Braille pattern dots-256

The Braille pattern dots-256 ( ⠲ ) is a 6-dot braille cell with both middle, and the bottom right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with both upper-middle, and the lower-middle right dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2832, and in Braille ASCII with the number 4.

Character
Unicode nameBRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-256
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode10290U+2832
UTF-8226 160 178E2 A0 B2
Numeric character reference⠲⠲
Braille ASCII5234
6-dot braille cells
⠀ ⠁⠃⠉⠙⠑⠋⠛⠓⠊⠚ ⠈⠘
⠄ ⠅⠇⠍⠝⠕⠏⠟⠗⠎⠞ ⠌⠜
⠤ ⠥⠧⠭⠽⠵⠯⠿⠷⠮⠾ ⠬⠼
⠠ ⠡⠣⠩⠹⠱⠫⠻⠳⠪⠺ ⠨⠸
⠀ ⠂⠆⠒⠲⠢⠖⠶⠦⠔⠴ ⠐⠰

Unified Braille

In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-256 is used to represent punctuation, and otherwise as needed.[1]

Table of unified braille values
French Braille / (slash)
English Braille . (period)
English Contraction dis-
German Braille un
Bharati Braille . (period) [2]
IPA Braille retroflex tail or letter rotation mark
Russian Braille . (period)
Slovak Braille . (period)
Arabic Braille . (period)
Irish Braille dis
Thai Braille ้ (tone 2)

[1]

Other braille
Japanese Braille gō-yōon + dakuten [1]
Korean Braille -p / ㅍ [1]
Mainland Chinese Braille weng, -ong [1]
Taiwanese Braille yun, -ün / ㄩㄣ
Two-Cell Chinese Braille yu-
Nemeth Braille 4 [3]

Plus dots 7 and 8

Related to Braille pattern dots-256 are Braille patterns 2567, 2568, and 25678, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille.

Character
Unicode nameBRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2567BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2568BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25678
Encodingsdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhex
Unicode10354U+287210418U+28B210482U+28F2
UTF-8226 161 178E2 A1 B2226 162 178E2 A2 B2226 163 178E2 A3 B2
Numeric character reference⡲⡲⢲⢲⣲⣲
dots 2567dots 2568dots 25678
Gardner Salinas Braille [4] close math expression / hyperlink

In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot Braille patterns 368, 1368, 3468, and 13468 are the patterns related to Braille pattern dots-256, since the two additional dots of kantenji patterns 0256, 2567, and 02567 are placed above the base 6-dot cell, instead of below, as in standard 8-dot braille.

Character
Unicode nameBRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-368BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1368BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3468BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13468
Encodingsdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhex
Unicode10404U+28A410405U+28A510412U+28AC10413U+28AD
UTF-8226 162 164E2 A2 A4226 162 165E2 A2 A5226 162 172E2 A2 AC226 162 173E2 A2 AD
Numeric character reference⢤⢤⢥⢥⢬⢬⢭⢭

Kantenji using braille patterns 368, 1368, 3468, or 13468

This listing includes kantenji using Braille pattern dots-256 for all 6349 kanji found in JIS C 6226-1978.

Unlike most kantenji patterns, is distinguished positionally, where it usually indicates a 心 when used finally, but ⽊ or ⺾ when used initially, and any of the above when medial to a kantenji pattern. ⽊ and ⺾ are also indicated by other, unique kantenji cells, but the large number of kanji utilizing these elements necessitates further disambiguating in kantenji patterns, which are limited to three cells apiece.

