Baháʼí Faith in Asia

The Baháʼí Faith in Afghanistan began in 1880s with visits by Baháʼís. However, it wasn't until the 1930s any Baháʼí settled there.[9] A Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1948 in Kabul[10] and after some years was re-elected in 1969.[11] Though the population had perhaps reached thousands, under the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the harsh rule of the Taliban the Baháʼís lost the right to have any institutions and many fled. According to a 2007 estimate, the Baháʼís in Afghanistan number approximately 400.[12] However, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 15000 Baháʼís in 2005.[13]

The Baháʼí Faith in Bangladesh begins previous to its independence when it was part of India. The roots of the Baháʼí Faith in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844.[14] During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to India.[15] And it may have been Jamál Effendi who was first sent and stopped in Dhaka more than once.[16] The first Baháʼís in the area that would later become Bangladesh was when a Bengali group from Chittagong accepted the religion while in Burma.[17] By 1950 there were enough members of the religion to elect Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assemblies in Chittagong and Dhaka.[18] The community has contributed to the progress of the nation of Bangladesh individually and collectively and in 2005 the World Christian Encyclopedia estimated the Baháʼí population of Bangladesh about 10600.[13]

A sign in Battambang, in an area with a high concentration of Baháʼí followers.

The introduction of the Baháʼí Faith in Cambodia first occurred in the 1920s, not long after French Indochina was mentioned by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a potential destination for Baháʼí teachers.[19] After a sporadic visits from travelling teachers throughout the first half of the 20th century, the first Baháʼí group in Cambodia was established in Phnom Penh in 1956, with the arrival of Baháʼí teachers from India.[20][21] During the rule of the Khmer Rouge in the late 1970s, all effective contact with the Cambodian Baháʼís was lost.[22] The efforts of Baháʼí teachers working in Cambodian refugee camps in Thailand led to the establishment of Local Spiritual Assemblies among the survivors of the Khmer Rouge's campaign of genocide.[23] The Baháʼí community has recently seen a return to growth, especially in the city of Battambang; in 2009, the city was host to one of 41 Baháʼí regional conferences, and in 2012, the Universal House of Justice announced plans to establish a local Baháʼí House of Worship there.[24][25] According to a 2010 estimate, Cambodia is home to approximately 10,000 Baháʼís.[26]

The Baháʼí Faith was first introduced in China during the lifetime of its founder, Baháʼu'lláh. The first record of a Baháʼí living in China is of a Persian, Hájí Mírzá Muhammad-ʼAlí, who lived in Shanghai from 1862 to 1868. In 1928 the first Local Spiritual Assembly in China was formed in Shanghai.

As China expanded her efforts of reform and increased its interactions with the worldwide community more Baháʼís moved to China.

The Baháʼí Faith in China has still not matured to the same point as in many other countries of the world where there is an established structure to administer its affairs. As a result of the lack of formal registration and structure, it is difficult to ascertain with some degree of certainty, the number of Baháʼís in China. The number of active followers of Baháʼu'lláh's Teachings in China has spread beyond the scope of knowledge of the existing administrative structures. Certainly there are active followers of the teachings of Baháʼu'lláh in all of the major cities of China and in many regional centers and rural areas.

Good working relationships have been developed with China's State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA.)

There are many aspects of Baháʼu'lláh's teachings that match well with traditional Chinese religious and philosophical beliefs such as : 1) the Great Unity (world peace); 2) unity of the human family; 3) service to others; 4) moral education; 5) extended family values; 6) the investigation of truth; 7) the Highest Reality (God); 8) the common foundation of religions; 9) harmony in Nature; 10) the purpose of tests and suffering; and 11) moderation in all things.[27]

The Baháʼí House of Worship in New Delhi.

The largest Baháʼí community in the world is said to be in India, with an official Baháʼí population of more than 2 million[28] and roots that go back to the first days of the religion in 1844. A researcher, William Garlington, characterized the 1960s until present as a time of "Mass Teaching".[29] He suggests that the mentality of the believers in India changed during the later years of Shoghi Effendi's ministry, when they were instructed to accept converts who were illiterate and uneducated. The change brought teaching efforts into the rural areas of India, where the teachings of the unity of humanity attracted many of the lower caste.

