52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division

The 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was originally formed as the Lowland Division, in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It later became the 52nd (Lowland) Division in 1915. The 52nd (Lowland) Division fought in the First World War before being disbanded, with the rest of the Territorial Force, in 1920.

Lowland Division
52nd (Lowland) Division
52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division
Shoulder badge of the 52nd (Lowland) Division during the Second World War
Active1908–1919[1]
1920–1947[2]
1950–1968[3]
Country United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Army
TypeInfantry
RoleInfantry, Air Landing, and Mountain
SizeSecond World War: 18,347 men[nb 1][5]
Peacetime HQGlasgow
EngagementsFirst World War
Battle of Romani
First Battle of Gaza
Second Battle of Gaza
Third Battle of Gaza
Second World War
Battle of the Scheldt
Operation Blackcock
Invasion of Germany
Battle honoursThe Scheldt
The Rhineland
The Rhine
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Herbert Alexander Lawrence
Neil Ritchie
Edmund Hakewill-Smith

The Territorial Force was later reformed as the Territorial Army and the division was again raised, during the inter-war years, as the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division - a 1st Line Territorial Army Infantry Division - and went on to serve during the Second World War.

By December 1947, the formation amalgamated with 51st (Highland) Infantry Division to become 51st/52nd Scottish Division,[6] but, by March 1950, 51st Division and 52nd Division had been recreated as separate formations.[3] 52nd (Lowland) Division finally disbanded in 1968.

Formation

The Territorial Force (TF) was formed on 1 April 1908 following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force, the Honourable Artillery Company and the Yeomanry. On formation, the TF contained 14 infantry divisions and 14 mounted yeomanry brigades.[7] One of the divisions was the Lowland Division.[8] In peacetime, the divisional headquarters was at 7 West George Street in Glasgow.[8][9]

First World War

Operations

The famous territorial regiments that were incorporated in the division were all drawn from the Scottish Lowlands, and have a history that in some cases goes back more than 300 years. It consisted of three infantry brigades, the 155th (South Scottish) Brigade, 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade, and 157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigades. Initially assigned to the defence of the Scottish coast, the division moved to Gallipoli (without two of its artillery brigades), arriving there in early July 1915. While moving from Scotland the division suffered the loss of 210 officers and men killed, and another 224 injured in the Quintinshill rail crash, near Gretna, that involved the 1/7th Royal Scots.[10]

During the First World War, the division first saw action at Gallipoli. The division began landing at the Helles front, on the Gallipoli peninsula, in June 1915 as part of VIII Corps. The 156th Brigade was landed in time to take part in the Battle of Gully Ravine, where it was mauled, under the notorious Lieutenant-General Aylmer Hunter-Weston. Advancing along Fir Tree Spur, to the right of the ravine, the brigade had little artillery support and no experience of the Gallipoli battlefield. The brigade suffered heavy casualties.[11]

When the remaining brigades were landed, they attacked towards Krithia, along Achi Baba Nullah, on 12 July. They succeeded in capturing the Ottoman trenches, but were left unsupported and vulnerable to counter-attack. For a modest gain in ground, they suffered 30 per cent casualties and were in no fit state to exploit their position.[12]

The division moved to Egypt as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, where it manned the east-facing defensive fortifications during the Battle of Romani. On the first, and most crucial day, of the battle the division was heavily engaged with the enemy's right flank, while the Australian Light Horse, New Zealand Mounted Rifles, and 5th Mounted Brigades fought the centre and left flank in extended order. With insufficient water, the mid-summer conditions proved too much for the infantry ordered to advance the following day and were not heavily involved in the fighting thereafter. Following the battle, they advanced across the Sinai occupying Bir el Abd, El Mazar and El Arish, but remained in a supporting role.[13]

The division fought in the First and Second Battle of Gaza in March and April 1917.[14]

As a division of XXI Corps, it played an important part in the final overthrow of the Ottomans at the Third Battle of Gaza and the subsequent advance. The division then participated in the Battle of Jerusalem. The Battle of Jaffa saw the passage of the Nahr El Auja, on the night of 20–21 December 1917, by the division's three Brigades, which according to General Sir Edmund Allenby's despatch "reflects great credit on the 52nd (Lowland) Division. It involved considerable preparation, the details of which were thought out with care and precision. The sodden state of the ground, and, on the night of the crossing, the swollen state of the river, added to the difficulties, yet by dawn the whole of the infantry had crossed. The fact that the enemy were taken by surprise, and, that all resistance was overcome with the bayonet without a shot being fired, bears testimony to the discipline of this division. The operation, by increasing the distance between the enemy and Jaffa from three to eight miles, "rendered Jaffa and its harbour secure, and gained elbow-room for the troops covering Ludd and Ramleh and the main Jaffa-Jerusalem road."[15]

In April 1918, the division moved to France where it fought in the Second Battle of the Somme, the Second Battle of Arras, and the Battle of the Hindenburg Line during the Hundred Days Offensive.[16]

After the war, the division was disbanded along with the rest of the Territorial Force. However, it was re-established in 1920 as part of the Territorial Army.[17]

Second World War
A 3.7 inch Mountain Howitzer of the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment, Royal Artillery, attached to 52nd Division, on exercise at Trawsfynydd in Wales, sometime in 1942. The gun crew are wearing weatherproof anoraks, mountaineering breeches and woollen stockings.