  • - 心

Variants and thematic compounds
  • - selector 6 + 心 = 奄
  • - 心 + selector 1 = 桜
  • - 心 + selector 2 = 菊
  • - 心 + selector 3 = 粟
  • - 心 + selector 5 = 必
  • - 心 + selector 6 = 黍

Compounds of 心
  • - ぬ/力 + 心 = 忍
    • - い/糹/#2 + ぬ/力 + 心 = 綛
    • - 心 + ぬ/力 + 心 = 荵
  • - つ/土 + 心 = 志
    • - ゑ/訁 + 心 = 誌
    • - や/疒 + つ/土 + 心 = 痣
  • - ほ/方 + 心 = 忘
  • - よ/广 + 心 = 応
    • - よ/广 + よ/广 + 心 = 應
      • - み/耳 + よ/广 + 心 = 軈
  • - 宿 + 心 = 忠
  • - り/分 + 心 = 念
    • - き/木 + り/分 + 心 = 棯
    • - の/禾 + り/分 + 心 = 稔
    • - せ/食 + り/分 + 心 = 鯰
  • - 数 + 心 = 忽
    • - る/忄 + 心 = 惚
  • - ふ/女 + 心 = 怒
  • - た/⽥ + 心 = 思
    • - ⺼ + た/⽥ + 心 = 腮
    • - お/頁 + た/⽥ + 心 = 顋
    • - せ/食 + た/⽥ + 心 = 鰓
  • - な/亻 + 心 = 怠
  • - さ/阝 + 心 = 怨
  • - こ/子 + 心 = 怱
    • - 心 + 心 = 葱
  • - え/訁 + 心 = 恋
    • - え/訁 + え/訁 + 心 = 戀
  • - 龸 + 心 = 恐
  • - み/耳 + 心 = 恥
  • - け/犬 + 心 = 恩
  • - め/目 + 心 = 息
    • - 火 + め/目 + 心 = 熄
  • - む/車 + 心 = 恵
    • - む/車 + む/車 + 心 = 惠
  • - れ/口 + 心 = 患
  • - selector 1 + 心 = 悪
    • - selector 1 + selector 1 + 心 = 惡
      • - か/金 + selector 1 + 心 = 鐚
  • - 火 + 心 = 悲
  • - も/門 + 心 = 悶
  • - 囗 + 心 = 惑
  • - き/木 + 心 = 想
  • - く/艹 + 心 = 愚
  • - ひ/辶 + 心 = 感
    • - て/扌 + ひ/辶 + 心 = 撼
    • - む/車 + ひ/辶 + 心 = 轗
  • - ゐ/幺 + 心 = 慈
  • - ら/月 + 心 = 態
  • - と/戸 + 心 = 慰
  • - の/禾 + 心 = 愁
  • - す/発 + 心 = 慮
    • - に/氵 + す/発 + 心 = 濾
    • - か/金 + す/発 + 心 = 鑢
  • - そ/馬 + 心 = 慶
  • - せ/食 + 心 = 憩
    • - せ/食 + せ/食 + 心 = 憇
  • - う/宀/#3 + 心 = 憲
  • - や/疒 + 心 = 懇
  • - ゆ/彳 + 心 = 懲
  • - き/木 + 心 + 心 = 蕊
  • - く/艹 + 心 + 心 = 蘂
  • - り/分 + 宿 + 心 = 忿
  • - ふ/女 + 宿 + 心 = 恕
  • - つ/土 + 宿 + 心 = 恚
  • - ち/竹 + 宿 + 心 = 悉
  • - ゆ/彳 + 宿 + 心 = 愈
  • - み/耳 + 宿 + 心 = 慇
  • - け/犬 + 宿 + 心 = 慧
  • - そ/馬 + 宿 + 心 = 憑
  • - ぬ/力 + 宿 + 心 = 懃
  • - に/氵 + 宿 + 心 = 沁
  • - む/車 + 宿 + 心 = 蟋

Compounds of 奄
  • - 仁/亻 + 心 = 俺
  • - て/扌 + 心 = 掩
  • - ま/石 + 心 = 竜
    • - に/氵 + 心 = 滝
    • - ま/石 + ま/石 + 心 = 龍
      • - つ/土 + ま/石 + 心 = 壟
      • - へ/⺩ + ま/石 + 心 = 瓏
      • - ち/竹 + ま/石 + 心 = 籠
      • - 心 + ま/石 + 心 = 蘢
      • - さ/阝 + ま/石 + 心 = 隴
    • - き/木 + ま/石 + 心 = 槞
  • - ち/竹 + 心 = 電
  • - に/氵 + selector 6 + 心 = 淹
  • - く/艹 + selector 6 + 心 = 菴
  • - も/門 + selector 6 + 心 = 閹

