2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election

The 2010 parliamentary election in Venezuela took place on 26 September 2010[1] to elect the 165 deputies to the National Assembly. Venezuelan opposition parties, which had boycotted the previous election thus allowing the governing Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) to gain a two-thirds super majority, participated in the election through the Coalition for Democratic Unity (MUD). In 2007 the Fifth Republic Movement dissolved and the United Socialist Party of Venezuela was formed as the leading government party. Nationally, the popular vote was split equally between PSUV and MUD, but PSUV won a majority of the first-past-the-post seats and consequently retained a substantial majority in the Assembly, although falling short of both two-thirds and three-fifths super majority marks.[2][3]

2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election

26 September 2010

All 165 seats of the National Assembly
83 seats needed for a majority
Turnout66.45%
  First party Second party
 
Leader Diosdado Cabello Ramón Guillermo Aveledo
Party PSUV MUD
Leader since 9 March 2007 23 January 2008
Leader's seat Monagas Did not stand
Last election 118 seats 18 seats
Seats won 96 64
Seat change 22 46
Popular vote 5,451,419 5,334,309
Percentage 48.2% 47.2%
Swing 7.2 pp 39.0 pp

Of the 165 deputies, 110 were constituency representatives elected on a first-past-the-post, the system in 87 electoral districts, 52 elected on a party list system (two or three deputies per state of Venezuela, depending on population), and 3 seats were reserved for indigenous peoples, with separate rules.

Additionally, 12 representatives were chosen for the Latin American Parliament.

There was initially a dispute between alliances that participated in the election as to which alliance received a plurality of votes.[4][5][6][7] Each coalition was allowed to invite 30 foreign officials to observe the elections.[8][9]

Background

Electoral changes

Elections for the National Assembly of Venezuela in the 2000 and the 2005 were conducted under a weak mixed member proportional system, with 60% elected in first-past-the-post electoral districts and the remainder by closed party list proportional representation.[10] This was an adaptation of the system previously used for the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies,[11] which had been introduced in 1993, with a 50-50 balance between voting districts and party lists,[12] and deputies per state proportional to population, but with a minimum of three deputies per state.[13]

For the 2010 election, the Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales (LOPE) (Basic law of electoral process) among other changes reduced the party list proportion to 30%.[14] In addition, the law completely separated the district vote and the party list votes, creating a mixed member majoritarian system. Previously, parties winning nominal district seats had had these subtracted from the total won under the proportional party list, which had encouraged parties to game the system by creating separate parties for the party list.[15] Under the new law, in 2009, electoral districts were redefined in a way that has been accused of favouring the PSUV, particularly in giving more weight to votes in the countryside over those in the city.[16][17][18]

Electoral process

In August 2010 the CNE carried out vote simulations, with an average wait of 15–22 minutes. In August/September it also carried out a series of electoral fairs, providing 1500 vote machines in 11 cities for educational purposes, to allow voters to familiarize themselves with the process. As usual in Venezuela, the voting will take place on a non-work day, and the sale of alcohol will be banned starting the day prior to elections. Voting booth attendees are chosen at random by the CNE; for this election, over 400,000 were chosen. Over 80,000 participated in training, compared to 40,000 in 2005.[19]

Four domestic NGOs registered 624 observers each.[20] Unlike the election in 2005, major independent election observing organisations such as the Organization of American States, the European Union and the Carter Center were not invited to observe this election in a technical capacity. Guests from those bodies allowed to observe the final days of the election were not given the technical observation role they had been given in the past. Instead, each alliance participating in the election was permitted to bring "up to 30 witnesses from abroad."[8][9][20][21] The European Union noted that "the Venezuelan National Electoral Council accredited more than 200 international guests to accompany the day of the election. No long-term international electoral observation missions participated."[8] Foreign observers were warned in a full-page newspaper advertisement "not to interfere with the nation's internal affairs." An opposition spokesman said that "If observers were allowed to watch the campaign, they would have seen the abuse of power and of public resources and public media."[20] The government's Roy Chaderton said that foreign observers were present and that comments like this from the opposition were "part of the media terrorism they like to practice".[20]

