Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone

The Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone (CHAZ),[5] also known as Free Capitol Hill,[6][7] the Capitol Hill Occupied Protest,[8][9] and the Capitol Hill Organized Protest (CHOP)[10][11][12][13] is an occupation protest and self-declared autonomous zone[1] in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. The zone, originally covering six city blocks and a park,[14][15] was established by George Floyd protesters on June 8, 2020 after the Seattle Police Department (SPD) vacated its East Precinct building.[2]

"CHAZ" redirects here. For other uses, see Chaz.

Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone
Capitol Hill Organized Protest
Aerial view of zone showing Pine St. & 10th Ave.
Nickname(s): 
CHAZ or CHOP
Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone
The zone's location in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle
Coordinates: 47°36′54.5″N 122°19′2.83″W
StatusSelf-declared autonomous zone[1]
EstablishedJune 8, 2020[2]
Government
 • TypeConsensus decision-making by daily meeting of protesters[3][4]

Local governance in the zone was decentralized, with the goal of creating a neighborhood without police. On June 9, 2020, protesters demanded rent control, the reversal of gentrification, the abolition or defunding of police, funding of community health, and releasing prisoners serving time for marijuana-related offenses or resisting arrest, with expungement of their records.[16][17]

Reactions to the zone varied through the political spectrum. President Donald Trump referred to the occupants as "ugly Anarchists" and called for the governor of Washington and the mayor of Seattle to "take back" the zone,[4] while Mayor Jenny Durkan on June 11 described the zone as "four blocks in Seattle that is more like a block party atmosphere. It's not an armed takeover. It's not a military junta. We will make sure that we will restore this but we have block parties and the like in this part of Seattle all the time ... there is no threat right now to the public."[18] On June 14, USA Today confirmed a festive atmosphere, comparing the protest to a miniature version of Burning Man.[19] The following week, on June 22, the Associated Press stated "[a]t night, however, the atmosphere has become more charged, with demonstrators marching and armed volunteer guards keeping watch."[20]

Following the zone's founding, SPD Chief Carmen Best said that the police department was looking at different approaches to "reduce [their] footprint" in the Capitol Hill neighborhood[21] but later said that officials were working to return police officers to the precinct. She stressed the "need to have officers responding to calls in a timely fashion. And with the occupation that's taking place, we're not able to do so in a timely way."[22]

On June 12, Black Lives Matter protesters were reportedly negotiating with local officials over terms for leaving the zone.[23] Four days later, the zone's roadblocks were replaced and moved,[24] allowing for emergency service vehicles to pass through and decreasing CHAZ's size to three blocks.[25] After shootings in or near the zone resulted in injuries and one death, Durkan stated that the SPD would return to the East Precinct "peacefully and in the near future".[26][27] On June 24, a statement tweeted by an account titled "Capitol Hill Occupied Protest (Official Account)" said that "the CHOP project is now concluded,"[28][29] though protesters interviewed in the zone were unaware of the announcement or of any plans to disband CHOP.[30] Multiple sources reported that, after the weekend of June 20, the zone's footprint shrank[30][31] and some occupiers left.[32][33] City transportation crews arrived in the zone on the morning of June 26 to remove barricades set up by demonstrators, but halted work when a protester laid in the street to block their heavy equipment.[34] That afternoon, Durkan met with a group of protesters. After the meeting, the city's plan was reported to be to remove most of the CHOP barricades by the end of June 28, limiting the CHOP area to the East Precinct building and the street directly in front of it.[35][36] On June 27, one day after KOMO-TV reported the number of protesters remaining in the zone had "dwindled to a few dozen",[37] The Wall Street Journal estimated several hundred demonstrators remained.[38]

Background
The SPD East Precinct building's sign on June 10, 2020. The building, boarded up and abandoned, shows "people" spray painted over the word "police".