Compounds of 桜 and ⽊
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 = 杉
    • - き/木 + 心 + う/宀/#3 = 彬
  • - 心 + れ/口 = 杏
  • - 心 + こ/子 = 松
    • - に/氵 + 心 + こ/子 = 淞
    • - 心 + 心 + こ/子 = 菘
    • - と/戸 + 心 + こ/子 = 鬆
    • - 心 + 心 + こ/子 = 菘
  • - 心 + 日 = 柏
  • - 心 + さ/阝 = 柳
  • - 心 + し/巿 = 柿
  • - 心 + 宿 = 桃
  • - 心 + と/戸 = 桐
  • - 心 + ゑ/訁 = 桑
  • - 心 + り/分 = 桧
    • - 心 + 心 + り/分 = 檜
  • - 心 + は/辶 = 梅
  • - 心 + ろ/十 = 梓
  • - 心 + け/犬 = 椅
  • - 心 + む/車 = 楓
  • - 心 + お/頁 = 榎
  • - 心 + て/扌 = 欅
  • - 心 + 心 + selector 1 = 櫻
  • - 心 + 宿 + こ/子 = 李
  • - 心 + き/木 + う/宀/#3 = 杜
  • - 心 + 数 + き/木 = 杞
  • - 心 + 龸 + 数 = 杤
  • - 心 + 龸 + ひ/辶 = 杷
  • - 心 + 龸 + 比 = 枇
  • - 心 + 宿 + ほ/方 = 枋
  • - 心 + 龸 + り/分 = 枌
  • - 心 + selector 6 + こ/子 = 枩
  • - 心 + れ/口 + は/辶 = 枳
  • - 心 + も/門 + selector 5 = 枸
  • - 心 + す/発 + selector 1 = 柊
  • - 心 + selector 4 + る/忄 = 柑
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + ま/石 = 柘
  • - 心 + た/⽥ + selector 4 = 柚
  • - 心 + 宿 + さ/阝 = 柞
  • - 心 + ん/止 + い/糹/#2 = 柾
  • - 心 + 比 + は/辶 = 栂
  • - 心 + 数 + ま/石 = 栃
  • - 心 + 数 + め/目 = 栢
  • - 心 + 龸 + む/車 = 栩
  • - 心 + ふ/女 + selector 4 = 栴
  • - 心 + 宿 + つ/土 = 桂
  • - 心 + お/頁 + selector 1 = 桾
  • - 心 + 宿 + れ/口 = 梔
  • - 心 + 日 + な/亻 = 梗
  • - 心 + 宿 + な/亻 = 梛
  • - 心 + ら/月 + れ/口 = 梧
  • - 心 + の/禾 + ぬ/力 = 梨
  • - 心 + 宿 + め/目 = 棉
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + ね/示 = 棕
  • - 心 + き/木 + 数 = 棘
  • - 心 + selector 6 + は/辶 = 棠
  • - 心 + 龸 + ゆ/彳 = 棣
  • - 心 + 龸 + れ/口 = 椋
  • - 心 + 宿 + い/糹/#2 = 椎
  • - 心 + selector 1 + selector 1 = 椏
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + ゑ/訁 = 椒
  • - 心 + 龸 + も/門 = 椚
  • - 心 + み/耳 + さ/阝 = 椰
  • - 心 + も/門 + selector 6 = 椶
  • - 心 + selector 1 + き/木 = 椹
  • - 心 + け/犬 + 日 = 椿
  • - 心 + 宿 + 数 = 楊
  • - 心 + selector 1 + よ/广 = 楙
  • - 心 + き/木 + き/木 = 楚
  • - 心 + selector 6 + ら/月 = 楜
  • - 心 + 比 + ひ/辶 = 楝
  • - 心 + 比 + み/耳 = 楠
  • - 心 + selector 5 + ゆ/彳 = 楡
  • - 心 + せ/食 + selector 6 = 楢
  • - 心 + と/戸 + 日 = 楮
  • - 心 + る/忄 + き/木 = 楳
  • - 心 + ま/石 + し/巿 = 楴
  • - 心 + の/禾 + 火 = 楸
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + ゆ/彳 = 榁
  • - 心 + ね/示 + し/巿 = 榊
  • - 心 + selector 4 + て/扌 = 榑
  • - 心 + や/疒 + さ/阝 = 榔
  • - 心 + け/犬 + の/禾 = 榛
  • - 心 + 龸 + 日 = 榠
  • - 心 + 宿 + も/門 = 榧
  • - 心 + 宿 + ⺼ = 榲
  • - 心 + ら/月 + た/⽥ = 榴
  • - 心 + か/金 + ら/月 = 榾
  • - 心 + selector 5 + や/疒 = 榿
  • - 心 + お/頁 + に/氵 = 槐
  • - 心 + selector 1 + め/目 = 槙
  • - 心 + ひ/辶 + う/宀/#3 = 槭
  • - 心 + 囗 + selector 6 = 槲
  • - 心 + け/犬 + 宿 = 槻
  • - 心 + 宿 + き/木 = 槿
  • - 心 + ゆ/彳 + よ/广 = 樅
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + や/疒 = 樒
  • - 心 + ち/竹 + selector 1 = 樗
  • - 心 + ま/石 + ろ/十 = 樟
  • - 心 + つ/土 + す/発 = 樫
  • - 心 + く/艹 + か/金 = 樺
  • - 心 + み/耳 + 氷/氵 = 橄
  • - 心 + 宿 + よ/广 = 橘
  • - 心 + す/発 + と/戸 = 橙
  • - 心 + そ/馬 + selector 6 = 橡
  • - 心 + 宿 + た/⽥ = 橿
  • - 心 + 龸 + 囗 = 檀
  • - 心 + selector 1 + な/亻 = 檍
  • - 心 + 宿 + り/分 = 檎
  • - 心 + 龸 + ま/石 = 檗
  • - 心 + 日 + ゐ/幺 = 檪
  • - 心 + 宿 + そ/馬 = 檬
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + を/貝 = 檳
  • - 心 + 宿 + て/扌 = 檸
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + む/車 = 櫁
  • - 心 + selector 6 + み/耳 = 櫚
  • - 心 + ゐ/幺 + そ/馬 = 櫞
  • - 心 + 宿 + 日 = 櫟
  • - 心 + 龸 + た/⽥ = 櫨
  • - 心 + め/目 + す/発 = 欖
  • - 心 + け/犬 + め/目 = 欟