Operations

The 52nd (Lowland) Division, which had seen numerous changes in composition during the interwar period, was mobilised, along with the rest of the Territorial Army (previously the Territorial Force, reformed in 1920 and soon renamed the TA), in late August 1939, due to the worsening situation in Europe at the time. The Second World War began on 3 September 1939, after both Britain and France declared war on Germany after the latter's invasion of Poland and the 52nd, based in Scotland under the command of Major-General James Drew,[18] was serving in Scottish Command, alongside its second line duplicate unit, the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division.[19]

Stretcher bearers of the 1st Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders in France, 13 June 1940.

The division was briefly deployed to France, following the Dunkirk evacuation, as part of the Second British Expeditionary Force (2BEF) to cover the withdrawal of Allied forces near Cherbourg during Operation Ariel.[20] The division returned to the United Kingdom and, like most of the rest of the British Army after Dunkirk, began training to repel an expected German invasion, which never occurred. From May 1942 until June 1944, the 52nd was trained in a mountain warfare capacity, originally for a proposed invasion of Norway. However, the division was never employed in this role. Following June 1944, the 52nd Division was reorganised and trained in airlanding operations.[18] As part of this new role, the division was transferred to the First Allied Airborne Army.[19] By this time, the 52nd Division was under the command of Major-General Edmund Hakewill-Smith.[21]

Men of the 5th Battalion, Highland Light Infantry training in the mountains near Inverness, Scotland, 22 October 1942.

Several operations were planned for the division, following the successful conclusion of the Normandy Campaign. Operation Transfigure planned to have the British 1st and American 101st Airborne Divisions capture landing strips near Rambouillet, for the 52nd Division to land at. The three divisions would have then blocked the German line of retreat towards Paris.[22] Operation Linnet proposed using most of the First Allied Airborne Army, including the 52nd Division, to seize areas in north-eastern France to block the German line of retreat.[23] As part of Operation Market Garden, the British 1st Airborne Division was given a subsidiary mission of capturing Deelen airfield, on which the 52nd Division would land.[24] Due to the disastrous course of events that unfolded during the Battle of Arnhem, where the 1st Airborne Division was virtually destroyed and lost almost 8,000 men, the 52nd Division was not deployed.[25]

The division would never be utilised in either of the roles it had trained for, and was transferred to Belgium via sea landing in Ostend. The 157th Infantry Brigade landed first at the end of the first week of October, and the rest of the division arrived over the course of the following fortnight.[26][27] On 15 October, the 157th Brigade was, temporarily, attached to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division[28] and relieved the Canadian units in the bridgehead over the Leopold Canal.[29]

At first the Scots of 52nd Division and the Canadians did not see eye to eye, with a cultural clash of untidy and 'undisciplined' Canadians against 'spit and polish' Scots. On taking over some Canadian positions in mid-October, Scottish officers commented: "No one in Scotland would ask a pig to lie in the houses (recently vacated by the Canadians) on the south side of the canal." However, both sides soon came to recognise that high fighting capability could be engendered in both approaches.[30]

From 23 October until December, the 52nd (Lowland) Division was assigned to the Canadian First Army, serving first under II Canadian Corps and then British I Corps.[19] The division's first operation would be to aid in opening the vital Belgian port of Antwerp, in the Battle of the Scheldt. Ironically, the first operation of the division would not be in mountainous terrain or being deployed by air, but fighting below sea level on the flooded polders around the Scheldt Estuary of Belgium and the Netherlands. Operation Vitality and Operation Infatuate were aimed at capturing South Beveland and the island of Walcheren to open the mouth of the Scheldt Estuary. This would enable the Allies to use the port of Antwerp as a supply route for the troops in North-West Europe. It was in this vital operation that the 52nd Division was to fight its first battle with brilliant success that earned them high praise. During the battle, the division was given command "of all the military operations" on Walcheren. This included command of the 4th Commando Brigade,[31] after it had landed on the island, and No. 4 Commando during the assault on Flushing.[32] Following the battle the division would remain on Walcheren until November, when it was relieved by the 4th Canadian Armoured Division.[33]

Men of 'C' Company of the 4th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers, move up to attack a pillbox, the Netherlands, 11 December 1944.

