Ezekiel 8

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.

And it came to pass in the sixth year, in the sixth month, on the fifth day of the month,

as I sat in my house with the elders of Judah sitting before me,

that the hand of the Lord God fell upon me there.[7]

• "In the sixth year, in the sixth month, on the fifth day of the month": According to the New Oxford Annotated Bible,[8] this day falls on September 17, 592 BCE; this is also the result of calculations by German theologian Bernhard Lang.[9]

Ezekiel is depicted sitting in his own house, with the elders of Judah seated before him. The same format occurs in Ezekiel 14:1 and 20:1; theologian Julie Galambush suggests that "apparently the community recognized Ezekiel's prophetic status and regularly sought YHWH's oracles through him".[3]

Then He said to me, “Son of man, lift your eyes now toward the north.”

So I lifted my eyes toward the north,

and there, north of the altar gate,

was this image of jealousy in the entrance.[10]

• "Son of man" (Hebrew: בן־אדם ḇen-’ā-ḏām): this phrase is used 93 times to address Ezekiel.[11]
• "Image of jealousy" (Hebrew: סֵמֶל הַקִּנְאָה sê-mel ha-qin-’āh): statue that rouses God's jealousy; image provoking to anger of God against men (Ezekiel 8:3)[12][13]

And there stood before them seventy men of the elders of the house of Israel,

and in their midst stood Jaazaniah the son of Shaphan.

Each man had a censer in his hand,

and a thick cloud of incense went up.[14]

• "Jaazaniah" (Hebrew: יאזניהו ya-’ă-zan-yā-hū; "whom Jehovah hears"[15]): the son of Shaphan. If he is indeed the son of Shaphan, the secretary of King Josiah (2 Kings 22), then he has not followed his father's ways.[16]

In Ezekiel 8:14, the prophet Ezekiel, shown here in this illustration from 1866 by Gustave Doré, witnesses women mourning the death of Tammuz outside the Second Temple.[17][18][19]

So He brought me to the door of the north gate of the Lord’s house;

and to my dismay,

women were sitting there weeping for Tammuz. (NKJV)[20]

"Weeping for Tammuz": an "ancient ritual of Sumerian origin,"[21] "counterpart of Sumerian Dumuzi, the fertility-god associated with shepherding and vegetation".[22] The weeping is to commemorate the death of seasonal fertility, and the cult stresses for the mourning aspect of it.[23] The Phoenicians called it "Adon" (or "Lord"), from where the Greek cult "Adonis" took root.[24] The cult of Ishtar and Tammuz may have been introduced to the Kingdom of Judah during the reign of King Manasseh[25] and the Old Testament contains numerous allusions to them.[26] Ezekiel's testimony is the only direct mention of Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible,[27][28] but the cult of Tammuz may also be alluded to in Isaiah 17:10–11:[27][28]

"Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and hast not been mindful of the rock of thy strength, therefore shalt thou plant pleasant plants, and shalt set it with strange slips: In the day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt thou make thy seed to flourish: but the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow."

This passage may be describing the miniature gardens that women would plant in honor of Tammuz during his festival.[29] Isaiah 1:29–30, Isaiah 65:3, and Isaiah 66:17 all denounce sacrifices made "in the gardens", which may also be connected to the cult of Tammuz.[29] Another possible allusion to Tammuz occurs in Daniel 11:37:[27][29][28] "Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all." The subject of this passage is Antiochus IV Epiphanes[29] and some scholars have interpreted the reference to the "one desired by women" in this passage as an indication that Antiochus may have persecuted the cult of Tammuz.[29] There is no external evidence to support this reading, however,[29] and it is much more probable that this epithet is merely a jibe at Antiochus's notorious cruelty towards all the women who fell in love with him.[29]

So He brought me into the inner court of the Lord’s house; and there, at the door of the temple of the Lord, between the porch and the altar, were about twenty-five men with their backs toward the temple of the Lord and their faces toward the east, and they were worshiping the sun toward the east. (NKJV)[30]

• "Worshipping the sun": This practice in Israel is mentioned in 2 Kings 23:5,11 and also "evidenced by artifacts".[8]

• Jaazaniah the son of Shaphan
• Son of man
• Tammuz
• Related Bible parts: Joel 2, Luke 11, 2 Corinthians 12

• Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z. Eerdmans.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Clements, Ronald E (1996). Ezekiel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664252724.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kee, Howard Clark; Meyers, Eric M.; Rogerson, John; Levine, Amy-Jill; Saldarini, Anthony J. (2008). Chilton, Bruce (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible (2, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521691406.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
• Breitenberger, Barbara (2007), Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology, New York City, New York and London, England, ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Smith, Mark S. (2002), The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel (2nd ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 9780802839725CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Middlemas, Jill (2005), The Troubles of Templeless Judah, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199283866CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Willem, Pieter (1999), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)