Forest degradation

Forest degradation is a process in which the biological wealth of a forest area is permanently diminished by some factor or by a combination of factors. "This does not involve a reduction of the forest area, but rather a quality decrease in its condition."The forest is still there, but with fewer trees, or less species of trees, plants or animals, or some of them affected by plagues. This degradation makes the forest less valuable and may lead to deforestation. Forest degradation is a type of the more general issue of land degradation.

Degraded forest in Lahnberge, Germany: the soil is being washed out due to lack of vegetal cover, some trees are losing ground and they appear to be sick (photo by Andreas Trepte).

Interpretations of the term

Deforestation is much worse than forest degradation, but it is clear and visible. On the contrary, forest degradation may start and go on without showing clear effects. It is difficult to measure and even the very term is controversial. In a paper[1] submitted to the XII World Forestry Congress, 2003, Jean-Paul Lanly states: "The situation is even less satisfactory regarding forest degradation due in particular to the imprecision and multiple, and often subjective, interpretations of the term". In 2009 Lund[2] identified more than 50 definitions of forest degradation.

Previously to this August 2017 editing, the Wikipedia page Forest degradation was redirected to Secondary forest, a forest which has re-grown after a timber harvest. This is a confusion: a secondary forest may be perfectly healthy, and a primary forest may be suffering degradation.

The term "permanently" also poses some difficulties: a forest affected by a mild seasonal drought may experience a loss of its biological wealth, but if it is seasonally reversed, then it is not considered degradation. On the contrary, a severe prolonged drought may seriously degrade a forest and make human intervention advisable to limit damages.

Difficulties which hamper the assessment of degradation

According to Lanly,[1] there are 3 difficulties:

  • the different choices of the initial state of reference or baseline;
  • the chosen criteria: health, biodiversity, production capacity; and
  • the opinion on the evolution prospects: will the final result of the process be desirable or undesirable?

For mapping forest degradation in Bolivia, Müller et al.[2] consider areas where only between 30% and 70% of the original forest cover remains. If less than 30% remains, the area is considered as deforested, and if more than 70% remains, the forest is considered intact.

Davidar et al.[3] also think that "Loss of dense and moderately dense forest cover is suggestive of forest degradation." but for the moment no parameter exists "that indicates at what speed forests become degraded and how long it will take for the ecosystem to degrade beyond the point of recovery."

Causes

The Dominican Center for Agricultural and Forest Development[4] lists the following causes of forest degradation:

  • Excessive extraction of forest products like timber, charcoal or resin.
  • Road building: after it has been built, the road favours soil erosion.
  • Open mining: the area where extraction takes place is, of course, completely deforested, but also the surrounding zone suffers a degradation of its fauna and flora.
  • Expansion of urban areas.

Davidar et al.[3] add another:

  • Livestock grazing: goats or sheep eat tree seedlings, thus slowing natural forest regeneration.

Earth Eclipse,[5] a platform of environment research articles, adds the following causes:

  • Acid rain
  • Pests and diseases
  • Air pollution. Degradation for this cause is specifically called Waldsterben (German word) or forest death.
  • Forest fragmentation: a large forest is broken up in smaller woods, which destroys the habitat of large animals.
  • Land pollution
  • Soil erosion (see image above) and sedimentation

Finally as an additional cause:

  • Excessive or unrespectful tourism

Remedies to forest degradation

Generally, any measure to prevent deforestation will also reduce forest degradation. Specifically for degradation, Greenpeace[6] proposes:

Curbing emissions of sulfur dioxide (to combat acid rain) would also reduce forest degradation for this cause. If a coal-fired power plant uses low-quality coal (with a high sulfur contents), this may be alleviated by flue-gas desulfurization.

Initiatives against forest degradation

See also

References
  1. Lanly, Jean-Paul (2003). "DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION FACTORS". Proceedings of the XII World Forestry Congress. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  2. Müller, Robert; Pacheco, Pablo; Montero, Juan Carlos (2014). El contexto de la deforestación y degradación de los bosques en Bolivia (PDF). Bolivia: CIFOR. ISBN 978-602-1504-29-1. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  3. Davidar, Priya; Sashoo, Sasmita; Mammen, Pratheesh C.; Acharya, Prashanth; Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe; Arjunan, M.; Garrigues, Jean Pierre; Roessingh, Krista (15 May 2010). "Assessing the extent and causes of forest degradation in India: Where do we stand?" (PDF). Biological Conservation. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.032. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  4. Ovalles, P. "Causas de la deforestación y degradación de bosques en la República Dominicana" (PDF). CEDAF. CEDAF. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  5. Eclipse, Earth. "What is Forest Degradation?". Earth Eclipse. Earth Eclipse. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  6. Greenpeace, -. "Solutions to Deforestation". Greenpeace. Greenpeace. Retrieved 23 August 2017.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. PROGRAMME, UN-REDD. "About the UN-REDD Programme". UN-REDD. United Nations. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
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