Compounds of 菊 and ⺾
  • - 心 + め/目 = 艾
  • - 心 + か/金 = 芋
  • - 心 + の/禾 = 芝
  • - 心 + 仁/亻 = 芥
  • - 心 + を/貝 = 芹
  • - 心 + な/亻 = 苔
  • - 心 + 比 = 苺
  • - 心 + よ/广 = 茅
  • - 心 + 氷/氵 = 茜
  • - 心 + ん/止 = 茨
  • - 心 + き/木 = 茶
  • - 心 + み/耳 = 茸
  • - 心 + ら/月 = 菅
  • - 心 + く/艹 = 菱
  • - 心 + 火 = 萩
  • - 心 + い/糹/#2 = 葦
  • - 心 + 心 = 葱
  • - 心 + す/発 = 葵
  • - 心 + ほ/方 = 蓬
  • - 心 + ひ/辶 = 蓮
  • - 心 + せ/食 = 蔦
  • - 心 + 龸 = 蕨
  • - 心 + ぬ/力 = 薊
  • - 心 + ⺼ = 藍
  • - 心 + ふ/女 = 藤
    • - 心 + 心 + ふ/女 = 籐
  • - 心 + た/⽥ = 蘆
  • - 心 + そ/馬 = 蘇
  • - 心 + も/門 = 蘭
  • - て/扌 + 心 + selector 2 = 掬
  • - 心 + 心 + selector 2 = 椈
  • - と/戸 + 心 + selector 2 = 鞠
  • - 心 + 比 + も/門 = 芍
  • - 心 + selector 5 + ほ/方 = 芒
  • - 心 + selector 3 + け/犬 = 芙
  • - 心 + 宿 + と/戸 = 芦
  • - 心 + selector 1 + 宿 = 芫
  • - 心 + 宿 + ひ/辶 = 芭
  • - く/艹 + 宿 + 心 = 芯
  • - 心 + 仁/亻 + ろ/十 = 苓
  • - 心 + ま/石 + selector 1 = 苙
  • - 心 + 龸 + め/目 = 苜
  • - 心 + selector 4 + も/門 = 苡
  • - 心 + 数 + て/扌 = 苧
  • - 心 + り/分 + か/金 = 苹
  • - 心 + ぬ/力 + れ/口 = 茄
  • - 心 + さ/阝 + う/宀/#3 = 茆
  • - 心 + き/木 + selector 5 = 茉
  • - 心 + ほ/方 + れ/口 = 茗
  • - 心 + selector 4 + ぬ/力 = 茘
  • - 心 + な/亻 + け/犬 = 茯
  • - 心 + selector 5 + か/金 = 茱
  • - 心 + 日 + す/発 = 荀
  • - 心 + り/分 + 囗 = 荅
  • - 心 + ね/示 + ね/示 = 荊
  • - 心 + 仁/亻 + に/氵 = 荏
  • - 心 + selector 5 + と/戸 = 荳
  • - 心 + 宿 + 火 = 荻
  • - 心 + り/分 + も/門 = 荼
  • - 心 + 宿 + ぬ/力 = 莉
  • - 心 + 氷/氵 + ほ/方 = 莎
  • - 心 + 龸 + は/辶 = 莓
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + 宿 = 莞
  • - 心 + の/禾 + ゐ/幺 = 莠
  • - 心 + 比 + や/疒 = 莨
  • - 心 + 囗 + selector 1 = 莪
  • - 心 + き/木 + な/亻 = 莱
  • - 心 + そ/馬 + う/宀/#3 = 莵
  • - 心 + し/巿 + せ/食 = 菁
  • - 心 + 日 + 比 = 菎
  • - 心 + り/分 + 日 = 菖
  • - 心 + ぬ/力 + 宿 = 菟
  • - 心 + に/氵 + ひ/辶 = 菠
  • - 心 + 宿 + ま/石 = 菩
  • - 心 + 龸 + き/木 = 菫
  • - 心 + こ/子 + こ/子 = 菰
  • - 心 + selector 4 + 火 = 菲
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + き/木 = 菻
