George V of Hanover

Full name
	German: Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; English: George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus

George V
George V
King of Hanover
Reign	18 November 1851 – ; 20 September 1866
Predecessor	Ernest Augustus
Born	27 May 1819; Berlin, Prussia
Died	12 June 1878 (aged 59); Paris, France
Burial	24 June 1878; St George's Chapel, Windsor
Consort	Marie of Saxe-Altenburg
Issue	Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover; Princess Frederica of Hanover; Princess Marie of Hanover
Full name
	German: Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; English: George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus
House	Hanover
Father	Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover
Mother	Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Signature

George V (Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last King of Hanover, the only child and successor of King Ernest Augustus. George V's reign ended during the unification of Germany.

Early life

Prince George of Cumberland was born on 27 May 1819 in Berlin, the only son of Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Ernest Augustus was the fifth son of George III of the United Kingdom and his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

He was baptized on 8 July 1819 at a hotel in Berlin where his parents were staying, by the Rev. Henry Thomas Austen (brother of author Jane Austen). His godparents were the then Prince Regent (George IV of the United Kingdom, represented by the Duke of Cumberland), King Frederick William III of Prussia, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, the Crown Prince of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia, Prince William of Prussia, Prince Frederick of Prussia, Prince Henry of Prussia, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, the Grand Duke Georg of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke Charles of Mecklenburg, Empress Maria Feodorovna, the Queen of the Netherlands Wilhelmine of Prussia, the Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom, the Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Homburg Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, the Princess Mary (Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh), Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom, Princess Alexandrine of Prussia, the Electoral Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel, the Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau Princess Frederica Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg (Princess William of Prussia), Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt (Princess Ferdinand of Prussia), Princess Louisa of Prussia (Princess Louise of Prussia (1808-1870)) and Princess Radziwill (Princess Louise of Prussia (1770-1836)).[1]

George spent his childhood in Berlin and in Great Britain. He lost the sight of one eye following a childhood illness in 1828,[2] and in the other eye following an accident in 1833.[3] His father had hoped that the young prince might marry his cousin Queen Victoria, who was older by three days, thus keeping the British and Hanoverian thrones united, but nothing ever came of the plan.

Crown Prince

Upon the death of King William IV and the accession of Queen Victoria to the British throne, the 123-year personal union of the British and Hanoverian thrones ended because Hanover's semi-Salic law prevented a woman from ascending its throne. The Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the Hanoverian throne as Ernst August, and Prince George became the Crown Prince of Hanover. As a legitimate descendant of George III in the male line, he remained a member of the British royal family and second in line to the British throne until the birth of Queen Victoria's first child, Victoria, Princess Royal, in 1840. Since he was totally blind, there were doubts as to whether the Crown Prince was qualified to succeed as king of Hanover, but his father decided that he should do so.[4]

George V of Hanover, his wife Marie of Saxe-Altenburg and their children Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, Princess Frederica of Hanover, and Princess Marie of Hanover

Carte de visite made by Nadar in Paris, 1874

Marriage

George married, on 18 February 1843, at Hanover, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, the eldest daughter of Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, by his wife, Duchess Amelia of Württemberg.

King of Hanover

Battle of Langensalza (1866) Hanoverian Medal, awarded by George V to his troops fighting in that battle. Obverse.

The Crown Prince succeeded his father as the King of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as well as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the Peerage of Great Britain and Earl of Armagh, in the Peerage of Ireland, on 18 November 1851, assuming the style George V.[5]

From his father and from his maternal uncle, Prince Charles Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, one of the most influential men at the Prussian court, George had learned to take a very high and autocratic view of royal authority. During his 15-year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian Landtag (parliament).