Capitol Hill is a district in downtown Seattle known for its prominent LGBT and counterculture communities. The district was previously a center for other mass protests,[39] such as the 1999 Seattle WTO protests[40] and Occupy Seattle.[41]

Protests over the killing of George Floyd and police brutality began in Seattle on May 29, 2020.[42] For nine days there were street clashes involving protesters, the Seattle Police Department (SPD), Washington State Patrol, and Washington National Guard.[43] On June 5, Mayor Jenny Durkan and SPD Chief Carmen Best announced a 30-day ban on the use of tear gas.[44] Protests eventually coalesced around the SPD's East Precinct building, where the SPD used aggressive dispersal tactics, including blast balls,[45] flash bangs, and pepper spray.[46] By June 7, police were placing barricades around the precinct and boarding up its windows.[47] Later that day, a car drove into a crowd of protesters, after which the driver shot a protester who had attempted to disarm him, before surrendering to police.[48] The crowd outside the precinct grew and police, reporting that protesters were throwing bottles, rocks, and fireworks, were authorized to resume the use of tear gas shortly after midnight.[49] Over 12,000 complaints were filed about the police response to the demonstrations, and members of the Seattle city council questioned how many weapons had in fact been thrown at the police.[49]

The following afternoon, in a "police retreat",[7] the SPD abandoned the East Precinct. Protesters, initially suspicious of the police's motives, moved into the area, erected street barricades at a one-block radius from the station, and declared the area "Free Capitol Hill".[7] Days after the event, it remained unclear who, if anyone, made the decision to retreat from the East Precinct.[50] On June 24, The Seattle Times reported that Mayor Durkin attributed the decision to an unnamed "on-scene commander for SPD".[51]

Territory
One of the zone's entrances on June 13, 2020

The zone was centered around the East Precinct building, a police precinct from which the police retreated on June 8, 2020.[2][52] It stretched north to East Denny Way, east to 13th Avenue, south to East Pike, and west to Broadway. The entirety of Cal Anderson Park fell inside of the zone.[53] Protesters used blockades and fences to construct staggered barricades at intersections.[52] The entrance of the zone's territory is marked by a barrier reading "You Are Entering Free Capitol Hill."[7] Other signs declared "You are now leaving the USA."[14] Spray paint renamed the occupied police station as the "Seattle People's Department East Precinct" amid anarchist symbols and graffiti.[15]

On June 16, the city and representatives of CHAZ agreed on a footprint for the zone. The new layout was posted on Mayor Durkan's blog following the agreement.[54] The blog entry states the reasoning for the agreement between the two parties: "The City is committed to maintaining space for community to come to together, protest and exercise their first amendment rights. Minor changes to the protest zone will implement safer and sturdier barriers to protect individuals in this area."[55] As part of the agreement the city agreed to remove the old barriers and replace them with concrete along the new agreed-upon zone boundaries.[54] On June 18, NPR reported, "Nobody inside the protest zone thinks a police return would end peacefully. Small teams of armed anti-fascists are also present, self-proclaimed community defense forces who say they're ready to fight if needed but that de-escalation is preferred."[56]

Internal governance
Western entrance to the zone on June 10, 2020, with a sign echoing Free Derry Corner[57]

The Seattle Times referred to demonstrations in the area as the "Capitol Hill Occupied Protest" and the "Capitol Hill Organized Protest" (CHOP),[9] with NBC News saying CHAZ is "part protest, part commune".[5] Reports described the zone's structure as a cross between Occupy Wall Street and an independent student housing cooperative. Occupants said their intentions are to create a neighborhood without police and a society where the police are no longer necessary.[58]

Occupants of the zone favored consensus decision-making instead of designating leaders who, according to one protester, can be "taken out"—killed or arrested.[3] However, City Journal on June 10, 2020, reported that radical activist and former mayoral candidate Nikkita Oliver held a major role within in the zone.[15] Seattle-based hip hop artist Raz Simone was reported by CNN to be the zone's de facto leader,[28] with some publications accusing him of acting in the manner of a "warlord."[59][60] Protesters held frequent town halls to decide strategy and make plans.[4] Seattle officials saw no evidence of Antifa umbrella groups organizing in the zone.[61] On June 15, SPD Chief Best said, "There is no cop-free zone in the city of Seattle." Best indicated officers would go into the zone if there were threats to public safety: "I think that the picture has been painted in many areas that shows the city is under siege", she added. "That is not the case."[62]

KUOW reported that pavement at one intersection was repainted on June 14 with the new acronym CHOP following a discussion in which many of the most active participants had agreed to officially revise the name to the Capitol Hill Organized Protest for better accuracy.[63] Other media reported the name change on June 15 (King5 and The Stranger), June 16 (Vox), and June 17 (Crosscut).[64][65][11][66]