  • - 心 + 宿 + ゑ/訁 = 菽
  • - 心 + 龸 + と/戸 = 萄
  • - 心 + selector 4 + と/戸 = 萇
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + そ/馬 = 萓
  • - 心 + の/禾 + と/戸 = 萪
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + 日 = 萱
  • - 心 + 宿 + か/金 = 萵
  • - 心 + 宿 + ゆ/彳 = 萸
  • - 心 + ゆ/彳 + ふ/女 = 葎
  • - 心 + 宿 + 氷/氵 = 葛
  • - 心 + 龸 + ほ/方 = 葡
  • - 心 + れ/口 + ろ/十 = 葫
  • - 心 + 龸 + の/禾 = 葭
  • - 心 + selector 4 + の/禾 = 葮
  • - 心 + ほ/方 + ち/竹 = 葹
  • - 心 + へ/⺩ + selector 2 = 蒋
  • - 心 + 宿 + ね/示 = 蒜
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + も/門 = 蒟
  • - 心 + selector 4 + ほ/方 = 蒡
  • - 心 + に/氵 + ほ/方 = 蒲
  • - 心 + り/分 + け/犬 = 蒹
  • - 心 + ゆ/彳 + ゆ/彳 = 蒻
  • - 心 + 比 + え/訁 = 蒿
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + た/⽥ = 蓉
  • - 心 + と/戸 + selector 2 = 蓍
  • - 心 + 宿 + 比 = 蓖
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + て/扌 = 蓴
  • - 心 + む/車 + selector 2 = 蓼
  • - 心 + 宿 + 宿 = 蓿
  • - 心 + 龸 + す/発 = 蔆
  • - 心 + 宿 + ふ/女 = 蔔
  • - 心 + よ/广 + と/戸 = 蔗
  • - 心 + よ/广 + く/艹 = 蔬
  • - 心 + 数 + 数 = 蕀
  • - 心 + れ/口 + し/巿 = 蕁
  • - 心 + 日 + ろ/十 = 蕈
  • - 心 + い/糹/#2 + 火 = 蕉
  • - 心 + 宿 + の/禾 = 蕎
  • - 心 + け/犬 + せ/食 = 蕕
  • - 心 + み/耳 + れ/口 = 蕗
  • - 心 + selector 5 + 龸 = 蕣
  • - 心 + む/車 + 火 = 蕪
  • - 心 + ぬ/力 + ゆ/彳 = 蕭
  • - 心 + お/頁 + よ/广 = 蕷
  • - 心 + に/氵 + ⺼ = 薀
  • - 心 + ゆ/彳 + 氷/氵 = 薇
  • - 心 + の/禾 + す/発 = 薐
  • - 心 + 宿 + は/辶 = 薑
  • - 心 + 囗 + れ/口 = 薔
  • - 心 + ろ/十 + ま/石 = 薛
  • - 心 + 龸 + 火 = 薤
  • - 心 + す/発 + 日 = 薯
  • - 心 + さ/阝 + 龸 = 薺
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + の/禾 = 藜
  • - 心 + ゑ/訁 + 日 = 藷
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + い/糹/#2 = 藺
  • - 心 + 宿 + に/氵 = 藻
  • - 心 + お/頁 + 数 = 藾
  • - 心 + ん/止 + お/頁 = 蘋
  • - 心 + 龸 + そ/馬 = 蘓
  • - 心 + selector 6 + ま/石 = 蘗
  • - 心 + せ/食 + そ/馬 = 蘚
  • - 心 + す/発 + い/糹/#2 = 蘿
  • - 心 + う/宀/#3 + 火 = 韮

