Christian Zionism

Christian Zionism is a belief among some Christians that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land and the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 were in accordance with Bible prophecy. The term began to be used in the mid-20th century, superseding Christian Restorationism.[1][2]

For Christians who belong to Zionist denominations in southern Africa, see Zionist churches.
"Christian Restorationism" redirects here. For other uses, see Restorationism (disambiguation).
Lord Shaftesbury's "Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine", published in the Colonial Times, in 1841

However, Christian advocacy grew after the Protestant Reformation in support of the restoration of the Jews and has its roots "in seventeenth century England".[3] Contemporary Israeli historian Anita Shapira suggests that evangelical Christian Zionists in England of the 1840s "passed this notion on to Jewish circles",[4] while Jewish nationalism in the early 19th century was widely regarded with hostility by British Jews.[5]

Some Christian Zionists believe that the gathering of the Jews in Israel is a prerequisite for the Second Coming of Jesus.[3][6] The idea has been common in Protestant circles since the Reformation that Christians should actively support a Jewish return to the Land of Israel, along with the parallel idea that the Jews ought to be encouraged to become Christians as a means of fulfilling Biblical prophecy.[7][8][9][10]

History prior to the First Zionist Conference

Protestant Reformation
See also: End time and Dispensationalism

Christian advocacy of the restoration of the Jews in Palestine was first heard following the Protestant reformation, particularly in the English-speaking world among the Puritans. It was common practice among Puritans to anticipate and frequently pray for a Jewish return to their homeland.[11] John Owen, a 17th-century English Covenant theologian, for example, wrote: "Moreover, it is granted that there shall be a time and season, during the continuance of the kingdom of the Messiah in this world, wherein the generality of the nation of the Jews, all the world over, shall be called and effectually brought unto the knowledge of the Messiah, our Lord Jesus Christ; with which mercy they shall also receive deliverance from their captivity, restoration unto their own land, with a blessed, flourishing, and happy condition therein."[12] John Gill took a similar position.[13]

Samuel Rutherford, a seventeenth-century Scottish theologian, expressed the ardent spirit of prayer of many of his contemporaries: "O to see the sight, next to Christ's coming in the clouds the most joyful! Our elder brethren the Jews and Christ fall upon each other's necks and kiss each other! They have long been assunder, they will be kind to one another when they meet. O day! O longed-for and lovely day-dawn!"[14]

In 1762, Charles Wesley wrote:[15]

O that the chosen band
Might now their brethren bring,
And gather'd out of every land
Present to Sion's King;
Of all the ancient race
Not one be left behind,
But each impell'd by secret grace
His way to Canaan find!

Christian support for Jewish restoration was brought to America by the Puritans who fled England. In colonial times, Increase Mather and John Cotton, among many others, favored Jewish restoration.[11] Later Jonathan Edwards also anticipated a future return of Jews to their homeland.[16] However it was not until the early 19th century that the idea gathered political impetus.

Ezra Stiles at Yale was a supporter of Jewish restoration. In 1808, Asa McFarland, a Presbyterian, voiced the opinion of many that the fall of the Ottoman Empire was imminent and would bring about Jewish restoration. One David Austin of New Haven spent his fortune building docks and inns from which the Jews could embark to the Holy Land. In 1825, Mordecai Manuel Noah, a Jew who wanted to found a national home for the Jews on Grand Island in New York as a way station on the way to the Holy Land, won widespread Christian backing for his project. Likewise, restorationist theology was among the inspirations for the first American missionary activity in the Middle East[17] and for mapping the Holy Land.[18]

Many Christians believed that the return of the Jews to Judea, as prophesied in the Bible, was a necessary preliminary step towards the Second Coming.[3][6] In this particular interpretation, after the Jews returned they would both accept Jesus as their savior and rebuild the Temple, which would usher in the Second Coming of Christ.[19]

Restorationism, Dispensationalism and its detractors

Most early-19th-century British Restorationists, like Charles Simeon, were Postmillennial in eschatology.[7] With the rise of James Frere, James Haldane Stewart and Edward Irving a major shift in the 1820s towards Premillennialism occurred, with a similar focus on advocacy for the restoration of the Jews to Israel.[7][20] As the demise of the Ottoman Empire appeared to be approaching, the advocacy of restorationism increased. At the same time, the visit of John Nelson Darby, the founder of a variant of Premillennialism called Dispensationalism, to the United States catalyzed a new movement. This was expressed at the Niagara Bible Conference in 1878, which issued a 14-point proclamation (relying on Luke 12:35–40, 17:26–30, 18:8 Acts 15:14–17, 2 Thessalonians 2:3–8, 2 Timothy 3:1–5, and Titus 1:11–15), including:

that the Lord Jesus will come in person to introduce the millennial age, when Israel shall be restored to their own land, and the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord; and that this personal and premillennial advent is the blessed hope set before us in the Gospel for which we should be constantly looking.

