Battle of Assietta
The Battle of Assietta was a significant engagement during the War of the Austrian Succession between a French force of 40,000 men under the command of Louis Charles Armand Fouquet against a Sardinian force of 15,000 men under the command of Giovanni Bricherasio, with the battle concluding with the Sardinians repelling all French attacks, and killing Fouquet in the battle. The siege was part of the Italian campaign of the War of the Austrian Succession, with the Habsburg and the Bourbons contesting domination over Northern Italy and the various Italian states. The Kingdom of Sardinia became an opponent of the French, and in 1742 joined the war on the side of Pragmatic Allies, joining not just because it concerned itself with the ascension of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, but also to resist French influence upon its territories. The war in Italy had already been going on for seven years, and the Sardinian army had already suffered several defeats in the field, leading to their war plans to revolve around going on the defensive instead of the offensive. The French led several expeditions in Italy during the war, combining their forces with the Bourbon Spanish to accomplish their political aims.[1][3]
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By 1747, the war was coming to an end, but the French were still interested in acquiring more influence in Italy, and so dispatched an army under the command of general Louis Charles Armand Fouquet to capture Colle dell'Assietta from the Sardinians. The French army, consisting of 40,000 men organised into thirty-two battalions, encountered fortified Sardinian positions at the Susa Valley, and launched wave after wave of fruitless assaults on their fortifications. The French divided their forces into four columns and launched several assaults, which despite the French generals leading the assaults personally, were all repulsed with heavy French casualties. After their forces had all been repulsed, and with Fouquet killed in action, the remaining French generals made the decision to retreat from the field. The Sardinians suffered only light casualties, while the French had more of an eighth of their force killed or wounded. The Sardinian victory proved to be the last major battle in the Italian campaign of the war.[1][3]
Background
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The cause of the War of the Austrian Succession was Maria Theresa's alleged ineligibility to succeed to the hereditary lands of her father, Emperor Charles VI, because Salic law precluded royal inheritance by a woman. This became the key justification for the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Prussia, joined by the Electorate of Bavaria, to challenge Habsburg power. Maria Theresa was supported by the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Electorate of Saxony. Since 1739, Spain had been fighting the separate War of Jenkins' Ear with Britain, which primarily took place in the Americas. It joined the war in Europe, hoping to recapture its former possessions in Northern Italy, now held by Austria. Having previously re-gained the Kingdom of Naples in 1735, doing so would restore the territories the Spanish lost under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht.[3]
In the late phase of the War of the Austrian Succession, France had decided to eliminate the Sardinian army, which they considered a threat due to the strong strategic position the Sardinians held. King Louis XV of France had already dispatched forces into Sardianian territory, besieging Cuneo and engaging the Sardinians at Madonna dell'Olmo and Bassignana, winning both battles but gaining little strategic advantage overall. A French army comprising one hundred and fifty infantry battalions, seventy-five cavalry squadrons and two artillery brigades, under the command of Marshal Charles Louis Auguste, duke of Belle-Isle, and Marquis De La Mina, was dispatched into Italy. The two commanders had different views on how to conduct the campaign: Belle-Isle favoured menacing Turin directly via crossing the Alps, while his Spanish colleague instead wished to send troops to relieve the Austro-Sardinian siege of Genoa. Belle-Isle's ideas prevailed and the French troops occupied Antibes as well as the county of Nice. However, they were halted by the strong Sardinian defence of the southern Alpine passes. Belle-Isle's brother, the Chevalier de Belle-Isle, led an army of fifty infantry battalions, fifteen cavalry squadrons and numerous cannons, and advanced towards the northern Italian mountain passes.[3]
Battle