Demands
Shrine to victims of police brutality located around the corner from the abandoned SPD East Precinct

On June 9, a blog post containing a list of 30 demands appeared on Medium, including abolition of the Seattle Police Department and the court system; defunding the SPD and reallocating those funds to community health; banning police use of firearms, batons, riot shields, and chemical agents; immediately releasing prisoners serving time for marijuana-related offenses or resisting arrest, with expungement of their records; mandatory retrials for people of color who are serving sentences for violent crimes; and prison abolition. Other demands included reforming education to increase the focus on black and Native American history; free college; and free public housing.[16][17] There was reportedly internal debate within the area over how many demands the commune should be putting forward, as some believed that the protests were the start of a larger revolution while others believed police brutality should stay the immediate focus.[67]

On June 10, approximately 1,000 protesters marched to the Seattle City Hall demanding the resignation of Mayor Durkan.[68][69]

Security
A sticker in the zone declaring "POLICE NOT WELCOME"

Protesters accepted the open carry of firearms as a provision of safety.[70] Members of the self-described anti-fascist, anti-racist, and pro-worker Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club (PSJBGC) were reported on June 9 as carrying rifles in the zone.[7][71] Although the zone fell within[72] the restricted area subject to Mayor Durkan's May 30 emergency order prohibiting the use of weapons including guns,[73] her ban did not mandate enforcement.[72] The Washington Post reported on June 12 that PSJBGC was on site but with no weapons visible,[74] and USA Today the same day reported that "no one appeared armed with a gun".[75] Reporters from a Tacoma-based Fox affiliate were chased out of the zone by occupants on June 9.[76]

Volunteers within the area formed an informal group to provide security, with an emphasis on de-escalation tactics and preventing vandalism.[77][78] On June 16, Seattle's KIRO-TV quoted an eight-year tenant of an apartment near the East Precinct as saying, "We are just sitting ducks all day. Now every criminal in the city knows they can come into this area and they can do anything they want as long as it isn't life-threatening, and the police won't come in to do anything about it."[79] Frustrated by blocked streets, criminal behavior, and lawlessness, some residents temporarily moved out and others installed security cameras. A man who said he "100 percent" supports the protest told KOMO-TV: "I don't even feel safe anymore."[80] According to The Stranger, on June 18, a volunteer medic intervened during a sexual assault within a tent inside the occupied park area; the alleged perpetrator was arrested and held on $75,000 bail.[81]

On June 25, KOMO-TV reported that Tusitala "Tiny" Toese, a member of the Proud Boys far-right group, was arrested for violating his probation after video showed him allegedly assaulting a man in the CHOP.[82][83]

Shootings

On June 7, the day prior the zone's founding, a man drove into a crowd of protesters and shot another man who reached into his car and tried to stop him. The victim was not seriously injured.[84][48]

On June 20 at 2:19 a.m., local residents reported gunshots in the zone to 9-1-1. At least seven shots were fired in under three seconds.[85] After being transported to the hospital by volunteers,[86][87] a 19-year-old man died[12] from multiple gunshot wounds[88] and a 33-year-old man[89] was in critical condition with life-threatening injuries. The shooting occurred at Cal Anderson Park, one block from the empty East Precinct building, abandoned on June 8. SPD attempted to respond but was, according to its blotter, "met by a violent crowd that prevented officers safe access to the victims."[12][84] The New York Times reported that as armed police in riot gear entered the zone, protesters screamed, "The victim left the premises!"[90] City Council member Lisa Herbold, chair of the public safety committee, said the suggestion that the crowd interfered with access to victims "defies belief".[26] A departmental spokeswoman said SPD is reviewing public-source video and body camera video, some of which SPD released,[91][92] but no suspects were in custody. SPD has not determined a motive for the shooting.[84][90] CHOP representatives released a statement saying that the individuals involved may have had history, which seemed to escalate because of "gang affiliations".[93] The Seattle Times reported that the teenager who was killed was an African American[88] and had graduated from high school the previous day.[85] The King County medical examiner's office confirmed the victim's identity as Horace Lorenzo Anderson, who went by his middle name.[88] KIRO-TV reported that he was also a local rapper known as "Lil Mob".[94]