The CNE monitors political advertisements during campaigns, and reported that for a 3-day period at the end of August, opposition ads made up 75.4% of the airtime given to such ads, across the five main channels Venevisión, Televen, Globovisión, Tves and Venezolana de Televisión.[22] Over half the total opposition ad time of around 80 minutes was on Globovisión.[22] President Hugo Chavez' weekly television program Aló Presidente was suspended during the election campaign (which officially began 25 August, one month before the election), until 3 October.[23] A reporter for The Economist claimed that media controlled by the government gave "blanket coverage to the PSUV's campaign and token, hostile interviews to opposition candidates".[24]

In early September, one member of the five-person CNE, the pro-opposition councillor Vicente Díaz, publicly accused Chavez of breaking campaign laws by using state-run television to "berate rivals and praise friends" during the election campaign.[24][25] Chavez denied breaking the law, and said that Diaz could be prosecuted for making false accusations.[25] Díaz requested the CNE open administrative proceedings, but after extensive internal discussion the CNE declined, and Díaz publicly "recognised Chavez's right to political expression as a citizen and also as president of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela."[19] The opposition electoral coalition, Coalition for Democratic Unity (MUD) rejected the CNE decision, and said it illustrated CNE's lack of independence and willingness to justify violation of electoral rules.[19]

Campaign

A total of 6,465 candidates registered with the National Electoral Council by the June deadline.[26] Around 17.5 million of the country's 28.5 million population are eligible to vote.[27] The ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), with around 7 million members, is by far the largest party in the country by membership.[28]

PSUV

In order to revise the party's statutes, programme, and primary voting methods, the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela planned a congress of 772 members representing the country's 759 municipalities. These members were elected by the members of the party in an election held on 15 November 2009.[29] At this congress, beginning on 21 November 2009 and ending in March 2010,[30] members were to debate each weekend over the new standards of the party, in which are included voting and selection method for the upcoming parliamentary elections.[31] Primary elections were held on 2 May 2010, with over 2.5 million party members choosing over 3500 nominees for the 110 constituency representatives, in 87 electoral districts.[26] Nominees for the PSUV party lists were announced later that month.[32]

Opposition

The main Venezuelan opposition parties had boycotted the 2005 parliamentary election, unexpectedly withdrawing just before election day, despite a dispute over the voting process apparently having been resolved with the support of the Organization of American States (OAS).[33] Eleven deputies subsequently defected to the opposition or declared themselves independent.[27]

In June 2009, it was reported that the opposition parties were planning to create the Mesa de la Unidad Democrática (Coalition for Democratic Unity, MUD) a coalition that would include all of the opposition parties which might select unique candidates for the upcoming elections.[34] A previous opposition umbrella group, the Coordinadora Democrática, had collapsed after the failure of the 2004 recall referendum.

By April 2010, the MUD included around 50 political parties, of which 16 were national in scope and the rest regional, and received support from some other social organisations and opinion groups.[27] The main parties included in MUD are the traditional Democratic Action and COPEI (which held power from 1958 to 1998); the left groups Movement for Socialism, Radical Cause and Red Flag Party; and more recently established parties A New Era, Justice First and For Social Democracy ("PODEMOS").[27] In April the MUD held primaries in 15 electoral districts, with 361,000 voters participating, and selecting 22 candidates (the remaining 143 candidates were chosen "by consensus").[27] The candidates chosen included Maria Corina Machado (of Sumate) and Manuel Rosales, the opposition's candidate in the 2006 presidential election and now in exile in Peru (due to corruption charges, which he denies).[27] In addition, a number of the nine police officials imprisoned for participating in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, regarded by the MUD as political prisoners, were also nominated, in districts with a real chance of opposition success;[27] winning would require their release due to parliamentary immunity.[27]

The MUD is supported by the Movimiento 2D opposition movement led by El Nacional editor and proprietor Miguel Henrique Otero.[35]

