Ezekiel 45

Ezekiel 45 is the forty-fifth chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel,[3] and is one of the Books of the Prophets.[4][5] The final section of Ezekiel, chapters 40-48, give the ideal picture of a new temple. The Jerusalem Bible refers to this section as "the Torah of Ezekiel".[6] In particular, chapters 44–46 record various laws governing the rites and personnel of the sanctuary, as a supplement to Ezekiel's vision.[7]

Ezekiel 45
The page with a diagram to illustrate Ezekiel's vision in chapter 45 of the division of the Promised Land, from the Book of the prophets, with Rashi's commentary (late 13th century).
BookBook of Ezekiel
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part7
CategoryLatter Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part26

This chapter contains Ezekiel's vision of the portion of land reserved for the sanctuary (Ezekiel 45:1-5), for the city (verse 6), and for the prince (verses 7-8), and the ordinances for the prince (verses 9-25).[8] The vision was given on the 25th anniversary of Ezekiel's exile, "April 28, 573 BCE",[9] 14 years after the fall of Jerusalem and 12 years after the last messages of hope in chapter 39.[10]

Text

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.

Textual witnesses
The visionary Ezekiel Temple plan drawn by the 19th-century French architect and Bible scholar Charles Chipiez

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[11]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[12][lower-alpha 1]

The allotment of land (45:1–8)

This section is a shortened form of the instructions in Ezekiel 48:8–22, which specifies the land allotted to the priests, because "they shall own no patrimony in Israel" (Ezekiel 44:28).[14] The location of the land lay between those allotted to the tribe of Judah and Benjamin.[15]

Verse 1
"Moreover, when you divide the land by lot into inheritance, you shall set apart a district for the Lord, a holy section of the land; its length shall be twenty-five thousand cubits, and the width ten thousand. It shall be holy throughout its territory all around."[16]
  • "Cubit": here is a "long cubit", about 21 inches (53 cm), as defined in Ezekiel 40:5.[10]
  • "25000 cubits": about 8 miles (13 km).[17]
  • "Length": east-west measurement.[17]
  • "Width": north-south measurement.[17]

Verse 2
"Of this there shall be a square plot for the sanctuary, five hundred by five hundred rods, with fifty cubits around it for an open space."[18]
  • The measuring rod is six long cubits, about 126 inches or 10.5 feet (3.2 m).[10]

The princes' tasks (45:9–17)

In this section, the princes are warned not to set themselves above the law, but instead, to enforce the law.[19]

Temple purification and festivals (45:18–25)

This section sets up a ritual calendar.[20] The first three verses (18–20) of this part are related to Ezekiel 43:18–27 regarding the sacrifices to purify the temple, just as ordered to purify the altar.[21] The instruction is followed by the regulations for 2 annual festivals, that all adult males are ordered to attend as pilgrimage, in verses 21–25.[21]

Verse 18
Thus says the Lord God: In the first month, on the first day of the first month, you shall take a young bull without blemish and cleanse the sanctuary.[22]

The start of the ritual calendar is marked by the annual temple cleansing in first day of the first month (pointing to a spring new (ecclesiastical) year in the month of Nisan), similar to the Yom Kippur of the seventh month (Leviticus 16), but with two significant differences:[20]

  1. the cleansing is confined to the court and exterior of the temple
  2. the cleansing is linked to the observance of the Passover two weeks later (15 Nisan; verses 21–24), not to Rosh Hashanah (the civil new year on the first day of the seventh month/Tishrei) or enthronement festival.[20]

Verse 21
"In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, you shall observe the Passover, a feast of seven days; unleavened bread shall be eaten."[23]

Verse 25
"In the seventh month, on the fifteenth day of the month, at the feast, he shall do likewise for seven days, according to the sin offering, the burnt offering, the grain offering, and the oil."[25]

See also

Notes
  1. Ezekiel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[13]

References
  1. Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962.
  2. Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. Galambush, S., Ezekiel in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, pp. 534
  4. J. D. Davis. 1960. A Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House.
  5. Theodore Hiebert, et al. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume VI. Nashville: Abingdon
  6. Jerusalem Bible (1966), Sub-heading for chapters 40-48 and footnote a at chapter 40
  7. Carley 1974, p. 292.
  8. Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary on the Whole Bible. 1871. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. Coogan 2007, p. 1240 Hebrew Bible.
  10. The Nelson Study Bible 1997, p. 1399.
  11. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35-37.
  12. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73-74.
  13. Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
  14. Carley 1974, p. 298.
  15. Carley 1974, p. 299.
  16. Ezekiel 45:1 NKJV
  17. Carley 1974, p. 300.
  18. Ezekiel 45:2 NKJV
  19. Carley 1974, p. 301.
  20. Galambush 2007, p. 561.
  21. Carley 1974, p. 303.
  22. Ezekiel 45:18 MEV
  23. Ezekiel 45:21 NKJV
  24. Coogan 2007, p. 1247 Hebrew Bible.
  25. Ezekiel 45:25 NKJV

Sources
  • Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z. Eerdmans.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Brown, Francis; Briggs, Charles A.; Driver, S. R. (1994). The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (reprint ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1565632066.
  • Carley, Keith W. (1974). The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel. Cambridge Bible Commentaries on the New English Bible (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521097550.
  • Clements, Ronald E (1996). Ezekiel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664252724.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.
  • Galambush, J. (2007). "25. Ezekiel". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 533–562. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  • Gesenius, H. W. F. (1979). Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index. Translated by Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (7th ed.). Baker Book House.
  • Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • The Nelson Study Bible. Thomas Nelson, Inc. 1997. ISBN 9780840715999.
  • Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

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