The dispensationalist theology of John Nelson Darby which motivates one stream of American Christian Zionism is often claimed to be a significant awakener of American Christian Zionism.[21] He first distinguished the hopes of the Jews and that of the church and gentiles in a series of 11 evening lectures in Geneva in 1840. His lectures were immediately published in French (L'Attente Actuelle de l'Eglise), English (1841), German and Dutch (1847) and so his teachings began their global journey. Some dispensationalists, like Arno Gabelein, whilst philo-semitic, opposed Zionism as a movement born in self-confidence and unbelief.[6] While Dispensationalism had considerable influence through the Scofield Bible, Christian lobbying for the restoration of the Jews preceded the publication of the Scofield Reference Bible (first published by OUP, 1909) for over a century,[7] and many Christian Zionists and Christian Zionist organizations such as the International Christian Embassy Jerusalem do not subscribe to dispensationalism. Many non dispensationalist Protestants were also strong advocates of a Jewish return to their homeland, Charles Spurgeon,[22] both Horatius[23] and Andrew Bonar, Robert Murray M'Chyene,[24] and J C Ryle[25] were among a number of proponents of both the importance and significance of a Jewish return to Israel. However Spurgeon averred of Dispensationalism: "It is a mercy that these absurdities are revealed one at a time, in order that we may be able to endure their stupidity without dying of amazement".[26] In 1864, Spurgeon wrote:[22]

We look forward, then, for these two things. I am not going to theorize upon which of them will come first — whether they shall be restored first, and converted afterwards — or converted first and then restored. They are to be restored and they are to be converted, too.

Secular motivations

The crumbling of the Ottoman Empire threatened the British route to India via the Suez Canal as well as sundry French, German and American economic interests. In 1831 the Ottomans were driven from Greater Syria (including Palestine) by an expansionist Egypt, in the First Turko-Egyptian War. Although Britain forced Muhammad Ali to withdraw to Egypt, the Levant was left for a brief time without a government. The ongoing weakness of the Ottoman Empire made some in the west consider the potential of a Jewish state in the Holy Land. A number of important figures within the British government advocated such a plan, including Charles Henry Churchill.[27][28] Again during the lead-up to the Crimean War (1854), there was an opportunity for political rearrangements in the Near East. In July 1853, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, who was President of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews, wrote to Prime Minister Aberdeen urging Jewish restoration as a means of stabilizing the region.[7][29][30]

Late-19th-century non-Messianic Restorationism was largely driven by concern over the fate of the Jews of the Russian Empire, beset by poverty and by deadly, government-inspired pogroms. It was widely accepted that western nations did not wish to receive Jewish immigrants. Restorationism was a way for charitable individuals to assist oppressed Jews without actually accepting them as neighbors and fellow-citizens.[31][32][33] In this, Restorationism was not unlike the efforts of the American Colonization Society to send blacks to Liberia and the efforts of British abolitionists to create Sierra Leone. Winston Churchill endorsed Restoration because he recognized that Jews fleeing Russian pogroms required a refuge, and preferred Palestine for sentimental reasons.[34]

Early religious views in Protestant America

In 1818, President John Adams wrote, "I really wish the Jews again in Judea an independent nation", and believed that they would gradually become Unitarian Christians.[35]

In 1844, George Bush, a professor of Hebrew at New York University and the cousin of an ancestor of the Presidents Bush, published a book titled The Valley of Vision; or, The Dry Bones of Israel Revived. In it he denounced "the thralldom and oppression which has so long ground them (the Jews) to the dust," and called for "elevating" the Jews "to a rank of honorable repute among the nations of the earth" by allowing restoring the Jews to the land of Israel where the bulk would be converted to Christianity.[36] This, according to Bush, would benefit not only the Jews, but all of mankind, forming a "link of communication" between humanity and God. "It will blaze in notoriety ...". "It will flash a splendid demonstration upon all kindreds and tongues of the truth."[8]

Herman Melville expressed the idea in a poem, "Clarel; A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land":

the Hebrew seers announce in time
the return of Judah to her prime;
Some Christians deemed it then at hand
Here was an object. Up and On.
With seed and tillage help renew –
Help reinstate the Holy Land

Blackstone Memorial

The tycoon William Eugene Blackstone was inspired by the conference to publish the book Jesus is Coming, which took up the restorationist cause, and also absolved the Jews of the need to convert to Christianity either before or after the return of the Messiah. His book was translated and published in Yiddish. On November 24–25, 1890, Blackstone organized the Conference on the Past, Present and Future of Israel at the First Methodist Episcopal Church in Chicago where participants included leaders of many Christian communities. Resolutions of sympathy for the oppressed Jews living in Russia were passed, but Blackstone was convinced that such resolutions—even though passed by prominent men—were insufficient. He advocated strongly for the resettlement of Jewish people in Palestine. In 1891 he lobbied President Benjamin Harrison for the restoration of the Jews, in a petition signed by 413 prominent Americans, that became known as the Blackstone Memorial.[37] The names included the US Chief Justice, Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chair of the House Foreign Relations Committee, and several other congressmen, Rockefeller, Morgan and famous industrialists.[37] It read, in part: "Why shall not the powers which under the treaty of Berlin, in 1878, gave Bulgaria to the Bulgarians and Servia to the Servians now give Palestine back to the Jews? … These provinces, as well as Romania, Montenegro, and Greece, were wrested from the Turks and given to their natural owners. Does not Palestine as rightfully belong to the Jews?"[38]

Views in the British Empire
Main articles: Zionism § British influence, and Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom

Ideas favoring the restoration of the Jews in Palestine or the Land of Israel entered the British public discourse in the 1830s, though British reformationists had written about the restoration of the Jews as early as the 16th century, and the idea had strong support among Puritans.[39] Not all such attitudes were favorable towards the Jews; they were shaped in part by a variety of Protestant beliefs,[7][40] or by a streak of philo-Semitism among the classically educated British elite,[41] or by hopes to extend the Empire. (See The Great Game)

At the urging of Lord Shaftesbury, Britain established a consulate in Jerusalem in 1838, the first diplomatic appointment to Palestine.[7]