The growth of the Baháʼí Faith in India has been greatly assisted by the recognition of Krishna as a Messenger or Manifestation of God, alongside Jesus, Muhammad, and others. Baháʼís have thus been able to reach out to Hindus, as well as to some extent Muslims, Adivasis (or tribal people), and others. According to the 2005 Association of Religion Data Archives data there are close to some 1,880,000 Baháʼís.[13]

The Baháʼí Faith's presence in Indonesia can be traced to the late 19th century, when two Baháʼís visited what is now Indonesia, as well as several other Southeast Asian countries.[30] The Mentawai Islands were one of the first areas outside the Middle East and the Western world where significant numbers of conversions to the religion took place, beginning in 1957.[31] In 2014, the Baháʼí International Community (BIC) established a regional office in Jakarta.[30]

Estimates for the early 21st century vary between 150,000 and 500,000 adherents in Iran. During the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the subsequent few years, a significant number of Baháʼís left the country during intensive persecution. Estimates before and after the revolution vary greatly.

• Eliz Sanasarian writes in Religious Minorities in Iran (Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 53)[32] that "Estimating the number of Baháʼís in Iran has always been difficult due to their persecution and strict adherence to secrecy. The reported number of Baháʼís in Iran has ranged anywhere from the outrageously high figure of 500,000 to the low number of 150,000. The number 300,000 has been mentioned most frequently, especially for the mid- to late- 1970s, but it is not reliable. Roger Cooper gives an estimate of between 150,000 and 300,000."
• The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (2004) states that "In Iran, by 1978, the Baháʼí community numbered around 300,000."[33]
• The Columbia Encyclopedia (5th edition, 1993) reports that "Prior to the Iranian Revolution there were about 1 million Iranian Baháʼís."
• The Encyclopedia of Islam (new edition, 1960) reports that "In Persia, where different estimates of their number vary from more than a million down to about 500,000. [in 1958]"

At times the authorities in Iran have claimed that there are no Baháʼís in their country, and that the persecutions were made up by the CIA. The first claim apparently represents a legal rather than anthropological determination, as Baháʼís are regarded as Muslims under Iranian law. For the latter, see Persecution of Baháʼís.

The administrative centre of the Baháʼí Faith and the Shrine of the Báb are located at the Baháʼí World Centre in Haifa and the leader of the religion is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Baháʼí community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages. Baháʼí staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict Baháʼí policy.[34][35]

Sign outside the Tokyo Baha'i Center, Shinjuku Ward.

The Baháʼí Faith was first introduced to Japan after mentions of the country by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá first in 1875.[36] Japanese contact with the religion came from the West when Kanichi Yamamoto (山本寛一) was living in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1902 converted; the second being Saichiro Fujita (藤田左弌郎).

In 1914 two Baháʼís, George Jacob Augur and Agnes Alexander, and their families, pioneered to Japan.[37] Alexander would live some 31 years off and on in Japan until 1967 when she left for the last time[38] The first Baháʼí convert on Japanese soil was Kikutaro Fukuta (福田菊太郎) in 1915.[39] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá undertook several trips in 1911-1912 and met Japanese travelers in Western cities, in Paris,[40] London,[41] and New York.[37] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá met Fujita in Chicago and Yamamoto in San Francisco.[42]

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or tablets, in 1916-1917 compiled together in the book titled Tablets of the Divine Plan but which was not presented in the United States until 1919.[43] Fujita would serve between the World Wars first in the household of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and then of Shoghi Effendi.[44] In 1932 the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in Tokyo and reelected in 1933.[45] In all of Japan there were 19 Baháʼís.[46]