Another shooting occurred on June 21, the second such incident in the zone in less than 48 hours. After being transported in a private vehicle to Harborview Medical Center, a 17-year-old male was treated for a gunshot wound to the arm and released. He declined to speak with SPD detectives.[95][96]

On June 22, Mayor Durkan said the violence was distracting from the message of thousands of peaceful protesters. "We cannot let acts of violence define this movement for change," she said, adding that the city "will not allow for gun violence to continue in the evenings around Capitol Hill." At the same press conference, Police Chief Best spoke of "groups of individuals engaging in shootings, a rape, assault, burglary, arson and property destruction." She added, "I cannot stand by, not another second and watch another black man, or anyone really, die in our streets while people aggressively thwart the efforts of police and other first responders from rescuing them."[97] The mayor announced that officials are working with the community to bring the zone to an end.[95] "It's time for people to go home," she said, "to restore order and eliminate the violence on Capitol Hill."[98]

On June 23, there was a third shooting within a span of four days near the zone, leaving a man in his thirties with wounds that were not life-threatening. SPD was reportedly investigating, but the victim refused to provide information about the attack or describe a suspect.[99] Also on June 23, Seattle's KIRO-TV reported that 33-year-old DeJuan Young, who was critically wounded on June 20, was shot in a separate incident by different people and a block away from where Lorenzo Anderson was mortally wounded. His shooting, said Young, was motivated by racism. "So basically I was shot by, I'm not sure if they're Proud Boys or KKK," said Young from his hospital bed. "But the verbiage that they said was hold this 'N-----' and shot me." He worries that his case is not being properly investigated. "I understand everybody's going to say, 'Oh, it was the CHAZ zone and ya'll asked for the police not to be there, so don't act like ya'll need them now."[100] Technically, however, Young was outside the zone.[101] "I was in Seattle streets," he said. "So what's the excuse now?"[100]

Culture and amenities
The No Cop Co-op on June 10, 2020

Organizers pitched tents next to the former precinct in order to hold the space. They established the No Cop Co-op on June 9, 2020, offering free water, hand sanitizer, snacks donated by the community, and kebabs. Stalls were set up which offered cuisine such as vegan curry while others collected donations for the homeless.[102] Two medical stations were established in the zone — the stations deliver basic health care to the homeless and sex workers.[103] The intersection of 12th and Pine was converted to a square for teach-ins, where a microphone was used to encourage people who were there "to fuck shit up" to go home. An outdoor cinema with a sound system and projector was set up and used to screen open-air movies. The first film shown was 13th, Ava DuVernay's documentary about racism and mass incarceration. The Seattle Department of Transportation provided portable toilets.[6] An area at 11th and Pine was set aside as the "Decolonization Conversation Café", a discussion area with daily topics.[104][105] The Marshall Law Band, a Seattle-based hip-hop fusion group, has performed for protesters.[106][107]

The zone's gardens, located in Cal Anderson Park, on June 13, 2020

The city still provided services to the area, including waste removal and fire and rescue services; the SPD also stated they responded to 9-1-1 calls within the area.[76] On June 15, KIRO-TV reported a break-in and fire at an auto shop located near the zone, to which the SPD did not respond;[108] Police Chief Best later stated that officers observed the building from a distance and saw no sign of disturbance.[62] The King County public health department provided COVID-19 testing in Cal Anderson Park.[109]

A block-long street mural saying "Black Lives Matter" was painted June 10–11, located on East Pine Street between 10th and 11th Avenues.[110] Individual letters in the mural were uniquely painted by local artists of color, with supplies purchased through donations from demonstrators and passersby.[111] Visitors lit small candles and left flowers at three shrines, which featured photographs and notes expressing sentiments related to George Floyd and other victims of police brutality.[75][112] On June 19, special events ranging from a "grief ritual" to a dance party were held in observation of Juneteenth.[104][113]

Vegetable gardens began to materialize prior to June 11 in Cal Anderson Park, where activists started to grow a variety of food products from seedlings.[114] The gardens were initiated by a single basil plant, introduced by Marcus Henderson, a resident of the Columbia City neighborhood of Seattle.[115][114] Activists expanded the gardens that were "cultivated by and for BIPOC" (those who are black, indigenous, or people of color) and included signage heralding famous black agriculturalists alongside commemorations of victims of police violence.[116]

