Flaviviridae

Flaviviridae is a family of viruses. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus, the type virus of Flaviviridae; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims.[2] Currently, 89 species are in this family, divided among four genera.[3][4] Diseases associated with this family include: hepatitis (hepaciviruses), hemorrhagic syndromes, fatal mucosal disease (pestiviruses), hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and the birth defect microcephaly (flaviviruses).[4][5]

Flaviviridae
Yellow fever virus
Zika virus capsid model, colored by chains, PDB entry 5ire[1]
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Flaviviridae
Genera

Taxonomy

This family has four genera:[3][4]

Unclassified

Other flaviviruses are known that have yet to be classified. These include Wenling shark virus.

Jingmenvirus is a group of unclassified viruses in the family which includes Alongshan virus, Guaico Culex virus, Jingmen tick virus and Mogiana tick virus. These viruses have a segmented genome of 4 or 5 pieces. Two of these segments are derived from flaviviruses.

A number of viruses may be related to the flaviviruses, but have features that are atypical of the flaviviruses. These include citrus Jingmen-like virus, soybean cyst nematode virus 5, Toxocara canis larva agent, Wuhan cricket virus, and possibly Gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus.

Genome
Genome and polyprotein of members of the genus Flavivirus

Members of the family Flaviviridae have monopartite, linear, single-stranded RNA genomes of positive polarity, 9.6 to 12.3 kilobase. The 5'-termini of flaviviruses carry a methylated nucleotide cap, while other members of this family are uncapped and encode an internal ribosome entry site.

The genome encodes a single polyprotein with multiple transmembrane domains that is cleaved, by both host and viral proteases, into structural and non-structural proteins. Among the non-structural protein products (NS), the locations and sequences of NS3 and NS5, which contain motifs essential for polyprotein processing and RNA replication respectively, are relatively well conserved across the family and may be useful for phylogenetic analysis.

Virion structure

Virus particles are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, about 40–60 nm in diameter.[4][5]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
HepacivirusIcosahedral-likePseudo T=3EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
FlavivirusIcosahedral-likePseudo T=3EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
PegivirusIcosahedral-likePseudo T=3EnvelopedLinearMonopartite
PestivirusIcosahedral-likePseudo T=3EnvelopedLinearMonopartite

Lifecycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. The virus exits the host cell by budding. Humans and mammals serve as the natural hosts. The virus is transmitted via vectors (ticks and mosquitoes).[4][5]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
HepacivirusHumansEpithelium: skin; epithelium: kidney; epithelium: intestine; epithelium: testesClathrin-mediated endocytosisSecretionCytoplasmCytoplasmSex; blood
FlavivirusHumans; mammals; mosquitoes; ticksEpithelium: skin; epithelium: kidney; epithelium: intestine; epithelium: testesClathrin-mediated endocytosisSecretionCytoplasmCytoplasmZoonosis; arthropod bite
PegivirusMammalsNoneClathrin-mediated endocytosisSecretionCytoplasmCytoplasmUnknown
PestivirusMammalsNoneClathrin-mediated endocytosisSecretionCytoplasmCytoplasmVertical: parental

Clinical importance

Major diseases caused by members of the family Flaviviridae include:

References
  1. Sirohi D, Chen Z, Sun L, Klose T, Pierson TC, Rossmann MG, Kuhn RJ (April 2016). "The 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus". Science. 352 (6284): 467–470. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..467S. doi:10.1126/science.aaf5316. PMC 4845755. PMID 27033547.
  2. "Flaviviridae". Microbe Wiki. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  3. Simmonds, P; Becher, P; Bukh, J; Gould, E; Meyers, G; Monath, T; Muerhoff, S; Pletnev, A; Rico-Hesse, R; Smith, D; Stapleton, J; ICTV Report Consortium (2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae". Journal of General Virology. 98 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000672. PMC 5370391. PMID 28218572.
  4. "Flaviviridae". ICTV Online Report.
  5. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
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