In 1839, the Church of Scotland sent Andrew Bonar, Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Alexander Black and Alexander Keith on a mission to report on the condition of the Jews in Palestine. Their report was widely published.[42] They traveled through France, Greece, and Egypt, and from Egypt, overland to Gaza. On the way home they visited Syria, the Austrian Empire and some of the German principalities. They sought out Jewish communities and inquired about their readiness to accept Christ, and separately, their preparedness to return to Israel as prophesied in the Bible. Alexander Keith recounted the journey in his 1844 book The Land of Israel According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. It was also in that book that Keith used the slogan that became popular with other Christian Restorationists, a land without a people for a people without a land. In 1844 he revisited Palestine with his son, George Skene Keith (1819–1910), who was the first person to photograph the land.[43]

In August 1840, The Times reported that the British government was considering Jewish restoration.[39] An important, though often neglected, figure in British support of the restoration of the Jews was William Hechler (1845–1931), an English clergyman of German descent who was Chaplain of the British Embassy in Vienna and became a close friend of Theodor Herzl.[44] Hechler was instrumental in aiding Herzl through his diplomatic activities, and may, in that sense, be called the founder of modern Christian Zionism. When it came to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the death of Theodor Herzl, it was noted by the editors of the English-language memorial volume that William Hechler would prove "not only the first, but the most constant and the most indefatigable of Herzl’s followers".[37]

Between World War I and the 1948 War
Martin Luther King, Jr. was a notable Christian supporter of Israel and Zionism.[45]

United States

In the decades leading up to the establishment of Israel in 1948, the most prominent and politically active American Christian supporters of Zionism were liberal and mainline Protestants whose support for the movement was often unrelated to their interpretation of the Bible.[46] These Christian supporters of Zionism viewed Palestine as a needed safe haven for Jews fleeing intensifying persecution in Europe and often understood their support for the movement as part of a broader effort at interfaith rapprochement. The Pro-Palestine Federation, a Christian pro-Zionist organization founded in 1930, called both for the promotion of “goodwill and esteem between Jews and non-Jews” and for the British government to adhere to the terms of its Mandate for Palestine, which pledged support for the establishment of a Jewish national home.[47]

Amidst World War II and growing awareness of the Holocaust, American Jewish Zionists helped coordinate the establishment of two non-Jewish Zionist organizations, the American Palestine Committee and the Christian Council on Palestine, which were later merged into the American Christian Palestine Committee (ACPC). The ACPC, which was composed largely of liberal and mainline Protestants, became the leading American Christian lobby in support of the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.[48] After the establishment of Israel in 1948, the ACPC continued its lobbying efforts. For instance, it coordinated opposition to the United Nations’ efforts to internationalize the city of Jerusalem, which was divided between Israel and Transjordan in the 1948 War.

During these years, premillennialism (including its dispensationalist variety) did grow in popularity among conservative American Protestants. Many premillennialists viewed the Zionist movement as at least a partial fulfillment of biblical prophecy or a modern fulfillment of God's covenantal promises to the Jewish people. Southern Baptist missionary Jacob Gartenhaus, himself a convert from Judaism, argued in the 1930s that “Zionism is going to win whether anybody likes it or not…To oppose it is to oppose God’s plan.”[49] For the most part, though, such beliefs did not translate into political action on behalf of the movement in this era. One slight exception was J. Frank Norris, a fundamentalist Baptist who split time between pulpits in Fort Worth, Texas, and Detroit, Michigan.[50] While Norris did not organize lobbying efforts in the way that the ACPC did, he did preach to his followers that it was their Christian duty to support the Zionist cause and wrote President Truman in support of Zionist claims to Palestine in 1947 and 1948. Norris also loosely coordinated with the ACPC, at times publishing their materials in his periodical, The Fundamentalist.[51]

After the Establishment of Israel
A demonstration in the square Narinkka in central Helsinki in support of the State of Israel.

United States

In the decades since the establishment of Israel, and especially since the 1967 Six-Day War, the most prominent American Christian supporters of Israel have come from the evangelical wing of American Protestantism. American evangelicalism itself underwent significant changes in the years surrounding Israel's birth, as a "new" evangelicalism led by figures like Billy Graham emerged from fundamentalist Protestantism and came to cultural prominence. It was among these new evangelicals that the contemporary movement that most commonly associated with the term "Christian Zionism" originated.[52]

Many new evangelicals adhered to dispensationalism or at least held beliefs inspired by it—most especially the dispensationalist understanding that Jews remained in a special covenantal relationship with God. Most important to the development of Christian Zionism as a movement, though, was that American evangelical leaders began building relationships with American and Israeli Jews and building institutional connections with Jewish organizations and the Israeli government itself. Crucial in building these relationships was a motivated coterie of American evangelicals residing in Israel, most especially the founder of the American Institute of Holy Land Studies, G. Douglas Young. Through his institute, Young worked to convince American Christians of their biblical duty to support the Jewish people and the Jewish state. He also worked as a go-between for Jewish organizations and Israeli government agencies looking to build relationships with American evangelicals.[53] Such activism provided the basis for the development of Christian Zionism as a movement.