The Seattle Times on June 11 reported that restaurant owners in the area had an uptick in walk-up business and a concomitant reduction in delivery costs.[117] However, on June 14, USA Today reported that most businesses in the zone had closed, "although a liquor store, ramen restaurant and taco joint are still doing brisk business".[19] Activists live in tents inside the zone;[118] there were more than eighty such tents in the zone on June 19.[119] Outside the zone, urban camping is illegal in Seattle,[120] though even before the zone this law was seldom enforced.[121]

Reactions

Local

Mayor Jenny Durkan called the creation of the zone an attempt to "de-escalate interactions between protesters and law enforcement",[122] while Seattle Police Chief Carmen Best said that her officers would look at different approaches to "reduce [their] footprint" in the Capitol Hill neighborhood.[21] City Council member Kshama Sawant, who belongs to the Trotskyist Socialist Alternative party, spoke to the occupants of Cal Anderson Park on June 8, 2020.[7] She called for the protesters to turn the precinct into a community center for restorative justice.[6][66]

On June 10, Assistant Police Chief Deanna Nollette said in a news conference, "We're trying to get a dialogue going so we can figure out a way to resolve this without unduly impacting the citizens and the businesses that are operating in that area." She said police had received reports that "armed individuals" were running barricades set up by protesters as checkpoints, "intimidat[ing] community members", and that police had "heard anecdotally" of residents and businesses being asked to pay a fee to operate in the area, adding, "This is the crime of extortion."[123] The following day, Best said the police had not received "any formal reports" of extortion, and the Greater Seattle Business Association said they "found no evidence of this occurring".[117] On June 11, the SPD announced their desire to re-enter the abandoned East Precinct building, and said they still operated within the zone's territory.[123][124] Governor Jay Inslee, on the same day, said the zone was "unpermitted" but "largely peaceful".[61] On June 12, Police Chief Best said, "Rapes, robberies and all sorts of violent acts have been occurring in the area and we have not been able to get to it."[125] In the early morning hours of June 12, an unknown man set a fire at the East Precinct building and walked away; community residents extinguished the flames before they could spread beyond the building's external wall or to the nearby tents.[126] Later that day, Mayor Durkan visited the zone and told a New York Times reporter that she did not know of any serious crime that was reported in the area.[127]

On June 16, a deal was struck between CHAZ representatives and the city to "rezone" the occupied area to allow better street access for businesses and local services.[54] On June 17, KING-TV reported that some are frustrated with the occupation of the area near their homes. One couple commented: "What you want from a home is a stress-free environment. You want to be able to sleep well, you want to feel comfortable and we just don't feel comfortable right now." KING-TV reported also receiving anonymous emails from other local residents expressing "real concerns".[128] On June 18, unease was reportedly being expressed by many black protesters about the zone and its use of Black Lives Matter slogans. According to NPR, "Black activists say there must be follow-through to make sure their communities remain the priority in a majority-white protest movement whose camp has taken on the feel of a neighborhood block party that's periodically interrupted by chants of 'Black Lives Matter!'"[56]

Artwork at zone entrance on Pine St. & 11th Ave. on June 24, 2020

On June 22, the Mayor of Seattle and the Chief of Police stated in a press conference that the police would reoccupy the East Precinct "peacefully and in the near future".[26][27] No specific timeline was provided.[129] On June 24, CNN quoted the "de facto CHOP leader," hip-hop artist Raz Simone, as saying "a lot of people are going to leave—a lot of people already left" the zone.[28]

Also on June 24, Mayor Durkan proposed a hiring freeze on the police force and a $20 million cut to the SPD budget, a reduction of roughly 5% for the remainder of 2020 as part of an effort to compensate for a revenue shortfall and unforeseen expenses due to the coronavirus epidemic. During a public-comment period, some community members said that the budget cut should be larger and that SPD funds should be redirected to housing and healthcare-related spending.[130] The same day, a dozen businesses, residents and property owners filed a class-action lawsuit in federal court against the City of Seattle, which they alleged had deprived them of due process by tolerating the zone.[131] Stating that they do not wish "to undermine CHOP participants' message or present a counter-message", the plaintiffs declared that their legal rights were "overrun" by the city's "unprecedented decision to abandon and close off an entire city neighborhood", isolating them from the city's services.[132] The plaintiffs seek compensation for lost business, property damage and deprivation of their property rights, plus restoration of full public access.[131]

National
Donald J. Trump Twitter
@realDonaldTrump

Radical Left Governor @JayInslee and the Mayor of Seattle are being taunted and played at a level that our great Country has never seen before. Take back your city NOW. If you don’t do it, I will. This is not a game. These ugly Anarchists must be stopped IMMEDIATELY. MOVE FAST!