On 5 December, the division was transferred to XXX Corps of the British Second Army.[34] During the month, the 157th Infantry Brigade was temporarily attached to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division for several days.[28]

In January 1945, the 52nd Division, now serving under XII Corps,[19] participated in Operation Blackcock, the clearing of the Roer Triangle between the rivers Meuse and Roer. During the operation, 19-year-old Fusilier Dennis Donnini of the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. During the operation, the 155th Infantry Brigade was attached to the 7th Armoured Division.[35] In February and March, the division was slightly reorganised with battalions being transferred amongst the division's brigades.[36] Peter White, a second lieutenant within the 4th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers, describes this change due to 21st Army Group commander Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's "aversion to two Battalions of the same Regiment" being in the same brigade as it could result "in one home district or town having disproportionate losses after any sticky action".[37] For most of April, the 155th Infantry Brigade was again attached to the 7th Armoured Division "to drive for the Elbe across Lüneburg Heath".[38] The division (minus the 155th Brigade) took part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, with its last major action being the Battle of Hamburg, where it ended the war.[39]

A Universal Carrier of the 6th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) crossing the Dortmund–Ems Canal, Germany, 4 April 1945.

Post Second World War

During 1946, the First Canadian Army was withdrawn from Germany and disbanded. As it withdrew from Germany, it "turned over its responsibilities" to the 52nd Division.[40]

After postwar demobilisation, the TA was reformed in 1947. The division was amalgamated with the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division to form the 51st/52nd Scottish Division, while the surplus Lowland artillery regiments formed a separate 85 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery (Lowland) in Scottish Command on 1 January 1947.[41][42][43]

In 1950, the 51st/52nd (Scottish) Division was split, restoring the independence of the 52nd Lowland Division, which took regional command of Territorial Army units based in the Scottish Lowlands, including the Territorial infantry battalions of the Lowland Brigade regiments.[44] On 1 July 1950 85 AGRA was once more designated as HQ RA 52 (Lowland) Division.[43]

In 1967, 52nd Lowland Division was reduced to brigade strength: two brigade-level districts were established in the Highlands and Lowlands, with the Lowland District Headquarters commanded by Major General Sir Francis James Cecil Bowes-Lyon in Hamilton, near Glasgow.[45]

General officer commanding
See also: General officer commanding
Appointed General officer commanding
April 1908 Brigadier-General Henry R. Kelham[46]
March 1910 Major-General James Spens[46]
21 March 1914 Major-General Granville G. A. Egerton[47][46]
17 September 1915 Major-General The Honourable Herbert A. Lawrence[47][46]
27 June 1916 Brigadier-General H.G. Casson (acting)[47]
11 July 1916 Major-General Wilfrid E.B. Smith[47][46]
11 September 1917 Major General John Hill[47][46]
23 September 1918 Major-General Francis J. Marshall[47][46]
June 1919 Major-General Sir Philip R. Robertson[46]
June 1923 Major-General Hamilton L. Reed[46]
June 1927 Major-General Sir Henry F. Thuillier[46]
March 1930 Major-General Sir Walter J Constable-Maxwell-Scott[46]
March 1934 Major-General Andrew J. McCulloch[46]
September 1935 Major-General Victor Fortune[46]
August 1936 Major-General Sir Andrew J. McCulloch[46]
March 1938 Major-General James S. Drew[18]
29 March 1941 Major-General Sir John E. Laurie[18]
1 September 1942 Brigadier G. P. Miller (acting)[18]
11 September 1942 Major-General Neil M. Ritchie[18]
11 November 1943 Brigadier Edmund Hakewill-Smith (acting)[18]
19 November 1943 Major-General Edmund Hakewill-Smith[18]
1946 Major-General Edmund Hakewill-Smith
(GOC Lowland District)
December 1948 Major-General Robert E. Urquhart[46]
February 1950 Major-General George H. Inglis[46]
1952 Major-General R. George Collingwood[46]
October 1955 Major-General Rohan Delacombe[46]
October 1958 Major-General John F.M. Macdonald[46]
October 1961 Major-General John D. Frost[46]
February 1964 Major-General Henry L. E. C. Leask[46]
May 1966 – 1968 Major-General Sir F. James Bowes-Lyon[46]