Events

In mid-August 2010 El Nacional sparked an international outcry when its frontpage publication of a graphic archival photo of bodies in a morgue, to illustrate a story about rising crime rates, led the government to temporarily ban such publications.[36] The ban was later overturned.[37] El Nacional editor and proprietor Miguel Henrique Otero, leader of the opposition movement Movimiento 2D, said that "The editorial reasoning behind the photo was to create a shock so that people could in some way react to a situation that the government has done absolutely nothing about."[38] The incident brought further international attention to the issue of Venezuela's crime rates (having already received widespread attention as a leading issue of public concern[39]), and was followed by an article in The New York Times, claiming Venezuela's murder rate was higher than that of Iraq,[40] although the comparison used Iraq Body Count's numbers derived from media reports rather than the World Health Organization's survey-based estimates, which are three times higher. A September 2010 poll conducted by Alfredo Keller & Associates confirmed that crime was the top concern for Venezuelans heading into the September 26 parliamentary elections,[41] as it had been for some time.

At the end of August the death of Franklin Brito due to a hunger strike led to widespread domestic and international media coverage. He had, since 2004, launched a series of unsuccessful legal challenges and dramatic public protests (including a series of hunger strikes) against an alleged government confiscation of part of his farm. The government maintained that his protests were related to land legally owned by his neighbours, and that his final hunger strike came after the disputed land titles had been withdrawn from his neighbours. The government accused the Venezuelan opposition of acting like "vultures" and desiring Brito's death for their own political ends in the context of the coming election.[42]

Opinion polls

Poll results are listed in the tables below in chronological order and using the date the results of the survey were published. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed in bold, and the background shaded in the leading party's colour.

Poll companySourcePublication date PSUV MUD Undecided
GIS XXIRadio Nacional de VenezuelaMarch 2010 32% 22% 36%
GIS XXIRadio Nacional de VenezuelaMay 2010 36% 23% 33%
GIS XXIRadio Nacional de VenezuelaJune 2010 44% 20%
HinterlacesHinterlaces El UniversalJuly 2010 27% 28% 23%
GIS XXICorreo del OrinocoAugust 2010 50% 44%
IVADEl UniversalAugust 2010 45% 43%
Keller & AsociadosEl UniversalAugust 2010 32% 46%
Keller & AsociadosEl Universal2 September 2010 43% 57%
DatanálisisABC.esSeptember 2010 52% 48%
HinterlacesUnión Radio DescifradoSeptember 2010 41% 37%
IVADUnión Radio DescifradoSeptember 2010 54% 46%

Opinion polls vary widely, but the government-aligned GIS XXI (directed by former Chavez interior minister Jesse Chacón) consistently gives poll predictions more favourable to PSUV than other pollsters. GIS XXI's predictions for the February 2009 constitutional referendum just before polling day tallied closely with those of the independent Instituto Venezolano de Análisis de Datos (IVAD),[43] and both closely matched the outcome (a nearly 10 percent margin of victory for approval); opposition-linked companies were predicting heavy defeat as late as December 2008.[43]

In August 2010, the newspaper Últimas Noticias published what it said was the result of an unpublished opinion poll by Datanálisis, which showed the PSUV was likely to win 124 of the National Assembly's 165 seats, which would give it a two-thirds majority.[28] Datanálisis later clarified that the results were a February 2010 extrapolation of the results of the last national election, the 2009 constitutional referendum.[44]

Results

Seats
PSUV
58.18%
MUD
38.78%
PPT
1.21%
Others
1.81%
Total popular vote
PSUV
48.26%
MUD
47.22%
PPT
3.14%
Others
1.38%

Complete results were available on 28 September, showing a turnout of 66.45%. Out of 165 seats, the PSUV won 96, the MUD 64, the PPT 2, and three others were reserved for indigenous parties.

The election saw the PSUV retain 58.18% of the Assembly seats. It thus lost its two-thirds majority in the assembly, and therefore would not be able to pass organic legislation on its own, without the support of at least some members of the MUD opposition. The PSUV also did not attain a three-fifths majority, which means it would not be able to pass enabling legislation without the aid of 3 non-PSUV members of the National Assembly.[3]

The three seats reserved for indigenous peoples were elected from the Foundation for Integration and Dignification, the Autonomous Movement of Zulia and from CONIVE.[45]

The PSUV attained 48.20% of the national popular vote (not including votes for indigenous parties), compared to 47.17 for MUD, 3.14 for PPT, and 1.49 for other non-indigenous parties.