Compounds of 粟
  • - 心 + に/氵 = 栗
    • - ち/竹 + 心 + に/氵 = 篥
    • - 心 + に/氵 + ね/示 = 瓢

Compounds of 必
  • - 氷/氵 + 心 = 泌
  • - へ/⺩ + 心 = 瑟
  • - え/訁 + 心 + selector 5 = 謐

Other compounds
  • - ね/示 + 心 = 襲
  • - 心 + つ/土 = 瓜
    • - れ/口 + 心 + つ/土 = 呱
    • - き/木 + 心 + つ/土 = 柧
    • - け/犬 + 心 + つ/土 = 瓠
    • - む/車 + 心 + つ/土 = 瓣
  • - 心 + ま/石 = 麻
    • - れ/口 + 心 + ま/石 = 嘛
    • - や/疒 + 心 + ま/石 = 痲
    • - の/禾 + 心 + ま/石 = 糜
    • - い/糹/#2 + 心 + ま/石 = 縻
    • - ゐ/幺 + 心 + ま/石 = 麼
  • - に/氵 + に/氵 + 心 = 瀧
  • - 心 + た/⽥ + さ/阝 = 稗
  • - 心 + 宿 + す/発 = 稷
  • - 心 + ろ/十 + よ/广 = 笹
  • - 心 + す/発 + き/木 = 篠

[5] [6] [7] [8]

Notes
  1. "World Braille Usage". UNESCO. Retrieved 2012-04-19..
  2. "Introduction to Bharati Braille". Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  3. "Nemeth Braille (Mathematics Braille)". Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  4. "Index of Topics in Braille Section". Oregon State University Science Access Project Braille topics. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  5. "ロービジョン相談と光学". Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  6. "盲人と文字 -漢点字の世界". Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  7. "漢点字". Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  8. "漢点字入門" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.