Such activism, it should be noted, was in many ways distinct from the prophetic speculation about the State of Israel that exploded after the 1967 Six-Day War (even as it had somewhat common theological and hermeneutical antecedents). This includes the wildly popular writings of dispensationalist Hal Lindsey, which sought to fit Israel into a dispensationalist End Times narrative. In The Late Great Planet Earth, for example, Lindsey anticipated that, per Ezekiel 39:6–8, Jews would fight off a "Russian" invasion before realizing their miraculous deliverance and converting to Christianity. Their lives would be spared the great fire that God will put upon Russia and people of the "coastlands." And, per Zechariah 13:8–9, one third of Jews alive who have converted will be spared.[54] Lindsay has been critiqued for highly specific, failed predictions even by those who share his eschatology, like John MacArthur.[55]

Examples of Protestant leaders combining political conservatism with Christian Zionism are Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, leading figures of the Christian Right in the 1980s and 1990s. Falwell said in 1981: "To stand against Israel is to stand against God. We believe that history and scripture prove that God deals with nations in relation to how they deal with Israel."[56] They cite part of the blessing of Isaac at Genesis 27:29, "Those who curse you will be cursed, and those who bless you will be blessed." Martin Luther King, Jr. has also been cited as a Christian supporter of Israel and Zionism.[45]

In Israel

The government of Israel has given official encouragement to Christian Zionism, allowing the establishment in 1980 of the International Christian Embassy Jerusalem. The embassy has raised funds to help finance Jewish immigration to Israel from the former Soviet Union, and has assisted Zionist groups in establishing Jewish settlements in the West Bank.

The Third International Christian Zionist Congress, held in Jerusalem in February 1996, issued a proclamation which said:[57]

God the Father, Almighty, chose the ancient nation and people of Israel, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, to reveal His plan of redemption for the world. They remain elect of God, and without the Jewish nation His redemptive purposes for the world will not be completed.

Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah and has promised to return to Jerusalem, to Israel and to the world.

It is reprehensible that generations of Jewish peoples have been killed and persecuted in the name of our Lord, and we challenge the Church to repent of any sins of commission or omission against them.

The modern Ingathering of the Jewish People to Eretz Israel and the rebirth of the nation of Israel are in fulfilment of biblical prophecies, as written in both Old and New Testaments.

Christian believers are instructed by Scripture to acknowledge the Hebraic roots of their faith and to actively assist and participate in the plan of God for the Ingathering of the Jewish People and the Restoration of the nation of Israel in our day.

Popular interest in Christian Zionism was given a boost around the year 2000 in the form of the Left Behind series of novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins.[58] The novels are built around the prophetic role of Israel in the apocalyptic End Times.

Disapproval by other churches
See also: Anti-Zionism § Christian

For most Christians the City of God (Psalm 46:4 (Septuagint: ΜΕ:5): "ἡ πόλις τοῦ Θεοῦ", romanized: "hē pólis toũ theoũ", lit. 'the city of God') has nothing to do with the Jewish immigration and the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, but with the sack of Rome (410) and the teaching of Saint Augustine of Hippo, whose rejection of millennialism was adopted by the Council of Ephesus (431). That is why neither Eastern Orthodox Christians nor traditional Catholic Christians[59] did consider Zionism in any political form: "[T]he Eastern Orthodox Church […] upheld a historic lack of emphasis on pilgrimage, insisting that the land of promise was not Palestine but the Kingdom of God. Thus, Patriarch Ignatius IV, head of the church in the Middle East, reiterated that the people were his concern in Jerusalem, not the stones."[60] Not a worldly kingdom, not an earthly Jerusalem is sought after,[3][4][5] but the focus is on the heavenly Jerusalem,[61] the kingdom of the triune God:[62]

At first you will see prayer as a ladder, then as a book which you read, and finally, as you advance further and further, you will see it as the heavenly Jerusalem, the city of the King of Hosts, Who is together with His Father — with Whom He is of one Essence — and with the venerable Holy Spirit.

— Hesychius of Jerusalem

Political Zionism, which "came down like the wolf on the fold",[63] is also anathematized by eminent Protestants:[60][64]

[I]t is the conviction of most biblical scholars that the Old Testament contains no description of the restoration of Israel to its ancient homeland which can apply to the Jewish people of the present age.

— The Christian Century: 144–145. December 1929

Political Zionism and Christian Zionism are biblically anathema to the Christian faith. […] [T]rue Israel today is neither Jews nor Israelis, but believers in the Messiah, even if they are gentiles.

— John Stott

Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism
Main article: Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism

The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Catholic), the Syriac Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem, the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land published the Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism in 2006, which rejects Christian Zionism as substituting—in its view—a political-military program in place of the teachings of Jesus Christ.[65] It criticizes Christian Zionism as an obstacle to peace and understanding in Israel-Palestine.

United States

The General Assembly of the National Council of Churches in November 2007 approved a resolution for further study which stated that the "theological stance of Christian Zionism adversely affects:

  • justice and peace in the Middle East, delaying the day when Israelis and Palestinians can live within secure borders
  • relationships with Middle Eastern Christians (see the Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism)
  • relationships with Jews, since Jews are seen as mere pawns in an eschatological scheme
  • relationships with Muslims, since it treats the rights of Muslims as subordinate to the rights of Jews
  • interfaith dialogue, since it views the world in starkly dichotomous terms"[66]

The Reformed Church in America at its 2004 General Synod found "the ideology of Christian Zionism and the extreme form of dispensationalism that undergirds it to be a distortion of the biblical message noting the impediment it represents to achieving a just peace in Israel/Palestine."[67] The Mennonite Church published an article that referenced what is called the ongoing illegal seizure of additional Palestinian lands by Israeli militants,[68][69] noting that in some churches under the influence of Christian Zionism the "congregations 'adopt' illegal Israeli settlements, sending funds to bolster the defense of these armed colonies." As of September 2007, churches in the USA that have criticized Christian Zionism include the United Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Church (USA),[70] and the United Church of Christ.[71]

The film With God On Our Side, by Porter Speakman Jr. and Kevin Miller (the latter of whom also co-created the film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed), criticizes both the underlying theology behind Christian Zionism as well as its negative influence on the church.[72]

Scotland

The Church of Scotland, despite its Restorationist history,[73] has recently been critical of Zionism in general, and in turn has received strong criticism over the perceived injustice of its report, "The Inheritance of Abraham: A Report on the Promised Land",[74] which resulted in its republication in a briefer form.[75]

Church of England

On 9 July 2012, the Anglican General Synod passed a motion affirming support for the Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel (EAPPI).[76] This was criticised by the Board of Deputies claiming the Synod 'has chosen to promote an inflammatory and partisan programme'.[77] The advocated group was simultaneously criticised for its publication of a call for sit-ins at Israeli Embassies, the hacking of government websites to promote its message, and support for the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel.[77][78] The Church has been consequently criticised for its advocacy of a body that selectively ignores terror attacks against Israelis and solely blames Israel for the conflict, along with the 'demonisation and delegitimisation of Israel'.[79]

Biblical interpretations

Some Christian Zionists interpret the prophetic texts as describing inevitable future events, and these events primarily involve Israel (taken to mean the descendants of the Biblical patriarch Jacob) or Judah (taken to mean the remaining faithful adherents of Judaism). These prophecies are seen as requiring the presence of a Jewish state in the Holy Land, the central part of the lands promised to the Biblical patriarch Abraham in the Covenant of the pieces. This requirement is sometimes interpreted as being fulfilled by the contemporary state of Israel.[80][81]

Prophetic and Messianic texts

Among the principal relevant prophetic texts are those found in the Old Testament in the Book of Daniel, the book of Isaiah and the Book of Ezekiel, and those found in the New Testament in the Book of Revelation.

Although many Christian Zionists believe that conversion of the Jews to Christianity is a necessary adjunct of the Second Coming[3][6] or the End of Days, conversion of the Jews is not part of the theology of Christian Zionists such as John Hagee and was not thought to be required by the nineteenth-century restoration advocate William Eugene Blackstone.

Other

Christian schools of doctrine which consider other teachings to counterbalance these doctrines, or which interpret them in terms of distinct eschatological theories, are less conducive to Christian Zionism. Among the many texts which address this subject in counterbalance are the words of Jesus, as for example in Matthew 21:43, "the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a nation producing the fruits of it".

In Defending Christian Zionism, David Pawson, a Christian Zionist in the United Kingdom, puts forward the case that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land is a fulfilment of scriptural prophecy, and that Christians should support the existence of the Jewish State (although not unconditionally its actions) on theological grounds. He also argues that prophecies spoken about Israel relate specifically to Israel (not to the church, as in "replacement theology"). However, he criticises Dispensationalism, which he says is a largely American movement holding similar views. Pawson was spurred to write this book by the work of Stephen Sizer, an evangelical Christian who rejects Christian Zionism.

Public Opinion

The LifeWay poll conducted in United States found that 80% of evangelical Christians believed that the creation of Israel in 1948 was a fulfillment of biblical prophecy that would bring about Christ's return and more than 50% of Evangelical Christians believed that they support Israel because it is important for fulfilling the prophecy.[82]

According to the Pew Research survey in 2003,more than 60% of the Evangelical Christians and about 50% of Blacks agreed that the existence of Israel fulfilled biblical prophecy.About 55% of poll respondents said that the Bible was the biggest influence for supporting Israel which is 11 times the people who said church was the biggest influence.[82]

Notable proponents

See also

References
  1. Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 131, Wesley Haddon Brown, Peter F. Penner, 2008, 11, "Western Restorationism and Christian Zionism: Germany as a Case Study
  2. Proceedings of the ... World Congress of Jewish Studies: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1993
  3. Sharif, Regina (1983). Non-Jewish Zionism: Its Roots in Western History (translated in Arabic by Ahmad Abdullah Abdul Aziz (1985)). London, UK: Zed Books. ISBN 978-0-86232-151-2. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2019. The Zionist idea itself has its organic roots deep within the European imperialist movement. […] England of the seventeenth century was, in Carlyle's own words, an England of 'awful devout Puritanism'. [Note: Thomas Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches (Boston, 1884), 1:32] Puritanism meant the invasion of Hebraism as transmitted through the Old Testament, but distorted by the effort to apply the ethics, laws and manners of the Old Testament Hebrew people, a people that lived in the Middle East more than two thousand years earlier, to post-Renaissance England. [Note: In the words of Matthew Arnold, 'Puritanism was a revival of the Hebraic spirit in reaction to the Hellenic spirit that had animated the immediately preceding period of the Renaissance.' See Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (London, 1869), chap. 4] […] Palestine had up until then been remembered as the Christian Holy Land, unfortunately lost to Islam. But in seventeenth century England it came to be regarded as the homeland of the Jews, whose return to Palestine was, according to Old Testament prophecies, inevitable for the coming of the Second Advent of Christ. · Samman, Khaldoun (2015). "The Anti-Semitic Gaze and the Making of the New Jew". Clash of Modernities: The Making and Unmaking of the New Jew, Turk, and Arab and the Islamist Challenge. Abingdon, Oxon, New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 49–92. ISBN 978-1-317-26235-0. Long before the arrival of Theodor Herzl and other prominent Jewish nationalists, as Regina Sharif has so persuasively argued, there had already existed a significant non-Jewish Zionist movement within Europe. […] [W]hen an influential U.S. evangelist named William E. Blackstone learned upon his visit to Palestine in 1889 that Herzl had been considering Uganda and Argentina as possible sites for the Jewish homeland […] [i]mmediately, he sent Herzl a Bible, 'marking every passage which referred to Palestine, with instructions that it alone was to be the site of the Jewish State.'
  4. Shapira, Anita (2014). Israel: A History (illustrated, reprint). The Schusterman Series in Israel Studies. Translated by Berris, Anthony. Lebanon, NH: Brandeis University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-61168-618-0. [T]he idea of the Jews returning to their ancient homeland as the first step to world redemption seems to have originated among a specific group of evangelical English Protestants that flourished in England in the 1840s; they passed this notion on to Jewish circles.
  5. Friedman, Isaiah (1992) [1991]. The Question of Palestine: British-Jewish-Arab Relations, 1914–1918 (reprint). Armenian Research Center collection. Judaica history. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-88738-214-7.
  6. Weber, Timothy (April 1987), Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillennialism, 1875–1982, Texas: Univ of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226877327
  7. Lewis, Donald (2 January 2014). The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support For A Jewish Homeland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 380. ISBN 9781107631960.
  8. Hillel Halkin. "Power, Faith, and Fantasy by Michael B. Oren". Commentary magazine. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  9. Boyer, Paul S., When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
  10. Berlet, Chip, and Nikhil Aziz. "Culture, Religion, Apocalypse, and Middle East Foreign Policy," IRC Right Web, Silver City, NM: Interhemispheric Resource Center, 2003, online Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Murray, Iain (June 1971). the Puritan Hope. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. p. 326. ISBN 9780851512471.
  12. Owen, John "Complete Works", Vol.17. Exercitation 18, p. 560.
  13. "Exposition of the Old and New Testament, Deuteronomy 30 verse 5, by John Gill". Retrieved 2014-07-01.
  14. Rutherford, Samuel (June 1973). Letters of Samuel Rutherford. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. pp. 208. ISBN 9780851511634.
  15. "A Wesley 'Zionist' Hymn? Charles Wesley's hymn, published in 1762 and included by John Wesley in his 1780 hymn-book, A Collection of Hymns for the use of the People called Methodists". The Wesley Fellowship. 2010-07-01. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
  16. Stephen J. Stein, editor, "Introduction," Jonathan Edwards, Works, Apocalyptic Writings, V. 8, pp.17–19.
  17. Rodenbeck, Max (2007-01-26). "Of missionary zeal and its consequences". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  18. Ben David, Lenny (2015-08-14). "American 'Manifest Destiny' Heads to the Holy Land in 1847". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  19. American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832–1914, by Ruth Kark, Wayne State University Press, 1994, p. 23
  20. Sandeen, Ernest (2008-08-01). Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism 1800–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 336. ISBN 9780226734682.
  21. Kuttab, Jonathan (2018). "Palestinian Evangelicals and Christian Zionism" (PDF). Jerusalem Quarterly. Ramallah: Institute of Jerusalem Studies (76): 70–78. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019. Christian Zionism was never a fundamental or integral element in evangelical thinking. It was a peripheral movement which grew among some evangelicals, but also other Christians in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Among its luminaries are Reverend John Darby and Cyrus Scofield. The publication of the Scofield Bible, which included commentary in the margins that reflected the teachings of Christian Zionism, contributed to its popularity among Christians, including evangelicals. […] Christian Zionism found a home among many Christians, even those who were themselves anti-Semitic.
  22. Spurgeon, Charles (1864), "Sermon preached in June 1864 for the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews", Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, 10
  23. 'The Jew', July 1870, The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy
  24. Sermon preached 17th November 1839, after returning from a "Mission of Inquiry into the State of the Jewish People"
  25. Sermon preached June 1864 to London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews
  26. Sermon on 'Jesus Christ Immutable', Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, 1869, vol. 15, no. 848 .
  27. The Question of Palestine: British-Jewish-Arab Relations, 1914–1918, Isaiah. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, 1992, see Chapter 1 with a summary in the Introduction
  28. The foreign policy of Palmerston, 1830–1841: Britain, the liberal movement and the Eastern question, Charles Kingsley Webster, Pub. G. Bell, 1951
  29. Shaftsbury as cited in Hyamson, Albert, "British Projects for the Restoration of Jews to Palestine," American Jewish Historical Society, Publications 26, 1918 p. 140
  30. Mel Scult (1978). Millennial Expectations and Jewish Liberties: A Study of the Efforts to Convert the Jews in Britain, Up to the Mid Nineteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 91.
  31. WEDGWOOD FAVORS JEWISH HOME LAND; Sees in Palestine Restoration Plan the Final Solution of the Eastern Problem. COMES HERE TO ADVOCATE IT Hopes Ambassadors from the New State Will Be in Every National Capital of the World; New York Times, Feb 4, 1918
  32. Persecution of the Jews, The Living Age, Littell, Son & Company, 1883, p. 604 ff.
  33. Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism, Victoria Clark, Yale University Press, 2007, p. 111
  34. Churchill's Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft, By Michael Makovsky, Yale University Press, 2007, p. 68
  35. Kark, Ruth (1994). American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832–1914. Wayne State University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0814325238.
  36. Valley of vision: or, The dry bones of Israel revived: an attempted proof, from Ezekiel, chap. xxxvii, 1–14, of the restoration and conversion of the Jews, George Bush, 1844 "When the Most High accordingly declares that he will bring the house of Israel into their own land, it does not follow that this will be effected by any miraculous interposition which will be recognized as such....The great work of Christians, in the meantime, is to labor for their conversion. In this they are undoubtedly authorized to look for a considerable measure of success, though it be admitted that the bulk of the nation is not to be converted till after their restoration; for it is only upon the coming together of bone to his bone that the Spirit of life comes into them, and they stand up an exceeding great army."
  37. Merkley, Paul (June 2, 1998). The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891–1948. Florence, Kentucky: Routledge. p. 240. ISBN 9780714644080.
  38. Yaakov Ariel, On Behalf of Israel; American Fundamentalist Attitudes toward Jews, Judaism, and Zionism, 1865–1945 (New York: Carlson Publishing, 1991), pp. 70–72.
  39. British Zionism – Support for Jewish Restoration (mideastweb.org)
  40. The Untold Story. The Role of Christian Zionists in the Establishment of Modern-day Israel by Jamie Cowen (Leadership U), July 13, 2002
  41. Rethinking Sir Moses Montefiore: Religion, Nationhood, and International Philanthropy in the Nineteenth Century Archived 2008-02-17 at the Wayback Machine by Abigail Green. (The American Historical Review. Vol. 110 No.3.) June 2005
  42. A Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839 (Edinburgh, 1842) ISBN 1-85792-258-1
  43. M'Cheyne's friends Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
  44. Jerry Klinger (July 2010). "Reverend William H. Hechler—The Christian minister who legitimized Theodor Herzl". Jewish Magazine. Archived from the original on 2014-07-06. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
  45. Sundquist, Eric J. (2005). Strangers in the land: Blacks, Jews, post-Holocaust America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 110.
  46. Caitlin., Carenen (2012). The fervent embrace : liberal Protestants, evangelicals, and Israel. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 9780814708378. OCLC 779828048.
  47. 1934–, Merkley, Paul Charles (1998). The politics of Christian Zionism, 1891–1948. London: F. Cass. ISBN 9781136316296. OCLC 815969328.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. Carenen, Caitlin (2010-10-01). "The American Christian Palestine Committee, the Holocaust, and Mainstream Protestant Zionism, 1938–1948". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 24 (2): 273–296. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcq025. ISSN 8756-6583.
  49. Robins, Walker (2017). "Jacob Gartenhaus: The Southern Baptists' Jew". Journal of Southern Religion. 19.
  50. 1956–, Hankins, Barry (2015-01-13). God's rascal : J. Frank Norris & the beginnings of Southern fundamentalism (Paperback ed.). Lexington, Kentucky. ISBN 9780813149899. OCLC 903955383.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. Robins, Walker, 1987-. Between Dixie and Zion : Southern Baptists and Palestine before Israel. Tuscaloosa. ISBN 978-0-8173-9279-6. OCLC 1143219783.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. Hummel, Daniel (2019). Covenant Brothers. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812296242.
  53. Hummel, Daniel G. (2015/ed). "A "Practical Outlet" to Premillennial Faith: G. Douglas Young and the Evolution of Christian Zionist Activism in Israel". Religion and American Culture. 25 (1): 37–81. doi:10.1525/rac.2015.25.1.37. ISSN 1052-1151. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. Hal Lindsey, Carole C. Carlson, The Late Great Planet Earth, Zondervan, 1970, p. 167-168, ISBN 0-310-27771-X, 9780310277712
  55. MacArthur, John (2011-04-03). "Sermon: The Final Generation". Grace To You Website. Archived from the original on 2017-05-14. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  56. Falwell, Jerry (1981). Fundamentalist Phenomenon. Grand Rapids: Baker Publishing Group. pp. 150. ISBN 978-0801029585.
  57. PROCLAMATION of the 3rd INTERNATIONAL CHRISTIAN ZIONIST CONGRESS Archived 2012-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
  58. Rammy Haija. "The Armageddon Lobby: Dispensationalist Christian Zionism and the Shaping of US Policy Towards Israel-Palestine." Holy Land Studies 5(1): 75–95. 2006.
  59. Catholic Zionists are a marginal post-World War II phenomenon: Alan Keyes (USA), Menahem Macina (France), Roy Schoeman (USA).
  60. Ghada Hashem Talhami. "Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land" (book review). Middle East Policy Council. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  61. Cf. Revelation 3:12.
  62. Saint Hesychius (Priest) of Jerusalem (2001). "The Teachings of the Holy Fathers on the Interior Prayer of the Heart". In Hopko, Thomas (ed.). The Way of a Pilgrim and the Pilgrim Continues His Way. Translated by Savin, Olga. Boulder, CO: Shambhala Publications. pp. 193–238. ISBN 978-1-57062-807-8. The Way of a Pilgrim and the Pilgrim Continues His Way, p. 212, at Google Books.
  63. Cf. Isaiah 37:33–38.
  64. Wagner, Donald E. (1995). Anxious for Armageddon: A Call to Partnership for Middle Eastern and Western Christians. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8361-3651-7. The introduction by Stephen Sizer to John Stott's sermon "The Place of Israel" (see below) renders similarly: "Zionism, both political and Christian, is incompatible with biblical faith." Archived June 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine · Stott, John. "The Place of Israel" (sermon preached at All Souls Church, Langham Place). Stephen Sizer. Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019. It is an amazing statement that Paul makes. 'He is not a real Jew who is one outwardly by descent from Jacob. Nor is true circumcision something external and physical. He is a Jew who is one inwardly, that is by faith in Jesus. And real circumcision is a matter of the heart, spiritual and not literal.'
  65. The Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism in Voltaire Network, 22 August 2006.
  66. "ncccusa.org". Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  67. "Position on Christian Zionism". Reformed Church in America. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  68. Lebor, Adam (October 14, 2007). "Over the Line". The New York Times.
  69. "The building of settlements in the occupied territories has always been illegal under international law and an obstacle to peace." Avi Shlaim, "A Betrayal of History" in The Guardian (February 22, 2002, London), reprinted in The Other Israel (New York: The New Press 2002) at 45–50, 48. The author is professor of international relations at Oxford University.
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  73. The Church Of Scotland (1845). Narrative of a Mission of inquiry. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. p. 535.
  74. "Church of Scotland: Jews do not have a right to the land of Israel A new church report challenging Jewish historic claims and criticizing Zionism has drawn anger and harsh condemnation from the local Jewish community". Haaretz. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  75. "Church of Scotland Thinks Twice, Grants Israel the Right to Exist". The Jewish Press. 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
  76. "Support work for peace in divided region, Synod urged". Church Times. 2012-07-13.
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  80. Ismael, Tareq Y.; Rippin, Andrew (2010). Islam in the Eyes of the West: Images and Realities in an Age of Terror. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 9780415564144.
  81. Christian Zionism by David Krusch Jewish Virtual Library
  82. "Half of evangelicals support Israel because they believe it is important for fulfilling end-times prophecy". Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  83. Davis, Moshe (1995). America and the Holy Land (with eyes towards Zion). Prager. p. 26. ISBN 9780275946210.
  84. British military figure.
  85. "Herbert W. Armstrong's interpretation of the 3 ½ years".
  86. The London Quarterly Review, Volume 64. 1839. pp. 104–108. Provided the first proposal by a major politician to resettle Jews in Palestine: In this paper Cooper wrote the first proposal by a major politician to resettle Jews in Palestine:
  87. British politician.
  88. Brog, David, Standing with Israel, FrontLine, 2006.
  89. Jordana Horn (2011-05-18). "Glenn Beck heading to Israel again – for summer rally". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  90. British preacher of Scotland.
  91. no:William Booth
  92. http://www.williambranhamstorehouse.com/pdf_downloads/israel,%20the%20moon%20and%20the%20church.pdf
  93. Carey, Juanita (2000). E.W. Bullinger: A Biography. Grand Rapids: Kregel. p. 281. ISBN 9780825423727.
  94. Broome, John Robert, ed. (1988). "Hymn 87". Life and Hymns of John Cennick (reprint of the second edition (1741) of Cennick' s Sacred Hymns for the Children of God in the Days of Their Pilgrimage, with an account of Cennick's life by John Robert Broome). Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Gospel Standard Trust Publications. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-903556-80-4. · Cennick, John. "How beauteous are their feet, / Who stand on Zion's hill!". Hymnary.org (adaptation of Isaiah 52:7–10; cf. Media related to "Zion, behold thy Savior King; / He reigns and triumphs here." at Wikimedia Commons). Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019. · Cennick, John. "Lo! He Cometh! countless trumpets / Blow before his bloody sign". Hymnary.org (cf. "Lo! He comes with clouds descending", an adaptation of Revelation 1:7). Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
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  101. Audio: Reverend Manning Talks About American Black-Jewish Relations
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  104. British preacher of England.
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Further reading
  • Mikael Knighton, Christians Standing with Israel, Copyright 2007 – The Theological Background of Christian Zionism
  • Mark Dunman. Has God Really Finished with Israel? New Wine Press 2013. ISBN 978-1-905991-87-7
  • Paul Richard Wilkinson. For Zion's Sake: Christian Zionism and the Role of John Nelson Darby ISBN 978-1-84227-569-6, Paternoster Press, Authentic, Carlisle 2008.
  • Zev Chafets. A Match Made in Heaven: American Jews, Christian Zionists, and One Man's Exploration of the Weird and Wonderful Judeo-Evangelical Alliance. HarperCollins, 2007.
  • Victoria Clark. Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism. Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Grace Halsell. Prophecy and Politics: Militant Evangelists on the Road to Nuclear War. Lawrence Hill & Co., 1986. ISBN 0-88208-210-8.
  • Donald M. Lewis. "The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury and Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland" Cambridge University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-521-51518-4
  • Rammy Haija. "The Armageddon Lobby: Dispensationalist Christian Zionism and the Shaping of US Policy Towards Israel-Palestine." Holy Land Studies 5(1): 75–95. 2006. The Armageddon Lobby
  • Irvine Anderson. Biblical interpretation and Middle East policy: the promised land, America, and Israel, 1917–2002. University Press of Florida. 2005. ISBN 0-8130-2798-5.
  • Tony Campolo. "The Ideological Roots of Christian Zionism." Tikkun. January–February 2005.
  • Stephen Sizer. Christian Zionism: Road map to Armageddon? InterVarsity Press. 2004. ISBN 0-8308-5368-5. Review
  • Gershom Gorenberg. The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-19-515205-0
  • Paul Charles Merkley. The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891–1948. Frank Cass. 1998. ISBN 0-7146-4850-7
  • Paul Merkley, Christian Attitudes Towards the State of Israel, Mcgill Queens Univ Press, Montreal, Sep 2001. ISBN 978-0773521889
  • Lawrence Jeffrey Epstein. Zion’s Call: Christian Contributions to the Origins and Development of Israel. University Press of America. 1984.
  • Michael Oren. Power, Faith and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776–Present. New York, 2007.
  • Barbara W. Tuchman. Bible and Sword. New York, 1956.
  • David Pawson. Defending Christian Zionism Terra Nova Publications, 2008. ISBN 978-1-901949-62-9
  • Iain Murray, The Puritan Hope. Banner of Truth, June 1971. ISBN 978-0851512471
  • Shalom Goldman, "Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews, & the Idea of the Promised Land." University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Stephen Spector, "Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism." Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Yaakov Ariel, "An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews." New York University Press, 2013.
  • Samuel Goldman, "God's Country: Christian Zionism in America." University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
  • Daniel G. Hummel, "Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews, and U.S.-Israeli Relations." University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
  • Walker Robins, "Between Dixie and Zion: Southern Baptists and Palestine Before Israel." University of Alabama Press, 2020.
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