Notable new deputies include Maria Corina Machado and Enrique Mendoza (both representing Justice First in districts in Miranda State). PSUV deputies include Aristobulo Isturiz and Freddy Bernal (Federal District).

In the elections for the Latin American Parliament, PSUV and MUD won five seats each, with the remaining seat going to an indigenous representative from CONIVE.[45] PSUV and MUD won 46.62% and 45.1% of the vote, respectively.[45]

 Results for the 2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
Parties List votes % +/– Seats +/–
United Socialist Party of Venezuela 5,451,419 48.3 7.2 96 22
Coalition for Democratic Unity 5,334,309 47.2 39.0 64 46
Fatherland for All 354,677 3.1 3.7 2 8
Others 155,429 1.4 0
Indigenous seats 3
Total 11,295,834 100 165 2
Source: Adam Carr's Election Archive

By state

StateParty list seatsNominal seats
VotesSeatsPSUVMUDPPT
PSUVMUDPPTOthersPSUVMUDPPTPODEMOSMPJADCausa ЯCCCOPEIUNTPV
Amazonas23,9348,07123,6991,244111
Anzoátegui278,717323,7015,32612,17211231
Apure97,96659,1972,6232,069113
Aragua354,638328,1655,99016,5671142
Barinas172,643129,2442,7431,736114
Bolivar257,546243,9984,7665,4141151
Carabobo390,834484,3906,72423,09612511
Cojedes80,83741,2071,0863,381112
Delta Amacuro51,01316,2645843,43622
Distrito Capital484,103484,84411,31333,8621261
Falcón189,769167,6743,5621,9761131
Guárico164,28182,37232,4072,852113
Lara297,275219,348207,1814,9801152
Mérida178,638183,5632,8511,7341131
Miranda501,468691,1187,02610,2451254
Monagas194,118116,9091,97517,546114
Nueva Esparta78,656111,7351,345968112
Portuguesa205,739104,8877,1028,274114
Sucre170,541157,2392,5061,5021122
Táchira216,393290,2171,6725,7711114
Trujillo175,11698,5382,8092,861113
Vargas84,24166,5531,2911,574112
Yaracuy131,98297,72511,1291,063113
Zulia670,974827,3506,9674,41412210
TOTAL5,451,422
48.20%
5,334,309
47.17%
354,677
3.14%
168,737
1.49%
252617121081151011
Three additional seats are reserved for indigenous peoples: these were won by the Fundación para la Capacitación e Integración y Dignificación, the Movimiento Indígena Autónomo del estado Zulia and the Consejo Nacional Indio de Venezuela (CONIVE).
Source: National Electoral Council[46][47]

