HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom

HIV/AIDS was first diagnosed in 1981. As of year-end 2018, 160,493 people have been diagnosed with HIV in the United Kingdom and an estimated 7,500 people are living undiagnosed with HIV.[1] New diagnoses are highest in gay/bisexual men, with an estimated 51% of new diagnosis reporting male same-sex sexual activity as the probable route of infection. Between 2009 and 2018 there was a 32% reduction in new HIV diagnosis, attributed by Public Health England (PHE) to better surveillance and education.[1] PHE has described an "outbreak" in Glasgow amongst people who inject drugs,[1] and has campaigns targeting men who have sex with men in London and other major cities.[2] London was the first city in the world to reach the World Health Organisation target for HIV, set at 90% of those with HIV diagnosed, 90% of those diagnosed on HAART and 90% of those on HAART undetectable.[2][3] However, the UK as a whole has not reached this target.[3] Under the Equality Act 2010, it is illegal to discriminate against someone based on their HIV status in the UK.[4][5]

HIV & AIDS Diagnoses and Deaths by Year in the UK
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Demographics

In 2017, 93,385 people (64,472 men and 28,877 women) living with diagnosed HIV infection received HIV care in the UK. 42,739 of those are gay or bisexual.[6]

In 2017, the prevalence of HIV in the United Kingdom was estimated at 101,600 (credible interval 99,300 to 106,400) with 92% (credible interval 88 to 94%) diagnosed.[6] Prevalence is highest in gay/bisexual men in London with an estimated 83 (credible interval 73 to 96) per 1000 gay and bisexual men aged 15 to 74 years. HIV prevalence in this group was higher in London compared with the rest of England (134/1,000 CrI 113 to 156 and 63/1,000 CrI 53 to 76, respectively).[6] However, the 2017 statistics showed a tremendous decrease in the number of newly HIV infected gay men during 2015-17. The number of newly HIV infected gay men decreased by a third in just two years.[7]

4453 people were newly diagnosed during 2018. An estimated 43% of diagnoses were late (likely to have been living with the virus for over three years).[1] Late diagnosis is associated with a 10-fold increase in the chance of death during the first year after diagnosis.[8][9] Risk groups have been identified by various organisations, including National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Health Service and the IMPACT trial for pre-exposure prophylaxis. They are:

Risk groups identified by UK health organisations
NHS for HIV[10][11] NICE for HIV testing[12] IMPACT for PrEP access[13]
From a country with high rates of HIV Heterosexual people at risk
People who share needles People who inject drugs
People who have received a blood tranfusion abroad
Heterosexual with black African ethnicity N N
Men who have sex with men
Trans women who have sex with men Trans men and trans women
People who participate in chemsex N
People diagnosed with any other STI N
Sexual contact with any other risk group HIV-negative people with HIV-positive partners

Treatment and prognosis

HIV treatment is available free of charge in the UK and as a result 96% of diagnosed are receiving treatment and of those 94% have a suppressed viral load making them very unlikely to pass on the infection.[14][8][15] In 2015, less than 1% of people living with a diagnosed HIV infection in the UK died (cause of death is uncertain and may not be HIV-related). All-cause mortality for ages 15–59 in people living with HIV was 5.7 per 1000 compared to 1.7 for the UK population as a whole.[8] People newly diagnosed with HIV today can expect to have a normal life expectancy if they are diagnosed on time and on effective treatment.[16]

In 2017, 39% adults seen for HIV care were 50 years of age or older.[17] This is partly due to improvements to life expectancy for people living with HIV as well as increasing numbers of people acquiring HIV later in life.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis

Access to pre-exposure prophylaxis ("PrEP"), using a drug which can prevent HIV infection, on the National Health Service is partially limited. It is available to high-risk individuals in England through the IMPACT trial, which has a cohort size of 26,000.[18] This was made available following the PROUD trial, a randomised control trial and a high-court battle in 2016.[19][20] Use of PrEP in London, both as part of a trial and from private purchases, was partially credited in a drop in diagnoses among men who have sex with men, after a five-year plateau in diagnoses.[21][22][23]

