the prayer is recited is the Sabbath preceding that. Bahab is also observed at the beginning of Iyar.

Marcheshvan in Jewish history and tradition
  • 11 Marcheshvan (circa 2105 BCE) – Methuselah dies at age 969
  • 11 Marcheshvan (circa 1553 BCE) – Death of Rachel while giving birth to Benjamin
  • 12 Marcheshvan (1995) – Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin; now a national memorial day
  • 15 Marcheshvan – King Jeroboam's alternative feast of Sukkot for the people of the northern Kingdom (1 Kings 12:32-33)
  • 15 Marcheshvan (165 BCE) – Death of Matityahu (Mattathias), who began the Maccabean revolt in the city of Modiin
  • 16 Marcheshvan (1938) – Kristallnacht/Pogromnacht: 1,400 synagogues and numerous copies of the Tanakh are purposefully and systematically set on fire and allowed to burn in Nazi Germany[2]
  • 17 Marcheshvan (circa 960 BCE) – First Temple completed by King Solomon[3] (it was not inaugurated until the following Tishrei however)
  • 18 Marcheshvan (1990) – Assassination of Meir Kahane
  • 20 Marcheshvan (1860) - Birth of Rebbe Rashab,the 5th Chabad Rebbe.
  • 23 Marcheshvan (137 BCE) – Hasmonean holiday commemorating the removal from the Holy Temple of altar stones which were defiled by the Greeks

References
  1. "Cheshvan". Orthodox Union. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  2. Confino, Alon. "Why the Nazis Burned the Hebrew Bible", Commentary, vol. 137, no. 6, June 2014, pp. 30–34. EBSCOhost.
  3. 1 Kings 6:38
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