Elected representatives

Representative Party State Votes
Bloque oficialista
César SanguinettiPSUVAmazonasList
Earle HerreraPSUVAnzoáteguiList
Cristóbal JiménezPSUVApureList
Orlando ZambranoPSUVApure-133 034
Juan GarcíaPSUVApure-233 208
Jhonny SalgueroPSUVApure-330 473
María LeónPSUVAraguaList
Rosa LeónPSUVAragua-295 260
José HernándezPSUVAragua-294 209
Carlos EscarráPSUVAragua-366 555
Elvis AmorosoPSUVAragua-475 540
Giovanny PeñaPSUVBarinasList
Jesús GraterolPSUVBarinas-1115 632
Eduardo LimaPSUVBarinas-1115 025
Zulay MartínezPSUVBarinas-259 544
Maigualida SantanaPSUVBarinas-259 260
Victoria MataPSUVBolívarList
Gil BarriosPSUVBolívar-178 721
Tito OviedoPSUVBolívar-178 270
Richard SosaPSUVBolívar-2134 057
Nancy AsencioPSUVBolívar-2133 916
Sol VelásquezPSUVBolívar-2133 434
Francisco AmeliachPSUVCaraboboList
Miriam PérezPSUVCarabobo-178 841
Héctor ArgüeroPSUVCarabobo-458 791
José ÁvilaPSUVCarabobo-5149 977
Saúl OrtegaPSUVCarabobo-5149 812
Asdrúbal ColinaPSUVCarabobo-5149 753
Érika FaríasPSUVCojedesList
Loidy HerreraPSUVCojedes-136 763
Alejandro VillanuevaPSUVCojedes-241 455
Yelitza SantaellaPSUVDelta AmacuroList
Henry HernándezPSUVDelta AmacuroList
Alfredo RojasPSUVDelta Amacuro-126 535
Loa TamaronisPSUVDelta Amacuro-220 804
Cilia FloresPSUVDistrito CapitalList
Aristóbulo IstúrizPSUVDistrito Capital-1134 919
Freddy BernalPSUVDistrito Capital-1133 115
Robert SerraPSUVDistrito Capital-271 339
Jesús FaríasPSUVDistrito Capital-480 359
Darío VivasPSUVDistrito Capital-5138 531
Juan Carlos AlemánPSUVDistrito Capital-5138 436
Fernando SotoPSUVFalcónList
Andrés Eloy MéndezPSUVFalcón-139 417
Jesús MontillaPSUVFalcón-258 308
Henry VenturaPSUVFalcón-441 396
Jesús CepedaPSUVGuárico-178 820
Roger CorderoPSUVGuárico-245 714
Alfredo UreñaPSUVGuárico-339 026
Luis Reyes ReyesPSUVLaraList
Alexander TorrealbaPSUVLara-1130 197
Francisco MartínezPSUVLara-1130 115
Isabel LamedaPSUVLara-1129 499
Alexander DudamelPSUVLara-2115 658
Julio ChávezPSUVLara-2114 630
Diógenes AndradePSUVMéridaList
Alexis RamírezPSUVMérida-146 161
Ramón Lobo PSUVMérida-243 177
Guido OchoaPSUVMérida-345 659
Héctor NavarroPSUVMirandaList
Juan SotoPSUVMiranda-4106 839
Marleny Contreras PSUVMiranda-4106 737
Modesto RuizPSUVMiranda-552 592
Claudio FaríasPSUVMiranda-695 629
Elio SerranoPSUVMiranda-754 980
Diosdado CabelloPSUVMonagasList
María ArangurenPSUVMonagas-1120 708
Orangel LópezPSUVMonagas-1120 306
Nelson Rodríguez ParraPSUVMonagas-1120 250
Jesús DomínguezPSUVMonagas-270 101
William Fariñas PSUVNueva EspartaList
Blanca EekhoutPSUVPortuguesaList
Silvio MoraPSUVPortuguesa-165 241
Enzo Caballo RussoPSUVPortuguesa-243 371
Nelson EscobarPSUVPortuguesa-354 068
César GonzálezPSUVPortuguesa-442 714
Luis Acuña CedeñoPSUVSucreList
Erick MagoPSUVSucre-154 432
Algencio MonasterioPSUVSucre-238 088
Iris VarelaPSUVTáchiraList
Ricardo SanguinoPSUVTáchira-340 854
Manuel BriceñoPSUVTrujilloList