Although it is currently unavailable more broadly for prescription by medical professionals in NHS England, this option will become available in April 2020.[24]

In Scotland and Wales PrEP is available free on the NHS from sexual health clinics for those deemed at high risk of acquisition. In Northern Ireland, access is only available through the risk reduction scheme from the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, which can take referrals from other Northern Ireland sexual health clinics for high-risk patients, with funding guaranteed until the end of 2020.[1]

Sexual health specialist Mags Portman was credited in making PrEP more accessible to gay and bisexual men in the UK. In October 2018, the Terrence Higgins Trust established the Mags Portman PrEP Access Fund to provide PrEP to those in England and Northern Ireland who cannot afford it.[25] The fund has a maximum size of 1,000 users and will be available until the end of 2020.[26]

Timeline

1979, June: a sample shows a UK transmission to a haemophiliac in the UK. [27]

1981, 12 December: A 49-year-old man dies in Brompton hospital due to an AIDS related illness - the first death in the UK.[28][29] He was homosexual and frequent visitor to the United States.[30]

1982, 4 July: Terry Higgins dies of an AIDS related illness - leading to the establishment of the Terrence Higgins Trust.[31][32]

1987, 9 April: Diana, Princess of Wales, opens a new ward at Middlesex Hospital for the treatment of HIV patients, shaking the hands of AIDS patients without wearing gloves.[33][34][35]

1987: The UK Government launched "AIDS: Don't Die of Ignorance", a major public information campaign. A leaflet about AIDS was delivered to every household in the UK, which warned that it is impossible to tell who is infected with the virus.[36]

1991, 24 November: Queen star Freddie Mercury dies of AIDS, just one day after he announced he had the condition.[37]

1996: Triple combination therapy (HAART) becomes standard treatment, reducing the death rate.[38][39]

2003, March : The National AIDS Trust launched a campaign challenging HIV stigma.[40]

2010, 8 April: The Equality Act 2010 qualifies anyone with HIV as disabled and so gives protection against discrimination.[4][5]

2012: 1 October: HIV treatment becomes free for everyone in England.[41][42]

2012, 23 November: First National HIV Testing Week.[43][44]

2013, April: HIV Prevention England started a two-year campaign funded by the Department of Health communicating messages about HIV testing and condoms to Africans and MSM.

2015, April: First home testing kits become available, after being legalised in April 2014.[45]

2015, 9 September: Results announced of PROUD study, testing the effectiveness of PrEP on reducing HIV infections in 544 participants.[46][47]

2016: Results of PARTNER Study show that a person living with HIV, who is on treatment and whose virus is undetectable cannot pass the virus on to anyone else. The 'U=U' campaign and Terrence Higgins Trust's 'Can't Pass It On'campaigns followed shortly after. The PARTNER Study followed other research and studies, such as the Swiss Statement, which provided similar evidence of HIV not being able to be passed on under these stated circumstances.[48]

2017, 3 August: NHS announced trial of PrEP for 10,000 people over three years.[49]

2019, 1 January: NHS announced to increase IMPACT trial size to 26,000.

2019, 22 July: Independent HIV Commission to end new HIV transmissions in England by 2030 launches.[50]

2020: March: UK government announces PrEP will be made freely available in England from April 2020 to anyone at risk.[51]

See also

References
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  2. Gulland, Anne (2019-09-09). "London praised for record on HIV but more needs to be done to tackle late diagnosis". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
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  4. Trust, Terrence Higgins. "Equality Act 2010 | Terrence Higgins Trust". Tht.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  5. "Equality Act 2010". Legislation.gov.uk. Expert Participation. Retrieved 2017-08-29.CS1 maint: others (link)
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