In 1937 Alexander went on Baháʼí pilgrimage to return years later.[47] In 1938 Fujita was excused from his services in Haifa out of fears for his safety during World War II and returned to Japan until 1956.[48] In 1942, back in the United States, the Yamamoto family lived at a relocation camp during the war.[49] Baháʼí Americans associated with the American Occupation Forces reconnected the Japanese Baháʼí community — Michael Jamir found Fujita by 1946[49] and Robert Imagire helped re-elect the assembly in Tokyo in 1948.[49] In 1963 the statistics of Baháʼí communities showed 13 assemblies and other smaller groups.[18]

In 1968 Japanese Baháʼís began to travel outside Japan.[50] In 1971 the first residents of Okinawa converted to the religion.[51] In 1991 the community organized an affiliate of the Association for Baháʼí Studies in Japan which has since held annual conferences,[52] published newsletters, and published and coordinated academic work across affiliates.[53] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 15650 Baháʼís in 2005[13] while the CIA World Factbook estimated about 12000 Japanese Baháʼís in 2006.[54]

The Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan began during the policy of oppression of religion in the former Soviet Union. Before that time, Kazakhstan, as part of the Russian Empire, would have had indirect contact with the Baháʼí Faith as far back as 1847.[55] Following the entrance of pioneers the community grew to be the largest religious community after Islam and Christianity, though only a few percent of the nation.[56] By 1994 the National Spiritual Assembly of Kazakhstan was elected[57] and the community has begun to multiply its efforts across various interests.

A Baha'i gathering in Vientiane in 2009.

The Baháʼí Faith in Laos begins after a brief mention by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in 1916[19] and the first Baháʼí enters Laos in about 1955.[58] The first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly is known to be first elected by 1958 in Vientiane[18][59] and eventually Laos' own National Spiritual Assembly in 1967.[60] The current community is approximately eight thousand adherents and four centers: Vientiane, Vientiane Province, Kaysone Phomvihane, and in Pakxe.[61] and smaller populations in other provinces.[62] While well established and able to function as communities in these cities Baháʼís have a harder time in other provinces and cannot print their own religious materials.[63]

A large concentration of Baháʼís is also found in Malaysia, made up of Chinese, Indians, Ibans, Kadazans, Aslis and other indigenous groups. The Baháʼí community of Malaysia claims that "about 1%" of the population are Baháʼís.[64] Given the 2017 population of Malaysia, such a claim represents about 310,000 Baháʼís.

The Baháʼí Faith in Mongolia dates back only to the 1980s and 1990s, as prior to that point Mongolia's Communist anti-religious stance impeded the spread of the religion to that country. The first Baháʼí arrived in Mongolia in 1988, and the religion established a foothold there, later establish a Local Spiritual Assembly in that nation.[65] In 1994, the Baháʼís elected their first National Spiritual Assembly.[66] Though the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated only some 50 Baháʼís in 2005[13] more than 1700 Mongolian Baháʼís turned out for a regional conference in 2009.[67] In July 1989 Sean Hinton became the first Baháʼí to reside in Mongolia, was named a Knight of Baháʼu'lláh, and the last name to be entered on the Roll of Honor at the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh.[68]

The Baháʼí Faith in Nepal begins after a Nepalese leader encountered the religion in his travels before World War II.[69] Following World War II, the first known Baháʼí to enter Nepal was about 1952[18][70] and the first Nepalese Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly elected in 1961, and its National Spiritual Assembly in 1972.[71] For a period of time, between 1976 and 1981, all assemblies were dissolved due to legal restrictions.[72] The 2001 census reported 1211 Baháʼís,[73] and since the 1990s the Baháʼí community of Nepal has been involved in a number of interfaith organizations including the Inter-religious Council of Nepal promoting peace in the country.[74]

Baháʼís originally entered the Korean Peninsula in 1921 before the Division of Korea.[75] Both the 2005 the Association of Religion Data Archives[13] (relying on the World Christian Encyclopedia for adherents estimates[76]) and independent research[77] agree there are no Baháʼís in North Korea.