Christian ZerpaPSUVTrujillo-161 582
José MoralesPSUVTrujillo-266 633
Hugbel RoaPSUVTrujillo-347 119
Oswaldo VeraPSUVVargasList
Odalis MonzónPSUVVargas-184 456
Gladys RequenaPSUVVargas-184 083
Braulio ÁlvarezPSUVYaracuyList
Néstor León HerediaPSUVYaracuy-146 985
Yorman AularPSUVYaracuy-239 147
Carlos GamarraPSUVYaracuy-345 933
Francisco Arias CárdenasPSUVZuliaList
Jhony BrachoPSUVZulia-238 021
Sergio FuenmayorPSUVZulia-365 588
Óscar FiguerasPCVGuáricoList
José Luis GonzálezCONIVEIndígena-Oriente852 689
Argelio PérezFUNDACIDIIndígena-Sur119 270
Bloque Mesa de la Unidad Democrática
Hiram Gaviria UNTAragua-1151 418
Stalin GonzálezUNTDistrito CapitalList
Carlos Ramos Rivas UNTMérida-375 685
William OjedaUNTMirandaList
Alfonso MarquinaUNTMiranda-1112 595
Orlando ÁvilaUNTNueva Esparta-146 700
Enrique CatalánUNTTrujilloList
Omar BarbozaUNTZuliaList
Alfredo OsorioUNTZuliaList
Juan RomeroUNTZulia-145 112
William BarrientosUNTZulia-449 368
José SánchezUNTZulia-592 123
Enrique MárquezUNTZulia-693 985
Elías MattaUNTZulia-871 305
Julio MontoyaUNTZulia-988 797
Freddy PazUNTZulia-1246 599
Antonio Barreto SiraADAnzoáteguiList
Rodolfo RodríguezADAnzoátegui-190 441
Carlos MichelangeliADAnzoátegui-394 565
Miriam de MontillaADApureList
Dennis FernándezADCojedesList
Elieser SiritADFalcónList
Edgar ZambranoADLara-385 808
Williams DávilaADMéridaList
Juan Pablo GarcíaADMonagasList
Tobías Bolívar ParraADNueva EspartaList
César RinconesADSucreList
Leomagno FloresADTáchira-154 321
Bernardo GuerraADVargasList
Hernán AlemánADZulia-10100 802
Jacinto Romero LunaCOPEIAnzoátegui-255 335
José Gregorio GraterolCOPEIFalcón-354 235
Eduardo Gómez SigalaCOPEILara-388 706
Enrique MendozaCOPEIMiranda-2234 272
Morel Rodríguez RojasCOPEINueva Esparta-264 049
Iván ColmenaresCOPEIPortuguesaList
Homero RuizCOPEITáchiraList
Gabino PazCOPEITáchira-244 056
Abelardo DíazCOPEITáchira-444 056
Mervin MéndezCOPEIZulia-1187 514
Richard ArteagaPJAnzoátegui-393 117
Richard MardoPJAragua-1152 722
Dinhora FigueraPJDistrito CapitalList
Julio BorgesPJMirandaList
Juan Carlos Caldera PJMiranda-3122 847
Tomás GuanipaPJZulia-773 099
Jesús ParaqueimaPODEMOSAnzoátegui-191 195
Ismael GarcíaPODEMOSAraguaList
Hermes GarcíaPODEMOSSucre-392 292
Carlos BerrizbeitiaPROVECaraboboList
Deyaitza ArayPROVECaraboboList
Vestalia SampedroPROVECarabobo-264 671
Andrés VelásquezLCRBolívarList
Américo de GraziaLCRBolívar-348 439
Alfredo RamosLCRLaraList
Richar BlancoABPDistrito Capital-3124 957
Biaggio PirieliConvergenciaYaracuyList
Marcos FigueroaDALEAnzoátegui-480 810
Julio César ReyesGEBarinasList
Miguel CocchiolaCCCarabobo-3164 494
Hernán NúñezMVPSucre-394 457
José Manuel GonzálezIndepGuáricoList
María Corina MachadoIndepMiranda-2235 259
Miguel Ángel RodríguezIndepTáchira-597 458
Arcadio MontielMIAZULIAIndígena-Occidente1 063 904
Partido Patria Para Todos
Nirma GuarullaPPTAmazonasList
Julio YgarzaRPPTAmazonas-123 453