Orders of battle

See also

Notes
Footnotes
  1. This is the war establishment, the on-paper strength, of a British infantry division for 1944/1945.[4]
Citations
  1. "52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 1930-1938" (PDF). British Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  2. "52nd Infantry Division 1944-1945" (PDF). British Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  3. Beckett 2008, 178.
  4. Joslen, p. 129
  5. Tillman, Barrett (2004). D-Day Encyclopedia: Everything You Want to Know About the Normandy Invasion. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1574887600.
  6. Graham Watson, The Territorial Army, 1947 Archived 5 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, v1.0, 10 March 2002
  7. Westlake 1992, p. 3
  8. Conrad, Mark (1996). "The British Army, 1914". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  9. Westlake, Ray (2011). The Territorials, 1908–1914: A Guide for Military and Family Historians. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1848843608.
  10. "BBC On this day 8 October 1952". BBC. 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  11. "The Battle of Gully Ravine rages at Gallipoli". History Channel. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  12. "12 July 1915". Gallipoli Association. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  13. Ford, Roger (2009). "Eden To Armageddon: World War I The Middle East". W&N. ISBN 978-0297844815.
  14. Erickson 2007 p. 99
  15. Fuller, Gavin (2014). The Telegraph Book of the First World War: An Anthology of the Telegraph's writing from the Great War. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1781313756.
  16. "The Hundred Days Offensive, August to November 1918". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  17. "52nd (Lowland) Division". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  18. Joslen, p. 85
  19. Joslen, p. 86
  20. Chappell, p. 34
  21. "Sir Edmund Hakewill-Smith". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Archived from the original on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  22. Buckingham, p. 64
  23. Buckingham, p. 65
  24. Buckingham, p. 79
  25. Ellis, p. 30
  26. Joslen, pp. 342-345
  27. Stacey, p. 388
  28. Joslen, p. 344
  29. Stacey, p. 398
  30. Monty's Men - The British Army and the Liberation of Europe, p. 248, John Buckley.
  31. Stacey, p. 412
  32. Stacey, p. 414
  33. Stacey, p. 430
  34. Stacey, p. 436
  35. Lindsay, p. 108
  36. Joslen, pp. 342-344
  37. White, p. 157
  38. White, p. 367
  39. "My Bit in World War II (Chapter 5)". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  40. Stacey, p. 622
  41. Graham Watson (10 March 2002). "United Kingdom: The Territorial Army 1947". orbat.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  42. Litchfield, Appendix 5.
  43. AGRAs at British Army 1945 onwards.
  44. Reorganizing Territorials, the Times, 21 July 1960
  45. "No. 44539". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1968. p. 2655.
  46. Mackie, Army Senior Appointments, p.156
  47. Becke, pp. 109–15.
  48. Monthly Army List, August 1914.
  49. Conrad.
  50. 52 (L) Division at Long, Long, Trail.
  51. Perry, pp. 87–8.
  52. "52 (L) Division at Regimental Warpath". Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  53. Thompson, 52nd Div, p. 4–7, 514.
  54. Young, Annex D.
  55. Joslen, p. 342
  56. Joslen, p. 343

References/further reading
  • Becke, Maj A.F. History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
  • Beckett, Ian F.W. (2008) 'Territorials: A Century of Service,' published by DRA Printing of 14 Mary Seacole Road, The Millfields, Plymouth PL1 3JY on behalf of TA 100, ISBN 978-0-9557813-1-5.
  • Blake, George , (1950) Mountain and Flood: the history of the 52nd (Lowland) Division, 1939–1946, Jackson & Son
  • Buckingham, William F. (2004) [2002]. Arnhem 1944. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-3187-1.
  • Chappell, Mike (1987). British battle insignia (2): 1939–1940. Men-At-Arms. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-739-4.
  • Ellis, Major L. F.; Warhurst, Lieutenant-Colonel A. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1968]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Victory in the West: The Defeat of Germany. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84574-059-7.
  • Erickson, Edward J. (2007). John Gooch; Brian Holden Reid (eds.). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study. No. 26 of Cass Series: Military History and Policy. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-96456-9.
  • Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1990]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
  • Lindsay, Captain Martin; Johnson, Captain M. E. (2005) [1945]. History of 7th Armoured Division: June 1943 – July 1945. MLRS Books. ISBN 978-1-84791-219-0.
  • Litchfield, Norman E.H. (1992) The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
  • Mackie, Colin. "British Armed Forces (1900-): Army Senior Appointments". Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  • Perry, F.W. (1993) History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 5b: Indian Army Divisions, Newport, Gwent: Ray Westlake, ISBN 1-871167-23-X.* Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. III. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. OCLC 155106767. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  • Thompson, Lt-Col R.R. The Fifty-Second (Lowland) Division 1914–1918, Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson 1923/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84342993-7.
  • Westlake, Ray (1992). British Territorial Units 1914–18. Men-at-Arms Series. 245. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-168-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • White, Peter (2003) [2001]. With the Jocks: A soldier's struggle for Europe 1944–45. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3057-8.
  • Young, Lt-Col Michael (2000) Army Service Corps 1902–1918, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, ISBN 0-85052-730-9.
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