George was generally supportive of Austria in the Diet of the German Confederation. As the Austro-Prussian War started, the Prussian government sent a dispatch on 15 June 1866 demanding that Hanoverian troops submit to their authority or face war.[6] Despite previously having concluded that Hanover could not win an armed confrontation with Prussia, George remained protective of his throne and refused the ultimatum.[7] Contrary to the wishes of the parliament, Hanover joined the Austrian camp in the war. As a result, the Prussian army occupied Hanover and the Hanoverian army surrendered on 29 June 1866 following the Battle of Langensalza, the King and royal family having fled to Austria. The Prussian government formally annexed Hanover on 20 September 1866, despite the King of Prussia, William I, being a first cousin of King George V of Hanover; their mothers were sisters. The deposed King never renounced his rights to the throne or acknowledged Prussia's actions. From exile in Gmunden, Austria, he appealed in vain for the European great powers to intervene on behalf of Hanover. From 1866 to 1870, George V maintained the Guelphic Legion partially at his own expense.[8]

While in exile from his throne, he was appointed an honorary full general in the British army in 1876.[9]

Death

George V died at his residence in the Rue de Presbourg, Paris, on 12 June 1878. After a funeral service in the Lutheran Church at the Rue Chaucat,[9] his body was removed to England and buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.[5][10][11]

Legacy

The King supported industrial development. In 1856 the "Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein" was founded which was named after him and his wife. The company erected an iron and steel works which gave the city Georgsmarienhütte its name.[12]

Titles, styles and arms

Titles and styles

27 May 1819 – 20 June 1837: His Royal Highness Prince George of Cumberland, Prince of Hanover
20 June 1837 – 18 November 1851: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Hanover, Prince of Great Britain and Ireland
18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878: His Majesty The King of Hanover

Arms

By grant dated 15 August 1835, George's arms in right of the United Kingdom were those of his father (being the arms of the United Kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point charged with a fleur-de-lys azure, and each of the other points charged with a cross gules), the whole differenced by a label gules bearing a horse courant argent.[13]

Honours

Kingdom of Hanover:
- Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1825[9]
- Knight of St. George, 1839[14]
- Founder of the Order of Ernst August, 15 December 1865
United Kingdom: Knight of the Garter, 15 August 1835[15]
Austrian Empire:[16]
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1843
- Commander of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1866
Baden:[17]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1855
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1855
Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1852[18]
Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion[19]
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Royal Order of Leopold, 1853[20]
Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 23 November 1851[21]
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, August 1839[22]
French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 28 June 1860[23]
Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 1865[24]
Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 11 September 1841[25]
Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 14 June 1838[26]
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 27 May 1857[27]
Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1852[28]
Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 5 May 1865[29]
Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 9 September 1852[30]
Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1852[31]

Ancestry

Ancestors of George V of Hanover

8. Frederick, Prince of Wales

4. George III of the United Kingdom

9. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

2. Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover

10. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg (= 12)

5. Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

11. Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen (= 13)

1. George V of Hanover

12. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg (= 10)

6. Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

13. Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen (= 11)

3. Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

14. Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt

7. Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt

15. Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg

Issue

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover	21 September 1845	14 November 1923	Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick; born at Hanover, died at Gmunden, married Princess Thyra of Denmark; had issue
Princess Frederica of Hanover	9 January 1848	16 October 1926	born at Hanover, died at Biarritz; married Alfons, Baron von Pawel-Rammingen; had no surviving issue
Princess Marie of Hanover	3 December 1849	4 June 1904	Marie Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elizabeth Alexandrina; born at Hanover, died unmarried at Gmunden

References

"No. 17497". The London Gazette. 24 July 1819. p. 1296.
William Christian Sellé, letter to The Times dated 3 July
Letter to the Times dated 5 July by William Christian Sellé
The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, Volume 11. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1910.
Weir, Alison (18 April 2011). "The House of Hanover". Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Random House. p. 291.
Heinzen, Jasper. The Guelph 'Conspiracy': Hanover as Would-Be Intermediary in the European System, 1866–1870. The International History Review 29, No. 2 (2007), pp. 258–281.
Schmitt, Hans A. Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866. Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.
Schmitt, Hans A. Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866. Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.
The Complete Peerage, Volume III. St Catherine Press. 1913. p. 576. Under "Duke of Cumberland".
Boase, Frederic Boase (1892). Modern English Biography: A-H. Netherton and Worth. p. 1821.
"Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St. George. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017.
Gieseler, Albert. "Georgsmarien-Hütten- und Bergwerksverein". Kraft- und Dampfmaschinen (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Hannover (1847), "Königliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 36
Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 55
"Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1877, pp. 59, 62, retrieved 2 November 2019
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 59, 73
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1866. Braunschweig 1866. Meyer. p. 4
Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer, Volume 1 /Ferdinand Veldekens
Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 464. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 6
M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 469. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
Daniel Corston. "Unofficial website dedicated to the Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz". mecklenburg-strelitz.org.
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 29
Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 20
Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1868, p. 157, retrieved 10 December 2019
Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 468.
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 31