The Baháʼí Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was part of India. The roots of the Baháʼí Faith in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844[14] especially with Shaykh Sa'id Hindi – one of the Letters of the Living who was from Multan.[78] During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to the area.[15] Jamal Effendi visited Karachi in 1875 on one of his trips to parts of Southern Asia.[78] Muhammad Raza Shirazi became a Baháʼí in Mumbai in 1908 and may have been the first Baháʼí to settle, pioneer, in Karachi.[78] National coordinated activities across India began and reached a peak by the December 1920, first All-India Baháʼí Convention, held in Mumbai for three days.[79] Representatives from India's major religious communities were present as well as Baháʼí delegates from throughout the country. In 1921, the Baháʼís of Karachi elected their first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly.[78] In 1923, still as part of India, a regional National Spiritual Assembly was formed for all India and Burma which then included the area now part of Pakistan.[9] From 1931 to 1933, Professor Pritam Singh, the first Baháʼí from a Sikh background, settled in Lahore and published an English language weekly called The Bahaʼi Weekly and other initiatives. A Baháʼí publishing committee was established in Karachi in 1935. This body evolved and is registered as the Bahaʼi Publishing Trust of Pakistan. In 1937, John Esslemont's Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era was translated into Urdu and Gujrati in Karachi.[78][80] The Committee also published scores of Baháʼí books and leaflets in many languages.[81] The local assemblies spread across many cities[18] and in 1957, East and West Pakistan elected a separate national assembly from India and in 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh with its own national assembly.[82] Waves of refugees came from the Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan[11] and the Islamic Revolutionin Iran[83] and later from the Taliban.[78] Some of these people were able to return home, some stayed, and others moved on. In Pakistan the Baháʼís have had the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils.[5] However, the government prohibits Baháʼís from traveling to Israel to have Baháʼí pilgrimage.[84] Nevertheless, Baháʼís in Pakistan set up a school[78] and most of the students were not Baháʼís.[85] as well as other projects addressing the needs of Pakistan. And the religion continues to grow and in 2004 the Baháʼís of Lahore began seeking for a new Baháʼí cemetery.[86] The World Christian Encyclopedia estimated over 78,000 Baháʼís lived in Pakistan in 2000[87] though Baháʼís claimed less than half that number.[84]

The Baháʼí Faith in the Philippines started in 1921 with the first Baháʼí first visiting the Philippines that year,[88] and by 1944 a Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly was established.[89] In the early 1960s, during a period of accelerated growth, the community grew from 200 in 1960 to 1,000 by 1962 and 2000 by 1963. In 1964 the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the Philippines was elected and by 1980 there were 64,000 Baháʼís and 45 local assemblies.[90] The Baháʼís have been active in multi/inter-faith developments. No recent numbers are available on the size of the community.

The Baháʼí Faith (Вера Бахаи) in Russia begins with connections during the Russian rule in Azerbaijan in the Russian Empire in the form of the figure of a woman who would play a central role in the religion of the Báb, viewed by Bahá´ís as the direct predecessor of the Baháʼí Faith - she would be later named Tahirih.[91] Soon after, Russian diplomats to Persia[92] would observe, react to, and sends updates about, the Bábí religion which was succeeded by their encounters with Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith.[93] While the religion spread across the Russian Empire[55][94] and attracted the attention of scholars and artists,[92] the Baháʼí community in Ashgabat built the first Baháʼí House of Worship, elected one of the first Baháʼí local administrative institutions and was a center of scholarship. During the period of the Soviet Union Russia adopted the Soviet policy of oppression of religion, so the Baháʼís, strictly adhering to their principle of obedience to legal government, abandoned its administration and properties[95] but in addition Baháʼís across the Soviet Union were sent to prisons and camps or abroad.[15] Before the Dissolution of the Soviet Union Baháʼís in several cities were able to gather and organize as Perestroyka approached from Moscow through many Soviet republics.[91] The National Assembly of the Russian Federations was ultimately formed in 1995.[9] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated the Baháʼís in Russia at about 18,990 in 2005.[13]

Approximately 200 active Baháʼís reside in South Korea.[96]

A variety of materials have been published by Baháʼís in Singapore.[97] See also Religion in Singapore.