Reaction

Chavez called the results a "solid victory."[48]

The price on Venezuelan bonds increased on news of the election results, described by Bloomberg as "Chavez's worst setback at the ballot box since taking office in 1999".[49]

Analysis

According to Reuters, "The new parliamentarians do not take their seats until January, so Chavez has a compliant Assembly for three months more to push through legislation."[50]

After the election, the Spanish newspaper El País suggested that the PSUV and the MUD would have finished with 80 seats each had the elections been run under the previous system.[51][52] The Director of the National Electoral Council (CNE) said that districts were drawn according to a standard national formula, and pointed out that the disproportionality involved in Venezuela's state-based mixed member majoritarian system didn't uniquely favour one party: in four states (Zulia, Tachira, Anzoategui and Nueva Esparta) PSUV obtained over 40% of the vote, but won only 7 seats against the opposition's 27.[53]

References

  1. "Bienvenidos al portal del Consejo Nacional Electoral" (in Spanish). Cne.gov.ve. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  2. Devereux, Chrlie and Corina Rodriguez Pons. Business Week, 27 September 2010. "Venezuela's Opposition Pushes Back Chavez in Vote".
  3. Constitution of Venezuela, article 203 (page 75) http://www.analitica.com/bitblioteca/venezuela/constitucion_ingles.pdf Archived 2006-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Dan Molinski, "Venezuela's Chavez Claims Popular-Vote Victory In Election", The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100928-706902.html
  5. "Venezuelan leader claims 'victory'", Al-Jazeera, http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/09/201092812726888590.html
  6. "Venezuelan opposition alliance claims it won 52 percent of popular vote", El Universal, http://www.eluniversal.com/2010/09/27/en_pol_esp_venezuelan-oppositio_27A4527293.shtml
  7. (in Spanish) "Sobre representación perjudica a la oposición", El Universal, http://eluniversal.com/2010/09/27/v2010_ava_sobre-representacion_27A4527053.shtml Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  8. European Union, "Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the elections in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/116787.pdf
  9. Organization of American States, "OAS Officials are Special Guests to Election Day in Venezuela", http://www.oas.org/OASpage/press_releases/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-349/10
  10. CNN, Venezuela (Presidential), accessed 27 September 2010
  11. Donna Lee Van Cott (2005), From movements to parties in Latin America: the evolution of ethnic politics, Cambridge University Press. p29
  12. Crisp, Brian F. and Rey, Juan Carlos (2003), "The Sources of Electoral Reform in Venezuela", in Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Martin P. Wattenberg, Mixed-Member Electoral Systems - The Best of Both Worlds?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. pp. 173–194(22)
  13. Crisp and Rey (2003:175)
  14. Venezuelanalysis.com, 2 August 2009, Venezuela Passes New Electoral Law
  15. Venezuelanalysis.com, 1 October 2010, A New Opportunity for Venezuela's Socialists
  16. Carroll, Rory (27 September 2010). "Venezuela election loosens Chávez's grip on power". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  17. Romero, Simon. The New York Times, 26 September 2010. "Venezuelans Vote for Legislators".
  18. Latin American Herald Tribune, 27 September 2010, "In Venezuela, Opposition Wins Vote Total, but Chavez Still Dominates Parliament".
  19. Venezuelanalysis.com, 10 September 2010, Chavez Allowed to Campaign Says Venezuelan Electoral Council
  20. Miami Herald, 21 September 2010, "Election observers coming to Venezuela -- what will they see?"
  21. Center for Strategic and International Studies, "PSUV Seeks to Maintain a Majority in Venezuela's Upcoming Legislative Elections", http://csis.org/blog/psuv-seeks-maintain-majority-venezuela%E2%80%99s-upcoming-legislative-elections Archived 2010-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  22. (in Spanish) El Universal, 2 September 2010, CNE: Oposición tiene 60,3% de la propaganda electoral en TV
  23. Vheadline.com, 23 August 2010, Presidential 'Alo Presidente' radio/TV shows suspended until October 3
  24. The Economist, 23 September 2010, "Chávez grapples with a 50/50 nation".
  25. Toothaker, Christopher. Associated Press, 2 September 2010. "Election official: Chavez breaking campaign rules".
  26. Venezuelanalysis.com, 7 June 2010, 6,465 Venezuelans to Run in National Assembly Elections