The French army was divided into two corps: one descended from the Moncenisio towards Exilles while the other advanced towards Fenestrelle from the Assietta Pass. The latter formed a bare plateau, at an altitude of 2,500 meters. Although he outnumbered the French in the area,[1] Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy was forced to dispatch forces to defend all the passes into his country while the French could concentrate their forces and needed attack only one mountain pass to enter Sardinian territory. The decision was made by the French to advance through Assietta. The Sardinians had fortified the area with thirteen infantry battalions: nine were Sardinian, with the remaining being Austrian and Swiss battalions which were taken from the troops that had unsuccessfully besieged Genoa. French military intelligence had notified the marshals that the Sardinians were fortifying the pass, and a decision to launch an attack immediately was taken. Numerous obstacles, redoubts and an eighteen foot high palisade had been built on the slope by the Sardinian defenders. The forces involved amounted to thirty two French battalions against thirteen Sardinian battalions. The French troops were divided into three columns with the center column pressing the attack and the flank columns launching various half-hearted attacks from the side.[3]
The attacks began at about 16:30 in the afternoon. Despite the desperate attempts by the French soldiers and the personal show of valour of the French marshals, all four attacks were repulsed by the Sardinian forces with heavy losses on the French side. After five hours of battle, the French made the decision to retreat. The French commander, Chevalier de Belle-Isle, was killed while raising the French flag near the top of the slope. What ensued in the late afternoon was celebrated as the most one-sided victories of the war. Neither flanking columns engaged the Sardinians significantly enough to influence the catastrophe that was befalling the center column. These battalions, led by determined officers, struggled up the slope, disassembling the various man-made impediments as they proceeded, while suffering withering musket fire from concealed and protected Sardinian hideouts, which exacted the heavy toll on the flanking columns. Four separate times the French faltered before the onslaught; each time they returned to the struggle. The living climbed over the dead as they tried to surmount the palisades. Sardinian defenders rained bullets and rocks down on the relentless blood-drenched attackers. A retreat, which proved more orderly then the previous butchery, was portended. The one-sided character of the slaughter was apparent. French casualties totaled 6,400 killed and wounded including 400 officers,[4] and for the first and the only times in the war the majority of them, 3,700, were fatalities while only 299 Sardinians were killed and wounded.
Aftermath
The beaten French troops, in no position to launch another assault, retreated from the field. The remaining French marshals made the decision to retreat from Italy entirely and return back home to France. The battle proved to be the last major engagement in Italy during the War of the Austrian Succession, although minor skirmishing continued between Hapsburg and Italian forces against the remaining Franco-Spanish troops in the region. The body of Foquet, carefully preserved during the march home, was buried in the Embrun Cathedral with full military honours. His death was immortalised in a painting, depicting his moment of death when attempting to plant the French flag at the top of the Sardinian redoubt. The valour of the Sardinian troops became household news in Europe, and King of Prussia, Frederick II, upon hearing of news of the Sardinian defence at Assietta, declared that, if he had had such valorous troops under his command, he could easily become King of Italy. The following year, via the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the Kingdom of Sardinia obtained the territories around Lake Maggiore and Ticino.[3]
The battle of Assietta, from a strategic point of view, marked the beginning of a stalemate in regards to the military operations that were being conducted in Italy, while from a tactical point of view, made apparent the failure of the French army's combat tactics, which primarily consisted of massed bayonet assaults in column formations without bothering to ensure the columns had sufficient support in the form of covering fire. For both sides, particularly in the French army and the Sardinians, the campaign of 1747 had finally dried up all materiel and human reserves either side could throw into the campaign, forcing Louis XV and Charles Emanuele III to reconsider the possibility of negotiating a peace. The following year, at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle, marked the end of the War of the Austrian Succession. After the war, a long peace reigned in Italy between the various Italian states, with the peace only being shattered by the French Revolution, the ensuing French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.[3]
References
- Browning, p. 311.
- Massimo Brandani, Luca Stefano Cristini:L’esercito del Regno di Sardegna 1750-1773
- Browning, p. 312.
- Cognasso, Francesco (2002). I Savoia. Corbaccio. p. 477.
Bibliography
- Browning, Reed (2008). The War of the Austrian Succession. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-12561-5
- Dabormida, Vittorio (1891). La battaglia dell'Assietta : studio storico. Voghera.
- Alberti, Adriano (1902). La battaglia dell'Assietta (19 di luglio del 1747): note e documenti. Francesco Casanova.
- Rodolico, Niccolò (July–August 1947). "Il Centenario della Battaglia dell'Assietta". L'Universo. Istituto Geografico Militare (4.XXVII).