巴哈伊教, The Baháʼí Faith in Taiwan began after the religion entered areas of China[98] and nearby Japan.[99] The first Baháʼís arrived in Taiwan in 1949[100] and the first of these to have become a Baháʼí was Mr. Jerome Chu (Chu Yao-lung) in 1945 while visiting the United States. By May 1955 there were eighteen Baháʼís in six localities across Taiwan. The first Local Spiritual Assembly in Taiwan was elected in Tainan in 1956. The National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1967 when there were local assemblies in Taipei, Tainan, Hualien, and Pingtung. Circa 2006 the Baháʼís showed up in the national census with 16,000 members and 13 assemblies.[101]

The first Baháʼí House of Worship was built in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.

The Baháʼí Faith in Turkmenistan begins before Russian advances into the region when the area was under the influence of Persia.[102] By 1887 a community of Baháʼí refugees from religious violence in Persia had made a religious center in Ashgabat.[102] Shortly afterwards – by 1894 – Russia made Turkmenistan part of the Russian Empire.[55] While the Baháʼí Faith spread across the Russian Empire[55][94] and attracted the attention of scholars and artists,[103] the Baháʼí community in Ashgabat built the first Baháʼí House of Worship, elected one of the first Baháʼí local administrative institutions and was a center of scholarship. However, during the Soviet period religious persecution made the Baháʼí community almost disappear – however Baháʼís who moved into the regions in the 1950s did identify individuals still adhering to the religion. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Baháʼí communities and their administrative bodies started to develop across the nations of the former Soviet Union;[104] In 1994 Turkmenistan elected its own National Spiritual Assembly[82] however laws passed in 1995 in Turkmenistan required 500 adult religious adherents in each locality for registration and no Baháʼí community in Turkmenistan could meet this requirement.[105] As of 2007 the religion had still failed to reach the minimum number of adherents to register[106] and individuals have had their homes raided for Baháʼí literature.[107]

The Baháʼí Faith in the United Arab Emirates begins before the specific country gained independence in 1971. The first Baháʼís arrived in Dubai by 1950,[108] and by 1957, there were four Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assemblies in the region of the UAE and a regional National Spiritual Assembly of the Arabian Peninsula.[57] Recent estimates count some 75,000 Baháʼís or 1.6% of the national population – second only to Iran in number of Baháʼís in the nations of the Middle East.[109]

The Baháʼí Faith in Uzbekistan began in the lifetime of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the religion.[110] Circa 1918 there was an estimated 1900 Baháʼís in Tashkent. By the period of the policy of oppression of religion in the former Soviet Union the communities shrank away – by 1963 in the entire USSR there were about 200 Baháʼís.[94] Little is known until the 1980s when the Baháʼí Faith started to grow across the Soviet Union again.[55] In 1991 a Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of the Soviet Union was elected but was quickly split among its former members.[55] In 1992, a regional National Spiritual Assembly for the whole of Central Asia was formed with its seat in Ashgabat.[15] In 1994 the National Spiritual Assembly of Uzbekistan was elected.[82][94] In 2008 eight Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assemblies or smaller groups had registered with the government[111] though more recently there were also raids[112] and expulsions.[113]

Vietnamese Baha'is elect their National Spiritual Assembly in Danang, in 2009.

The introduction of the Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam first occurred in the 1920s, not long after French Indochina was mentioned by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a potential destination for Baháʼí teachers.[19] After a number of brief visits from travelling teachers throughout the first half of the 20th century, the first Baháʼí group in Vietnam was established in Saigon in 1954, with the arrival of Shirin Fozdar, a Baháʼí teacher from India. The 1950s and 1960s were marked by periods of rapid growth, mainly in South Vietnam; despite the ongoing war affecting the country, the Baháʼí population surged to around 200,000 adherents by 1975. After the end of the war, Vietnam was reunified under a communist government, who proscribed the practice of the religion from 1975 to 1992, leading to a sharp drop in community numbers. Relations with the government gradually improved, however, and in 2007 the Baháʼí Faith was officially registered, followed by its full legal recognition a year later.[114][115] As of 2011, it was reported that the Baháʼí community comprised about 8,000 followers.[116]

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