  27. IPS News, 27 April 2010, Opposition Plans Return to Venezuelan Congress Archived 2010-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  28. Venezuelanalysis.com, 17 August 2010, As PSUV and Opposition Intensify National Assembly Campaigns, Polls Indicate Majority for Socialists
  29. (in Spanish) 14.Nov.2009 / 06:21 am / Haga un comentario (2009-11-14). "listo para elección de delegados al Congreso Extraordinario". PSUV. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  30. "1er Congreso Extraordinario del PSUV debatirá hasta el primer trimestre de 2010 | Venezolana de Televisión" (in Spanish). Vtv.gov.ve. Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  31. pgbservices.com. "PSUV listo para Congreso Extraordinario - Noticia en ANTV" (in Spanish). Antv.gob.ve. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  32. Venezuelanalysis.com, 25 May 2010, Venezuela's Chavez Announces PSUV Candidate Lists
  33. In the run-up to the election, there were concerns about the use of digital fingerprint scanners as part of the voting process. On 28 November the National Electoral Council (CNE), in a decision brokered by the OAS, announced that it would not use the controversial machines. Despite this, several days later five opposition parties withdrew from the elections. "The move surprised election officials, and some reports indicate that international observers were unhappy that the opposition had reneged on a commitment to participate in the elections if the digital fingerprint machines were not used." - Mark Sullivan, Congressional Research Service, 28 July 2009, Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy. (Archive copy)
  34. "Partidos de oposición conforman Mesa de la Unidad Democrática" (in Spanish). Noticiasve.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  35. (in Spanish) El Nacional, 26 February 2010, Movimiento 2D apoyará a Mesa de la Unidad para comicios del 26-S
  36. BBC, 18 August 2010, Venezuela bans 'violent' photos in newspapers
  37. Venezuelanalysis.com, 20 August 2010, Venezuelan Court Retracts Ruling in Graphic Image Controversy
  38. CNN, 18 August 2010, Venezuelan newspaper owner defends photo that spurred investigation
  39. Venezuelanalysis.com, 30 March 2009, Crime in Venezuela: Opposition Weapon or Serious Problem?
  40. Simon Romero. The New York Times, 22 August 2010, Venezuela, More Deadly Than Iraq, Wonders Why
  41. El Universal, 3 September 2010, Election campaign for new National Assembly heats up Archived 2012-07-08 at Archive.today
  42. Cawthorne, Andrew. Reuters, 2 September 2010, Venezuela says opposition sought protester's death
  43. CounterPunch, 13 February 2009,Venezuela's Term Limits
  44. (in Spanish) El Universal, 20 August 2010, Datanálisis niega proyección de 124 curules para el PSUV Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  45. Venezuelanalysis.com, 27 September 2010, (UPDATED) National Assembly Election Results- 95 Legislators for PSUV
  46. Poder Electoral Emitió Primer Boletín Oficial de Elecciones Parlamentarias (in Spanish), Consejo Nacional Electoral, 2010-09-27, retrieved 2010-09-27.
  47. (in Spanish) Consejo Nacional Electoral, Divulgación Elecciones Parlamentarias
  48. Toothaker, Christopher, The Associated Press, 27 September 2010.The Associated Press "Chavez allies win congressional majority in vote".
  49. Jaramillo, Andrea. Bloomberg, 27 September 2010. Venezuelan Bonds Gain as Chavez Loses Congressional Seats in Worst Setback.
  50. Cawthorne, Andrew. Reuters, 27 September 2010, Analysis: Venezuela opposition buoyed for 2012 presidential race.
  51. "Chávez se atraganta con su ley electoral", El País, 28 September 2010.
  52. Indeed, the number of seats which would have been obtained in a strictly proportional system are close to these numbers. If the percentage of the 2010 party list vote gained by each of the main party alliances were multiplied by 165, the number of seats contested in the Assembly, the PSUV would have won 79.54 seats, the MUD would have won 77.83 seats, and the PPT would have won 5.17 seats (these figures are presented as decimals to reflect that different proportional representation rounding methods might round these figures up or down, depending on the methodology used to round the value to a whole number). Multiplying the vote percentages instead by 162 (to reflect that three seats were elected separately by indigenous Venezuelans) would lower the results of the calculation to PSUV, 78.08 seats; MUD 76.42 seats; and PPT 5.09 seats. (Figures derived from the CNE official vote results.)
  53. Venezuelanalysis.com, 28 September 2010, CNE: Venezuelan Electoral Districts Drawn by Standard Method, Not Partisan Politics

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.