June 11, 2020[133]

On June 9, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz from Texas stated that the zone was "endangering people's lives".[76] The next day, President Donald Trump demanded that Governor Inslee and Mayor Durkan "take back" the zone, saying that if they did not do it, he would do it for them.[134] Inslee condemned Trump's involvement in the situation, telling him to "stay out of Washington state's business".[135] Trump followed up by calling the protesters "domestic terrorists".[4] Durkan told President Trump to "go back to [his] bunker".[67] On June 11, Durkan responded further: "Unfortunately, our president wants to tell a story about domestic terrorists who have a radical agenda and are promoting a conspiracy that fits his law and order initiatives. It's simply not true. Lawfully gathering and expressing first amendment rights, demanding we do better as a society, and providing true equity for communities of color is not terrorism. It's patriotism."[136]

USA Today described the zone as a "protest haven".[75] Conservative pundit Guy Benson mocked the occupation of Capitol Hill as "communist cosplay".[137] National Review contrasted the mainstream media coverage of the zone, which they deemed as sympathetic, to the negative coverage of the 2016 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge occupation.[138]

On June 12, the Fox News website published digitally altered photographs of the area, to include a man armed with an assault rifle from earlier Seattle protests; also added to the photographs were smashed windows from other parts of Seattle. In a separate incident, the Fox News website ran articles about protests in Seattle; however, the accompanying photo of a burning city was actually taken in Saint Paul, Minnesota the previous month.[139] Although the area was mainly peaceful, "Fox's coverage contributed to the appearance of armed unrest", stated The Washington Post. The manipulated and wrongly used images were removed, with Fox News stating that it "regrets these errors".[140] On June 15, Monty Python co-founder John Cleese mocked a Fox News anchorwoman for reading on air a Reddit post indicating purported "signs of rebellion" within the zone, which turned out to be a joke referencing a scene from Monty Python and the Holy Grail.[141]

Protesters in other cities sought to replicate the autonomous zone in their own communities. Protesters in Portland, Oregon and in Asheville, North Carolina tried to create autonomous zones but were stopped by police.[142][143] On June 12, Tennessee Governor Bill Lee condemned attempts to create an autonomous area in Nashville,[144] warning protesters in the state that "Autonomous zones, and violence will not be tolerated."[145] In Philadelphia, a group established an encampment that was compared to the Seattle occupation; however, their primary focus was not autonomy but to protest Philadelphia's anti-homelessness laws.[146][147][148] In what CNN called "an apparent reference to the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone (CHAZ) in Seattle," protesters on June 22 spray-painted "BHAZ", standing for Black House Autonomous Zone, on the pillars of St. John's Episcopal Church, which sits across the street from Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C.[149] The next day, President Trump tweeted, "There will never be an 'Autonomous Zone' in Washington, D.C., as long as I'm your President. If they try they will be met with serious force!" Twitter placed a public interest notice on Trump's tweet for violating the company's policy against abusive behavior—"specifically," Twitter explained, "the presence of a threat of harm against an identifiable group."[150]

On June 17, the U.S. House Judiciary Committee acrimoniously debated a major police reform bill that marked Congress's first attempt to address the issue since George Floyd died in police custody. Seattle's Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, Politico reported, "was a recurring theme throughout the proceedings". Rep. Debbie Lesko (R-Ariz.) offered an amendment to cut off federal police grants to any municipality that allows an autonomous zone. Rep. Pramila Jayapal (D-Wash.), whose district includes CHAZ, blamed Fox News and "right-wing media pundits" for spreading misinformation. The bill was eventually approved by a majority-Democratic vote.[151]

References
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