Entomophthorales

Entomophthorales
	Entomophthora muscae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Entomophthoromycota
Class:	Entomophthoromycetes
Order:	Entomophthorales; Winter 1880
Families
	Ancylistaceae; Completoriaceae; Entomophthoraceae; Meristacraceae;
Synonyms
	Ancylistales Vines 1888 ex Schröter 1893; Ancylistineae Schröter 1893;

The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, has recently been circumscribed for them.[1]

Most species of the Entomophthorales are pathogens of insects. A few attack nematodes, mites, and tardigrades, and some (particularly species of the genus Conidiobolus) are free-living saprotrophs.

The name Entomophthorales is derived from the Ancient Greek for insect destroyer (wiktionary:entomo- = "dissected", referring to insects' segmented body, and wiktionary:phthor = "destruction").

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, killed by the fungus Pandora neoaphidis (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales) Scale bar = 0.3 mm.

Highlighted species

Basidiobolus ranarum, a commensal fungus of frogs and a mammal pathogen
Conidiobolus coronatus,[2] a saprotrophic fungus of leaf litter and a mammal pathogen
Entomophaga maimaiga, a biocontrol agent of gypsy moths
Entomophthora muscae, a pathogen of houseflies
Massospora spp., pathogens of periodical cicadas
Pandora, including Pandora neoaphidis, an obligate pathogen of aphids

Biology

Most species of the Entomophthorales produce ballistic asexual spores that are forcibly discharged. When not landing on a suitable host, these spores can germinate to make one of several alternate spore forms, including a smaller version of the original spore, or (in some species) an adhesive spore elevated on a very slender conidiophore called a capilliconidiophore.

Classification

Recent debate has centered on whether the Basidiobolaceae should be included in the Entomophthorales, or raised to ordinal status. Molecular systematics approaches so far give an ambiguous answer. Some analyses suggest the Basdiobolaceae are more closely related to certain chytrid fungi than to the Entomophthorales.[3] Others find weak support to maintain them in the Entomophthorales.[4] Morphological characters can be found to support either hypothesis.

Zygaenobia Weiser 1951
Family Ancylistaceae Schröter 1893
- Ancyclistes Pfitzer 1872
- Conidiobolus Brefeld 1884 emend. Humber 1989 [Conidiobolus (Capillidium) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982; Conidiobolus (Conidiobolus) (Brefeld) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982; Conidiobolus (Delacroixia) (Sacc. & Syd.) Tyrrell & MacLeod 1972]
- Macrobiotophthora Reukauf 1912 emend. Tucker 1981
Family Completoriaceae Humber 1989
- Completoria Lohde 1874
Family Entomophthoraceae Nowakowski 1877 [Empusaceae Clem. & Shear 1931]
- Subfamily Erynioideae Keller 2005 [Massosporoideae Keller 2005]
  - Erynia (Nowakowski ex Batko 1966) Remaud. & Hennebert 1980.emend. Humber 1989 [Zoophthora (Erynia) Nowakowski ex Batko 1966]
  - Eryniopsis Humber 1984 (in part)
  - Furia (Batko 1966) Humber 2005 [Zoophthora (Furia) Batko 1966; Erynia (Furia) (Batko 1966) Li & Humber 1984]
  - Orthomyces Steinkraus, Humber & Oliver 1988
  - Pandora Humber 2005 [Erynia (Neopandora) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982]
  - Strongwellsea Batko & Weiser 1965 emend. Humber 1976
  - Zoophthora Batko 1964 emend. Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 2005
- Subfamily Entomophthoroideae Keller 2005
  - Batkoa Humber 2005
  - Entomophaga Batko 1964 emend. Humber 1989
  - Entomophthora Fresenius 1856 [Empusa (Triplosporium) Thaxter 1888; Triplosporium (Thaxter 1888) Batko 1964]
  - Eryniopsis Humber 1984 (in part)
  - Massospora Peck 1879 emend. Soper 1974
Family Meristacraceae Humber 1989
- Meristacrum Drechsler 1940 emend. Tucker & Humber 1981
- Tabanomyces Couch et al.

References

Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, et al. (May 2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycol. Res. 111 (Pt 5): 509–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334.
Dromph KM, Eilenberg J, Esbjerg P (November 2001). "Natural occurrence of entomophthoralean fungi pathogenic to collembolans". J. Invertebr. Pathol. 78 (4): 226–31. doi:10.1006/jipa.2002.5077. PMID 12009804.
Nagahama, T.; Sato, H.; Shimazu, M.; Sugiyama, J. (1995). "Phylogenetic divergence of the entomophthoralean fungi: evidence from nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences". Mycologia. 87 (2): 203–209. doi:10.2307/3760906. JSTOR 3760906.
James, T. Y.; Kauff, F.; Schoch, C. L.; et al. (2006). "Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny". Nature. 443 (7113): 818–823. doi:10.1038/nature05110. PMID 17051209.

External links

G. Benny. Entomophthorales section of Zygomycetes.org
Entomophthorales at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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[pmid17572334-1] Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, et al. (May 2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycol. Res. 111 (Pt 5): 509–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334.

[pmid12009804-2] Dromph KM, Eilenberg J, Esbjerg P (November 2001). "Natural occurrence of entomophthoralean fungi pathogenic to collembolans". J. Invertebr. Pathol. 78 (4): 226–31. doi:10.1006/jipa.2002.5077. PMID 12009804.

[3] Nagahama, T.; Sato, H.; Shimazu, M.; Sugiyama, J. (1995). "Phylogenetic divergence of the entomophthoralean fungi: evidence from nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences". Mycologia. 87 (2): 203–209. doi:10.2307/3760906. JSTOR 3760906.

[4] James, T. Y.; Kauff, F.; Schoch, C. L.; et al. (2006). "Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny". Nature. 443 (7113): 818–823. doi:10.1038/nature05110. PMID 17051209.