External links

Die Welfen – George V (with portrait) (in German)

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Regnal titles
George V of Hanover House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of Welf Born: 27 May 1819 Died: 12 June 1878
Preceded by Ernest Augustus	King of Hanover 18 November 1851 – 20 September 1866	Office abolished Hanover annexed by Prussia
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Ernest Augustus	Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878	Succeeded by Ernest Augustus
Titles in pretence
Loss of title Kingdom dissolved	— TITULAR — King of Hanover 20 September 1866 – 12 June 1878	Succeeded by Ernest Augustus

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[1] "No. 17497". The London Gazette. 24 July 1819. p. 1296.

[2] William Christian Sellé, letter to The Times dated 3 July

[3] Letter to the Times dated 5 July by William Christian Sellé

[4] The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, Volume 11. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1910.

[Weir-5] Weir, Alison (18 April 2011). "The House of Hanover". Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Random House. p. 291.

[6] Heinzen, Jasper. The Guelph 'Conspiracy': Hanover as Would-Be Intermediary in the European System, 1866–1870. The International History Review 29, No. 2 (2007), pp. 258–281.

[7] Schmitt, Hans A. Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866. Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.

[Schmitt-8] Schmitt, Hans A. Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866. Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.

[compeerage-9] The Complete Peerage, Volume III. St Catherine Press. 1913. p. 576. Under "Duke of Cumberland".

[10] Boase, Frederic Boase (1892). Modern English Biography: A-H. Netherton and Worth. p. 1821.

[11] "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St. George. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017.

[Gieseler-12] Gieseler, Albert. "Georgsmarien-Hütten- und Bergwerksverein". Kraft- und Dampfmaschinen (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2017.

[13] Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family

[14] Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Hannover (1847), "Königliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 36

[p55-15] Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 55

[16] "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1877, pp. 59, 62, retrieved 2 November 2019

[17] Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 59, 73

[18] Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2019.

[19] Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1866. Braunschweig 1866. Meyer. p. 4

[20] Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer, Volume 1 /Ferdinand Veldekens

[21] Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 464. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.

[22] Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 6

[23] M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 469. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.

[24] Daniel Corston. "Unofficial website dedicated to the Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz". mecklenburg-strelitz.org.

[25] Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 29

[26] Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 20

[27] Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13

[28] Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4

[29] "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1868, p. 157, retrieved 10 December 2019

[30] Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 468.

[31] Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 31

Rulers of Hanover
Electors of Hanover	Ernest Augustus I (Elector-designate) George I Louis* George II* George III*
Kings of Hanover	George III* George IV* William* Ernest Augustus II George V
* also British monarch **Also Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale

British princes
The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.
1st generation	King George II
2nd generation	Frederick, Prince of Wales Prince George William Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
3rd generation	King George III Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Prince Frederick
4th generation	King George IV Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany King William IV Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn King Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
5th generation	Prince Albert¹ King George V of Hanover Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
6th generation	King Edward VII Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany Prince Ernest Augustus
7th generation	Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale King George V Prince Alexander John of Wales Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince George William of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
8th generation	King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester Prince George, Duke of Kent Prince John Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince George William of Hanover
9th generation	Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh² Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent
10th generation	Charles, Prince of Wales Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
11th generation	Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex James, Viscount Severn³
12th generation	Prince George of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge
¹ Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. ² Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. ³ Status debatable; see his article.

Hanoverian princes
Generations are numbered by descent from George III, first king of Hanover
1st generation	King George IV¹ Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany¹ King William IV¹ Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn¹ King Ernest Augustus¹ Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex¹ Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge¹
2nd generation	King George V¹ Prince George, Duke of Cambridge¹
3rd generation	Crown Prince Ernest Augustus¹
4th generation	Hereditary Prince George William¹ Prince Christian¹ Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick¹
5th generation	Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick¹ Prince George William¹ Prince Christian Oscar Prince Welf Henry
6th generation	Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover Prince Ludwig Rudolph Prince Heinrich Prince Welf Ernst Prince Georg
7th generation	Hereditary Prince Ernest Augustus Prince Christian Prince Otto Heinrich Prince Albert Prince Julius
8th generation	Prince Welf August
¹ also prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland