Cardinal electors for the 1978 papal conclaves

The papal conclaves of August 1978 and of October 1978 were respectively convened to elect a pope, the head of the Catholic Church, to succeed Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul I following their respective deaths on 6 August 1978 and on 28 September 1978. According to the apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici eligendo, which governed the vacancy of the Holy See, only cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which the conclave began (i.e. cardinals who were born on or after 25 August 1898 for the first conclave and on or after 14 October 1898 for the second conclave) were eligible to participate.[1] Although not formal requirements, the cardinal electors invariably elect the pope from among their number and do so by secret ballot (Latin: per scrutinium).[1] Due to the brief duration between the conclaves, the respective lists of cardinal electors are nearly identical.

Cardinal Albino Luciani was elected Pope John Paul I by the first conclave on 26 August 1978.
Cardinal Karol Wojtyła was elected Pope John Paul II by the second conclave on 16 October 1978.

Of the 129 members of the Sacred College of Cardinals at the time of the beginning of the first conclave, there were 114 cardinal electors who were eligible to participate.[lower-alpha 1][3] Three cardinal electors did not participate, decreasing the number in attendance to 111 (97.4 per cent of all cardinal electors, 86.0 per cent of all cardinals).[4] Two cardinals, both cardinal electors, died in the time between the conclaves.[5][6] Of the 126 members of the Sacred College of Cardinals at the time of the beginning of the second conclave, there were 111 cardinal electors (88.1 per cent of all cardinals) who were eligible to participate;[lower-alpha 2][7] all of whom were in attendance.[8] The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds-plus-one supermajority in both conclaves was 75.[1]

Of the 112 attending cardinal electors in either conclave, 5 were cardinal bishops, 92 were cardinal priests and 15 were cardinal deacons; 3 had been created cardinals by Pope Pius XII, 8 by Pope John XXIII and 101 by Pope Paul VI; 28 worked in the service of the Holy See, such as in the Roman Curia, 77 were in charge of pastoral duties outside Rome and 10 had retired.[lower-alpha 3] The oldest cardinal elector in the conclaves was Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê, at the age of 79, while the youngest cardinal elector was Jaime Lachica Sin, at the age of 49–50. Another 15 cardinals were ineligible to participate in both conclaves, for reasons of age.[3][7]

The cardinal electors entered the Sistine Chapel to begin the first conclave on 25 August 1978.[9] On 26 August 1978, after four ballots over two days, they elected Cardinal Albino Luciani, Patriarch of Venice, who took the papal name John Paul I.[10] After his death, the cardinal electors again entered the Sistine Chapel, to begin the second conclave on 14 October 1978.[11] On 16 October 1978, after eight ballots over three days, they elected Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, Archbishop of Kraków, who took the papal name John Paul II.[12]

Cardinal electors

The Sacred College of Cardinals is divided into three orders: cardinal bishops (CB), cardinal priests (CP) and cardinal deacons (CD), with precedence in that sequence. This is the order in which the cardinal electors process into the conclave, take the oath and cast their ballots, generally reflecting seniority and honour.[1] For cardinal bishops, except for those who are Eastern Catholic patriarchs, the dean is first in precedence, followed by the vice-dean and then by the rest in order of appointment as cardinal bishops. For cardinal bishops who are Eastern Catholic patriarchs, for cardinal priests and for cardinal deacons, precedence is determined by the date of the consistory in which they were created cardinals and then by the order in which they appeared in the official announcement or bulletin.[4][8]

Two of the cardinal electors were from the Eastern Catholic Churches: Stéphanos I Sidarouss (Coptic) and Joseph Parecattil (Syro-Malabar). In addition, the senior cardinal bishop, the senior cardinal priest, the senior cardinal deacon and the junior cardinal deacon were assigned specific roles in the conclaves, such as presiding over the conclave itself (the senior cardinal bishop) or announcing the election of the pope (the senior cardinal deacon).[1] For both conclaves, these were, respectively, Jean Villot, Giuseppe Siri, Pericle Felici and Mario Luigi Ciappi.[4][8] Villot was also the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, in charge of administering the Holy See during its vacancy.[1][13]

The 112 cardinal electors in the table below are those who participated in at least one of the two conclaves. Two cardinals participated in only one of the conclaves: Albino Luciani, elected Pope John Paul I in the first conclave and whose death prompted the second conclave, as well as John Joseph Wright, who did not participate in the first conclave due to health reasons owing to surgery.[14] Another two cardinal electors did not participate in the first conclave; both died before the second conclave began.[5][6] The data below are as of 25 August 1978 or 14 October 1978, the respective dates on which the conclaves began. Two ages are given for certain cardinals in the case of any differences at the beginning of the two conclaves. By default, the cardinals are sorted by precedence within each table, as denoted by the No. column. All cardinals are of the Latin Church unless otherwise stated. Cardinals belonging to institutes of consecrated life or to societies of apostolic life are indicated by the respective post-nominal letters.

* Elected pope
No. Name Country Born Order Consistory Office Ref.
1 Jean Villot  France 11 October 1905
(age 72–73)		 CB 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Secretary of State, Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church and President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum[lower-alpha 4] [13]
2 Antonio Samorè  Italy 4 December 1905
(age 72)		 CB 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church [15]
3 Francesco Carpino  Italy 18 May 1905
(age 73)		 CB 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop emeritus of Palermo [16]
4 Sebastiano Baggio  Italy 16 May 1913
(age 65)		 CB 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops [17]
5 Stéphanos I Sidarouss CM  Egypt 22 February 1904
(age 74)		 CB 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Patriarch of Alexandria
(Coptic Catholic Church)		 [18]
6 Giuseppe Siri  Italy 20 May 1906
(age 72)		 CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII		 Archbishop of Genoa [19]
7 Stefan Wyszyński  Poland 3 August 1901
(age 77)		 CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII		 Archbishop of Gniezno and of Warsaw [20]
8 Paul Émile Léger PSS  Canada 26 April 1904
(age 74)		 CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII		 Archbishop emeritus of Montreal [21]
9 José María Bueno y Monreal  Spain 11 September 1904
(age 73–74)		 CP 15 December 1958
John XXIII		 Archbishop of Seville [22]
10 Franz König  Austria 3 August 1905
(age 73)		 CP 15 December 1958
John XXIII		 Archbishop of Vienna and President of the Secretariat for Non-Believers [23]
11 Bernardus Johannes Alfrink  Netherlands 5 July 1900
(age 78)		 CP 28 March 1960
John XXIII		 Archbishop emeritus of Utrecht [24]
12 Laurean Rugambwa  Tanzania 12 July 1912
(age 66)		 CP 28 March 1960
John XXIII		 Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam [25]
13 José Humberto Quintero Parra  Venezuela 22 September 1902
(age 75–76)		 CP 16 January 1961
John XXIII		 Archbishop of Caracas [26]
14 Juan Landázuri Ricketts OFM  Peru 19 November 1913
(age 64)		 CP 19 March 1962
John XXIII		 Archbishop of Lima [27]
15 Raúl Silva Henríquez SDB  Chile 27 September 1907
(age 70–71)		 CP 19 March 1962
John XXIII		 Archbishop of Santiago de Chile [28]
16 Leo-Jozef Suenens  Belgium 16 July 1904
(age 74)		 CP 19 March 1962
John XXIII		 Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels [29]
17 Thomas Benjamin Cooray OMI  Sri Lanka 28 December 1901
(age 76)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Archbishop emeritus of Colombo [30]
18 Maurice Roy  Canada 25 January 1905
(age 73)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Quebec [31]
19 Owen McCann  South Africa 29 June 1907
(age 71)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Cape Town [32]
20 Léon-Étienne Duval  Algeria 9 November 1903
(age 74)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Algiers [33]
21 Ermenegildo Florit  Italy 5 July 1901
(age 77)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Archbishop emeritus of Florence [34]
22 Franjo Šeper  Yugoslavia 2 October 1905
(age 72–73)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith [35]
23 Paul Zoungrana MAfr  Upper Volta 3 September 1917
(age 60–61)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Ouagadougou [2]
24 Agnelo Rossi  Brazil 14 May 1910
(age 68)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples [36]
25 Giovanni Colombo  Italy 6 December 1902
(age 75)		 CP 22 February 1965
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Milan [37]
26 Gabriel-Marie Garrone  France 12 October 1901
(age 76–77)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education and Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals [38]
27 Egidio Vagnozzi  Italy 26 February 1906
(age 72)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See [39]
28 Maximilien de Furstenberg  Belgium 23 October 1904
(age 73)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre [40]
29 José Clemente Maurer CSsR  Bolivia 13 March 1900
(age 78)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Sucre [41]
30 John Joseph Krol  United States 26 October 1910
(age 67)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Philadelphia [42]
31 John Patrick Cody  United States 24 December 1907
(age 70)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Chicago [43]
32 Corrado Ursi  Italy 26 July 1908
(age 70)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Naples [44]
33 Alfred Bengsch  East Germany[lower-alpha 5] 10 September 1921
(age 56–57)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop-Bishop of Berlin [45]
34 Justinus Darmojuwono  Indonesia 2 November 1914
(age 63)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Semarang [46]
35 Karol Wojtyła*  Poland 18 May 1920
(age 58)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Kraków [47]
36 Michele Pellegrino  Italy 25 April 1903
(age 75)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop emeritus of Turin [48]
37 Alexandre-Charles Renard  France 7 June 1906
(age 72)		 CP 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Lyon [49]
38 Alfredo Vicente Scherer  Brazil 5 February 1903
(age 75)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Porto Alegre [50]
39 Julio Rosales y Ras  Philippines 18 September 1906
(age 71–72)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Cebu [36]
40 Gordon Joseph Gray  United Kingdom 10 August 1910
(age 68)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh [51]
41 Paolo Bertoli  Italy 1 February 1908
(age 70)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Prefect emeritus of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints [52]
42 Joseph Parecattil  India 1 April 1912
(age 66)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Ernakulam and President of the Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code of Oriental Canon Law
(Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)		 [53]
43 John Francis Dearden  United States 15 October 1907
(age 70)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Detroit [46]
44 François Marty  France 16 May 1904
(age 74)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Paris [54]
45 George Bernard Flahiff CSB  Canada 26 October 1905
(age 72)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Winnipeg [34]
46 Paul Gouyon  France 24 October 1910
(age 67)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Rennes [5]
47 Mario Casariego y Acevedo CRS  Guatemala 13 February 1909
(age 69)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Guatemala [55]
48 Vicente Enrique y Tarancón  Spain 14 May 1907
(age 71)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Madrid [56]
49 Joseph Malula  Zaire 12 December 1917
(age 60)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Kinshasa [57]
50 Pablo Muñoz Vega SJ  Ecuador 23 May 1903
(age 75)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Quito [58]
51 Antonio Poma  Italy 12 June 1910
(age 68)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Bologna [59]
52 John Joseph Carberry  United States 31 July 1904
(age 74)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of St. Louis [60]
53 Terence James Cooke  United States 1 March 1921
(age 57)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of New York [61]
54 Stephen Kim Sou-hwan  South Korea 8 May 1922
(age 56)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Seoul [62]
55 Eugênio de Araújo Sales  Brazil 8 November 1920
(age 57)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro [63]
56 Joseph Höffner  West Germany 24 December 1906
(age 71)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Cologne [64]
57 John Joseph Wright[lower-alpha 6]  United States 18 July 1909
(age 69)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Clergy [65]
58 Johannes Willebrands  Netherlands 4 September 1909
(age 68–69)		 CP 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Utrecht and President of the Secretariat for Christian Unity [66]
59 Albino Luciani*[lower-alpha 7]  Italy 17 October 1912
(age 65)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Patriarch of Venice [47]
60 António Ribeiro  Portugal 21 May 1928
(age 50)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Patriarch of Lisbon [67]
61 James Robert Knox  Australia 2 March 1914
(age 64)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship [62]
62 Avelar Brandão Vilela  Brazil 13 June 1912
(age 66)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia [68]
63 Joseph Cordeiro  Pakistan 19 January 1918
(age 60)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Karachi [69]
64 Aníbal Muñoz Duque  Colombia 3 October 1908
(age 69–70)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Bogotá [58]
65 Luis Aponte Martínez  United States
( Puerto Rico)[lower-alpha 8]		 4 August 1922
(age 56)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of San Juan de Puerto Rico [70]
66 Raúl Francisco Primatesta  Argentina 14 April 1919
(age 59)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Córdoba [71]
67 Salvatore Pappalardo  Italy 23 September 1918
(age 59–60)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Palermo [53]
68 Marcelo González Martín  Spain 16 January 1918
(age 60)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Toledo [72]
69 Louis-Jean Guyot  France 7 July 1905
(age 73)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Toulouse [73]
70 Ugo Poletti  Italy 19 April 1914
(age 64)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Vicar General for Rome and Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Saint John Lateran [74]
71 Timothy Manning  United States 15 November 1909
(age 68)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Los Angeles [57]
72 Maurice Michael Otunga  Kenya January 1923[lower-alpha 9]
(age 55)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Nairobi [75]
73 José Salazar López  Mexico 12 January 1910
(age 68)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Guadalajara [76]
74 Humberto Sousa Medeiros  United States 6 October 1915
(age 62–63)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Boston [77]
75 Paulo Evaristo Arns OFM  Brazil 14 September 1921
(age 56–57)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of São Paulo [78]
76 James Darcy Freeman  Australia 9 November 1907
(age 70)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Sydney [79]
77 Narciso Jubany Arnau  Spain 12 August 1913
(age 65)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Barcelona [80]
78 Hermann Volk  West Germany 27 December 1903
(age 74)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Bishop of Mainz [81]
79 Pio Taofinuʻu SM  Western Samoa 8 December 1923
(age 54)		 CP 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Bishop of Samoa and Tokelau [82]
80 Octavio Antonio Beras Rojas  Dominican Republic 16 November 1906
(age 71)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Santo Domingo [83]
81 Juan Carlos Aramburu  Argentina 11 February 1912
(age 66)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Buenos Aires [70]
82 Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê  Vietnam 11 December 1898
(age 79)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Hanoi [84]
83 Hyacinthe Thiandoum  Senegal 2 February 1921
(age 57)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Dakar [85]
84 Emmanuel Nsubuga  Uganda 11 November 1914
(age 63)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Kampala [86]
85 Lawrence Trevor Picachy SJ  India 7 August 1916
(age 62)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Calcutta [87]
86 Jaime Lachica Sin  Philippines 31 August 1928
(age 49–50)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Manila [88]
87 William Wakefield Baum  United States 21 November 1926
(age 51)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Washington [89]
88 Aloísio Lorscheider OFM  Brazil 8 October 1924
(age 53–54)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Fortaleza [90]
89 Reginald Delargey  New Zealand 10 December 1914
(age 63)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Wellington [91]
90 László Lékai  Hungary 12 March 1910
(age 68)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Esztergom [92]
91 George Basil Hume OSB  United Kingdom 2 March 1923
(age 55)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Westminster [93]
92 Victor Razafimahatratra SJ  Madagascar 8 September 1921
(age 56–57)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Tananarive [94]
93 František Tomášek  Czechoslovakia 30 June 1899
(age 79)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Prague [95]
94 Dominic Ignatius Ekandem  Nigeria 1917[lower-alpha 9]
(age 60–61)		 CP 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Bishop of Ikot Ekpene [56]
95 Giovanni Benelli  Italy 12 May 1921
(age 57)		 CP 27 June 1977
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Florence [96]
96 Joseph Ratzinger  West Germany 16 April 1927
(age 51)		 CP 27 June 1977
Paul VI		 Archbishop of Munich and Freising [97]
97 Pericle Felici  Italy 1 August 1911
(age 67)		 CD 26 June 1967
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura and President of the Pontifical Commissions for the Revision of the Code of Canon Law and for the Interpretation of the Decrees of the Second Vatican Council (Protodeacon) [98]
98 Silvio Oddi  Italy 14 November 1910
(age 67)		 CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Pontifical Legate for the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi [99]
99 Giuseppe Paupini  Italy 25 February 1907
(age 71)		 CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Major Penitentiary [100]
100 Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano  Italy 12 August 1903
(age 75)		 CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Prefect emeritus of the Apostolic Palaces [101]
101 Sergio Guerri  Italy 25 December 1905
(age 72)		 CD 28 April 1969
Paul VI		 Pro-President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State [102]
102 Sergio Pignedoli  Italy 4 June 1910
(age 68)		 CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 President of the Secretariat for Non-Christians [103]
103 Umberto Mozzoni  Argentina 29 June 1904
(age 74)		 CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 President of the Commission of Cardinals for the Pontifical Shrines of Pompeii and Loreto [104]
104 Paul-Pierre Philippe OP  France 16 April 1905
(age 73)		 CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches [105]
105 Pietro Palazzini  Italy 19 May 1912
(age 66)		 CD 5 March 1973
Paul VI		 Secretary emeritus of the Sacred Congregation for the Clergy and of the Commission of Cardinals for the Pontifical Shrines of Pompeii and Loreto [106]
106 Opilio Rossi  Italy 14 May 1910
(age 68)		 CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 President of the Pontifical Councils for the Laity and for the Family [107]
107 Giuseppe Maria Sensi  Italy 27 May 1907
(age 71)		 CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Apostolic Nuncio emeritus to Portugal [35]
108 Corrado Bafile  Italy 4 July 1903
(age 75)		 CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints [108]
109 Joseph Schröffer  West Germany 20 February 1903
(age 75)		 CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education [109]
110 Eduardo Francisco Pironio  Argentina 3 December 1920
(age 57)		 CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Religious and Secular Institutes [110]
111 Bernardin Gantin  Benin 8 May 1922
(age 56)		 CD 27 June 1977
Paul VI		 President of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace and of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum[lower-alpha 10] [111]
112 Mario Luigi Ciappi OP  Italy 6 October 1909
(age 68–69)		 CD 27 June 1977
Paul VI		 Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household [112]

Not in attendance
No. Name Country Born Order Consistory Office Reason for absence Ref.
1 Valerian Gracias  India 23 October 1901
(age 76)		 CP 12 January 1953
Pius XII		 Archbishop of Bombay Health reasons; died on 11 September 1978, before the second conclave [5]
2 Bolesław Filipiak  Poland 1 September 1901
(age 76–77)		 CD 24 May 1976
Paul VI		 Dean emeritus of the Sacred Roman Rota Health reasons; died on 14 October 1978, the day on which the second conclave began [6]

Cardinal electors by continent and by country

The 112 attending cardinal electors in either conclave were from 49 countries[lower-alpha 11] on all six inhabited continents; the countries with the greatest number of cardinal electors were Italy (twenty-six in the first conclave, twenty-five in the second conclave), the United States (eight in the first conclave, nine in the second conclave; excluding Puerto Rico) and France (seven in both conclaves).

* Continent/country of elected pope

See also

Notes
  1. Paul Yü Pin, who died on 16 August 1978, after Paul VI's death but before the conclave began, is not included; he was eligible to participate at the time of his death.[2]
  2. Bolesław Filipiak, who died on 14 October 1978, after John Paul I's death and on the day on which the conclave began, is not included; he was eligible to participate at the time of his death.[6]
  3. Three cardinals, Franz König, Joseph Parecattil and Johannes Willebrands, were in charge of pastoral duties outside Rome while also holding positions at the Vatican; they are included in both categories.
  4. Resigned as President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum after the first conclave and before the second conclave
  5. Territory as archbishop-bishop also in  West Germany
  6. Did not participate in the first conclave because of health reasons, due to surgery
  7. Died as Pope John Paul I on 28 September 1978; did not participate in the second conclave
  8. Insular area of the United States
  9. Exact date of birth unknown
  10. Appointed President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum after the first conclave and before the second conclave
  11. Puerto Rico not counted separately

References
  1. Pope Paul VI (1 October 1975). "Romano Pontifici Eligendo". The Holy See (Apostolic constitution) (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  2. Lentz (2002), p. 203.
  3. Hofmann, Paul (9 August 1978). "Choice of Non‐Italian Pope Held Possible but Unlikely". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  4. AAS 70 (1978), pp. 686, 687.
  5. Lentz (2002), p. 84.
  6. Lentz (2002), p. 71.
  7. Koven, Ronald (14 October 1978). "Electioneering in the Vatican Style". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  8. AAS 70 (1978), pp. 913, 914.
  9. AAS 70 (1978), p. 684.
  10. AAS 70 (1978), pp. 690, 691.
  11. AAS 70 (1978), p. 911.
  12. AAS 70 (1978), pp. 918, 919.
  13. Lentz (2002), p. 198.
  14. "Leading U.S. Cardinal To Miss Papal Voting". The New York Times. 9 August 1978. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  15. Lentz (2002), p. 165.
  16. Lentz (2002), pp. 35, 36.
  17. Lentz (2002), p. 17.
  18. Lentz (2002), pp. 174, 175.
  19. Lentz (2002), p. 177.
  20. Lentz (2002), p. 202.
  21. Lentz (2002), pp. 107, 108.
  22. Lentz (2002), pp. 30, 31.
  23. Lentz (2002), pp. 99, 100.
  24. Lentz (2002), p. 9.
  25. Lentz (2002), p. 162.
  26. Lentz (2002), p. 150.
  27. Lentz (2002), p. 103.
  28. Lentz (2002), p. 175.
  29. Lentz (2002), p. 182.
  30. Lentz (2002), pp. 49, 50.
  31. Lentz (2002), pp. 160, 161.
  32. Lentz (2002), pp. 113, 114.
  33. Lentz (2002), p. 64.
  34. Lentz (2002), p. 72.
  35. Lentz (2002), p. 171.
  36. Lentz (2002), p. 158.
  37. Lentz (2002), p. 47.
  38. Lentz (2002), p. 77.
  39. Lentz (2002), pp. 193, 194.
  40. Lentz (2002), p. 57.
  41. Lentz (2002), p. 122.
  42. Lentz (2002), pp. 101, 102.
  43. Lentz (2002), p. 46.
  44. Lentz (2002), p. 193.
  45. Lentz (2002), pp. 21, 22.
  46. Lentz (2002), p. 56.
  47. Lentz (2002), p. 6.
  48. Lentz (2002), pp. 141, 142.
  49. Lentz (2002), pp. 153, 154.
  50. Lentz (2002), p. 168.
  51. Lentz (2002), pp. 85, 86.
  52. Lentz (2002), pp. 23, 24.
  53. Lentz (2002), p. 139.
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